Hiroshima Manyepo

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, August 5, 2021

Muna 2015, Alice Sabatini aive mukwikwidzi ane makore gumi nemasere mumakwikwi eMiss Italia muItaly. Akabvunzwa kuti inguvai yapfuura yaangadai akafarira kugara mairi. Akapindura: WWII. Tsananguro yake yaive yekuti mabhuku ake ezvinyorwa anoenderera mberi nekuenderera mberi nezvazvo, saka angade kunyatsozviona, uye haafanire kuzorwa nazvo, nekuti varume chete ndivo vakaita izvozvo. Izvi zvakakonzera kusekwa kukuru. Aida here kubhombwa kana kufa nenzara kana kuendeswa kumusasa wevasungwa? Akanga ari ani, benzi? Mumwe munhu akamupikicha mumufananidzo naMussolini naHitler. Mumwe munhu akagadzira mufananidzo wezuva rinotarisa mauto anomhanyira kumahombekombe.[I]

Asi angave ane makore gumi nemasere-gore muna 18 angatarisirwa kuziva kuti vazhinji vevakabatwa neWWII vaive vanhuwo zvavo - varume nevakadzi nevana zvakafanana? Ndiani angadai akamuudza izvozvo? Zvirokwazvo kwete ake ezvinyorwa mabhuku. Kunyanya zvirokwazvo kwete kuzadza kusingaperi kwetsika yake neWWII-themed varaidzo. Ndeipi mhinduro yaifunga chero munhu kuti mukwikwidzi akadaro angangodaro kupa kumubvunzo waakabvunzwa, kupfuura WWII? Mutsika yeUS zvakare, iyo inokanganisa zvakanyanya chiItaly, inotarisisa kumusoro kwemutambo uye nhamo uye komedhi uye gamba uye nhoroondo yenhema ndeye WWII. Sarudza zana pakati pevatariri veNetflix kana maAmazon uye ndine chokwadi chekuti chikamu chikuru chavo chaizopa mhinduro imwechete saAlice Sabatini, uyo, nenzira, akanzi ndiye anokunda mumakwikwi, akakodzera kumiririra Itari yese kana chero chingave ndiMiss Italia anoita.

WWII inowanzozodaidzwa kunzi "Hondo yakanaka," uye dzimwe nguva izvi zvinofungidzirwa senge zvakanyanya kana pakutanga musiyano uripo pakati peWWII, Hondo yakanaka, neWWI, Hondo yakaipa. Zvisinei, zvaive zvisina kufarirwa kudaidza WWII "Hondo yakanaka" panguva kana zvichangoitika, apo kuenzanisa neWWI kwaizove kuri nyore. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera kukura mukuzivikanwa kwemutsara iwo kwemakumi emakore, kusanganisira kuwedzera kunzwisiswa kweHolocaust (uye kusanzwisisa kwehukama hwehondo nazvo),[Ii] uyezve, zveshuwa, iyo United States, kusiyana nevamwe vese vatori vechikamu vakuru, haina pachayo yakabhombwa kana kupambwa (asi ichokwadiwo kune dzakawanda dzimwe hondo dzeUS). Ini ndinofunga chinhu chikuru chaive Hondo yeVietnam. Hondo iyoyo payakaramba ichinyanya kuzivikanwa, uye semafungiro aive akapatsanurwa zvakanyanya nechizvarwa musiyano, nekuparadzaniswa pakati peavo vakamborarama kuburikidza neWWII nevaya vasina, vazhinji vakatsvaga kusiyanisa WWII kubva kuhondo yeVietnam. Kushandisa izwi rekuti "zvakanaka," pane kuti "kururamiswa," kana "kudiwa," pamwe kwakaitwa kuve nyore nenhambwe nenguva kubva kuWWII, uye nenhema dzeWWII, mazhinji acho anga agadzirwa (uye achiri kugadzirwa) mushure mekupedzisira yeWWII. Nekuti kupesana nehondo dzese kunoonekwa sekunyanyisa uye kusavimbika, vatsoropodzi vehondo yeVietnam vanogona kunongedzera kuWWII se "Hondo yakanaka" uye kumisikidza kukomba kwavo uye kutarisisa. Makanga muri muna 1970 umo nyanzvi yehondo chete Michael Walzer akanyora pepa rake, "Hondo Yenyika II: Sei Iyi Hondo Yakanga Yakasiyana?" kutsvaga kudzivirira pfungwa yehondo chaiyo yekurwisa kusakurumbira kwehondo kuVietnam. Ini ndinopa kupikiswa kune iro bepa muChitsauko 17 cha Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure. Isu takaona chiitiko chakafanana mumakore 2002 kusvika 2010 kana zvakadaro, nevashoropodzi vasingaverengeke vehondo yeIraq vachisimbisa kutsigira kwavo hondo kuAfghanistan nekumonyanisa chokwadi chekuvandudza mufananidzo weiyo "yakanaka hondo". Handina chokwadi vazhinji, kana paine munhu, angadai akadana Afghanistan hondo yakanaka pasina hondo yeIraq kana kudaidza WWII hondo yakanaka isina hondo yeVietnam.

Muna Chikunguru 2020, Mutungamiri weUS Donald Trump - mukukakavadzana kuti mabheseni emauto eU.S. anonzi mazita avo haafanire kushandurwa mazita - akazivisa kuti mabheseni aya anga ari chikamu che "Hondo dzepasi rose dzakanaka." "Takakunda hondo mbiri dzepasi rose," akadaro, "hondo mbiri dzenyika, hondo dzepasi rose dzakanaka dzaityisa uye dzaityisa."[Iii] VaTrump vakawanepi pfungwa yekuti hondo dzepasi rese dzaive dzakanaka, uye kuti runako rwavo rwaive nehuipi nekutyisa? Zvichida nzvimbo imwechete iyo Alice Sabatini akaita: Hollywood. Yaiva firimu Kuchengetedza Private Ryan izvo zvakatungamira Mickey Z muna 1999 kunyora bhuku rake, Iko Hakuna Hondo Yakanaka: Nhema dzeHondo Yenyika II, pakutanga nemusoro wenyaya Kuchengetedza Yakavanzika Simba: Iyo Yakavanzika Nhoroondo ye "Yakanaka Hondo."

Ndisati ndamhanyira kumashure mumuchina wenguva kuti ndiwane kubwinya kweWWII, ini ndaikurudzira kunhonga kopi yeStuds Terkel ra1984 bhuku, Hondo Yakanaka: Nhoroondo Yemuromo yeHondo Yenyika II.[Iv] Iyi ndiyo nhoroondo-yemunhu nhoroondo kubva kumavetera eWWII achiudza zvaanoyeuka makore makumi mana gare gare. Vaive vadiki. Vakaiswa muhukama husina kukwikwidza uye vakakumbirwa kuita zvinhu zvikuru uye kuona nzvimbo dzakanaka. Zvaive zvikuru. Paive nekuputa, nekutuka, uye doro zvekuti unogona kuzviunzira kupfura vanhu, uye chisimba chinotyisa nechinangwa chakareruka chekurarama, uye zvitunha zvezvitunha mumigero, uye kungwarira-nguva dzose, uye kwakadzika kunokanganisa hunhu, uye kutya, nekushungurudzika, uye pasina kana pfungwa yekuita hunhu hwekuverenga kuti kutora chikamu kwakaruramiswa - kungoteerera mbeveve kuti ubvunzwe uye kudemba gare gare. Uye kwaive nehupenzi kuda nyika kwevanhu vasina kuona chaiko hondo. Uye paive nevanhu vese vaisada kuona vakasarudzika vakasarudzika. "Rudzii rwehondo iyo vanhuwo zvavo vanofunga kuti takarwa zvakadaro?" yakabvunza imwe veteran.

Ngano dzinoita zhinji dzeizvo vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti vanoziva nezveWWII hadzifanane neicho chaicho, asi zvinokanganisa nyika yedu chaiyo. Ndinoongorora izvo ngano mu Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure, iyo inoburitsa chokwadi chekuti United States nedzimwe hurumende dzepasi rose dzakaramba kuponesa avo vakatyisidzirwa nekuurayiwa nevaNazi, kuti varatidziri vakatambura zvisina maturo kuti US neUK nedzimwe hurumende vatore chero kufarira kuponesa mamirioni ehupenyu hunochengeteka; izvo zvekuti United States yakapinda mumujaho wemaoko uye kudenha neJapan kwemakore uye yakatsvaga kugadzira hondo uye haina kushamiswa nazvo; kuti iyo Nordic Race nedzimwe dzidziso dze eugenics dzinoshandiswa nevaNazi dzakatorwa zvikuru muCalifornia; kuti maNazi akadzidza mitemo yekusarura muUnited States uye akaishandisa semhando; kuti mari yemubatanidzwa yeUS uye zvekushandisa zvainyatsodikanwa kuhondo yeNazi; kuti kuuraya rudzi kwaive tsika yekuMadokero pasina chitsva; kuti hondo haina kumbofanira kuitika; kuti hurumende yeUS yaiona Soviet Union semuvengi mukuru kunyangwe yakabatana nayo; kuti Soviet Union yakaita kukunda kukuru kweGerman; kuti kusagadzikana kwakanyanyisa kurwisa vaNazi; kuti paive nekupokana kukuru kuhondo muUnited States; kushandisa mari kwehondo haisi iyo nzira yakanakisa yekusimudzira hupfumi; nezvimwe; nezvimwe; uye zvechokwadi kuti hapana chatinoudzwa pamusoro paHiroshima chiri chechokwadi.

Iko kune fungidziro yekuti nekutora chikamu muWWII, United States yakaitira nyika nyasha dzakadai kuti United States yava yavo nyika. Muna 2013, Hillary Clinton akapa hurukuro kumabhangi kuGoldman Sachs kwaakataura kuti akaudza China kuti yakanga isina kodzero yekudaidza Gungwa reSouth China Gungwa reSouth China, kuti United States inogona kutaura kuti iine yavo Pacific nekuda kwe "kuisunungura" muWWII, uye "kuwana" Japan, uye "kutenga" Hawaii.[V] Handina chokwadi chekuti zvakanaka sei kuita izvozvo. Zvichida ndinogona kuraira kubvunza vamwe vanhu muJapan kana kuHawaii zvavanofunga. Asi zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti pakange pasina mafashama ekuseka kuna Hillary Clinton wemhando yakasangana naAlice Sabatini. Pakange pasina chinoonekwa neruzhinji kutsamwa pamusoro peichi chirevo cheWWII payakatanga kusheedzwa muna2016.

Zvichida ngano dzinoshamisa kwazvo, zvakadaro, ndidzo dzezvombo zvenyukireya, kunyanya pfungwa yekuti nekuuraya huwandu hukuru hwevanhu vaine huwandu hwakawanda kwazvo hwehupenyu, kana hwakakwana hupenyu hwakaponeswa. Vanyengeri havana kuponesa hupenyu. Vakatora hupenyu, pamwe mazana maviri ezviuru zvavo. Izvo zvaive zvisina kuitirwa kuponesa hupenyu kana kupedza hondo. Uye havana kupedza hondo. Hondo yeRussia yakaita izvozvo. Asi hondo yaizopera zvakadaro, pasina chimwe chezvinhu izvozvo. United States Strategic Bombing Survey yakapedzisa ichiti, “… zvirokwazvo musi wa 200,000 Zvita, 31 usati wasvika, uye mukana wese musi wa 1945 Mbudzi, 1 usati wasvika, Japan ingadai yakazvipira kunyangwe mabhomba eatomiki anga asina kukandwa, kunyangwe dai Russia isina kupinda Hondo, uye kunyangwe pasina kurwiswa kwakarongwa kana kufungidzirwa. ”[vi]

Mumwe anopokana uyo akange ataura maonero mamwe chete aya kuna Secretary of War uye, neake nhoroondo, kuna Mutungamiri Truman, bhomba isati yaitika aive General Dwight Eisenhower.[vii] Pasi paMunyori weNavy Ralph Bard, pamberi pemabhomba, akakurudzira kuti Japan ipe yambiro.[viii] Lewis Strauss, Advisor kuMunyori weNavy, zvakare pamberi pemabhomba, akakurudzira kuputika sango kwete guta.[ix] General George Marshall sezviri pachena akabvumirana nepfungwa iyi.[x] Nyanzvi yeatomu Leo Szilard akaronga vesaenzi kukumbira mutungamiriri wenyika kuti asashandise bhomba.[xi] Nyanzvi yeatomu James Franck akaronga masayendisiti akatsigira kubata zvombo zveatomiki senzira yehurumende, kwete kungoita sarudzo yechiuto.[xii] Mumwe musayendisiti, Joseph Rotblat, akarayira kuti Manhattan Project ipere, uye akarega basa painenge isina kupera.[xiii] Kuongororwa kwevasayendisiti veUS avo vaive vagadzira mabhomba, akatorwa vasati vashandiswa, vakaona kuti 83% vaida bhomba renyukireya rakaratidzirwa pachena vasati vadonhedza rimwe kuJapan. Mauto eUS akachengeta pakavanda pasarudzo.[xiv] Jenerali Douglas MacArthur akaita musangano nevatori venhau musi waAugust 6, 1945, pasati pabhombwa Hiroshima, kuzivisa kuti Japan yakanga yatorohwa.[xv]

Sachigaro weJoint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy akataura nehasha muna 1949 kuti Truman yakamuvimbisa chete zvinangwa zvemauto ndizvo zvichasungwa, kwete vanhuwo zvavo. “Kushandiswa kwechombo chakaipa ichi kuHiroshima neNagasaki hakuna zvakwakatibatsira muhondo yedu neJapan. MaJapan akatokundwa uye akagadzirira kuzvipira, ”Leahy akadaro.[xvi] Vakuru vakuru vemauto avo vakati hondo ichangopera kuti maJapan angadai akakurumidza kuzvipira pasina mabhomba enyukireya vaisanganisira General Douglas MacArthur, General Henry "Hap" Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz , Admiral William “Bull” Halsey, naBrigadier General Carter Clarke. Sekupfupisa kwakaita Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, vanomwe vemauto masere mashanu-nyeredzi eUnited States avo vakagamuchira nyeredzi yavo yekupedzisira muHondo Yenyika II kana mushure mekare - MaGeneral MacArthur, Eisenhower, naArnold, uye Admirals Leahy, King, Nimitz, naHalsey - muna 1945 vakaramba pfungwa yekuti mabhomba eatomiki aidiwa kupedza hondo. "Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakadaro, hapana humbowo hushoma hwokuti vakasimbisa nyaya yavo naTruman zvisati zvaitika."[xvii]

Musi waAugust 6, 1945, Mutungamiri Truman vakanyepa pawairesi kuti bhomba renyukireya rakakandwa panzvimbo yemasoja, kwete paguta. Uye akazvipembedza, kwete sekumhanyisa kupera kwehondo, asi sekutsiva mhosva dzekuJapan. “Mr. Truman aifara, ”akanyora kudaro Dorothy Day. Mavhiki bhomba rekutanga risati radonhedzwa, musi waChikunguru 13, 1945, Japan yakanga yatumira teregiramu kuSoviet Union ichiratidza chishuwo chekuzvipira uye kupedza hondo. United States yakanga yatyora makodhi eJapan uye ikaverenga teregiramu. Truman akataura mudhayari rake ku "teregiramu kubva kuna Jap Emperor achikumbira rugare." Mutungamiri Truman akange aziviswa kuburikidza neSwitzerland nePortugal chiteshi cheJapan runyararo marunyararo mwedzi mitatu isati yapfuura Hiroshima. Japan yakaramba kungozvipira zvisina mvumo uye nekusiya mambo wayo, asi United States yakaramba yakamisikidza aya kusvikira mabhomba adonha, panguva iyoyo ikabvumira Japan kuchengeta mambo wayo. Nekudaro, iyo shuwa yekudonhedza mabhomba inogona kunge yakarebesa hondo. Mabhomba haana kupfupisa hondo.[xviii]

Chipangamazano chemutungamiri wenyika, VaJames Byrnes, vaive vaudza Truman kuti kudonhedza mabhomba kwaizopa United States "kuraira zvekupedza hondo." Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal akanyora mudhayari rake kuti Byrnes "aive neshungu kwazvo kugadzirisa nyaya yeJapan nemaRussia asati apinda." Truman akanyora mudhayari rake kuti maSoviet anga achigadzirira kufora achirwisa Japan ne "Fini Japs kana izvozvo zvikaitika." Kupinda kweSoviet kwakarongwa pamberi pemabhomba, asina kutongwa navo. United States yanga isina hurongwa hwekupinda kwemwedzi, uye hapana hurongwa pasikero yekuisa pangozi huwandu hwehupenyu uhwo vadzidzisi vekuchikoro vekuUS vachataura kuti waponeswa.[xix] Pfungwa yekuti kurwiswa kukuru kweUS kwaive padhuze uye ndiyo yega nzira yekukwevera maguta, zvekuti maguta ekutsvetera akaponesa huwandu hukuru hwehupenyu hweUS, ingano. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoziva izvi, sezvavanoziva kuti George Washington anga asina meno emapuranga kana kugara achitaura chokwadi, uye Paul Revere haana kukwira ega, uye muranda-ane hurukuro yaPatrick Henry nezvekusununguka yakanyorwa makumi emakore mushure mekufa kwake, uye Molly Pitcher yaisavapo.[xx] Asi ngano dzine simba radzo. Hupenyu, nenzira, haisi iyo yakasarudzika chivakwa chemasoja eUS. Vanhu vechiJapan vaivewo nehupenyu.

Truman akaraira mabhomba akadonhedzwa, rimwe paHiroshima muna Nyamavhuvhu 6 uye imwe mhando yebhomba, bhomba replutonium, iro mauto raidawo kuyedza nekuratidzira, paNagasaki muna Nyamavhuvhu 9th. Bhomba reNagasaki rakasimudzwa kubva kune gumi nevaviri^th kune 9^th kudzikisira mukana weJapan wekutanga kuzvipira.[xxi] Zvakare musi wa9 Nyamavhuvhu, maSoviet akarwisa maJapan. Pakati pevhiki mbiri dzinotevera, maSoviet akauraya zviuru makumi masere nemana nemaJapan vachirasikirwa nemasoja gumi nemaviri, uye United States yakaramba ichirova Japan nezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya - ichipisa maguta eJapan, sezvainge yaita kuJapan yakawanda pamberi paAugust 84,000.^th kuti, payakasvika nguva yekusarudza maguta maviri kuita nuke, pakanga pasati pave nevazhinji vakasara kusarudza kubva. Ipapo maJapan akazvipira.

Kuti paive nechikonzero chekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya ingano. Kuti pangave zvakare nechikonzero chekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya ingano. Kuti isu tinogona kupona kwakakosha kumwe kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya ingano. Kuti pane chikonzero chekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya kunyangwe iwe usingambozvishandisa zvakapusa kunyangwe kuve ngano. Uye kuti tinogona kurarama nekusingaperi tine zvombo zvenyukireya zvisina mumwe munhu nemaune kana netsaona kuzvishandisa kupenga chaiko.[xxii]

Nei vadzidzisi venhoroondo yeUS muzvikoro zvepuraimari zveUS nhasi - muna 2021! - udza vana kuti mabhomba enyukireya akadonhedzwa paJapan kuponesa hupenyu - kana kuti "bhomba" (rimwechete) kudzivirira kutaura nezveNagasaki? Vatsvagiri uye mapurofesa vakadurura humbowo kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Vanoziva kuti Truman aiziva kuti hondo yapera, kuti Japan yaida kuzvipira, kuti Soviet Union yakanga yave kuda kupinda. Ivo vakanyora kushorwa kwese kubhomba mukati memasoja eU.S. uye hurumende nenzanga yesainzi, pamwe nekurudziro yekuyedza mabhomba iro basa rakawanda nemari zvakapinda, pamwe nekukurudzira kutyisidzira nyika uye kunyanya maSoviet, pamwe nekuvhurwa uye kusanyara kuisa zero kukosha pahupenyu hweJapan. Ngano dzakasimba kudaro dzakaburitswa sei zvekuti chokwadi chinobatwa senge skiks kupikiniki?

Mubhuku raGreg Mitchell ra2020, Kutanga kana Kupera: Sei Hollywood - uye America - Dzidza Kurega Kunetseka uye Kuda Bhomba, isu tine nhoroondo yekugadzirwa kweiyo 1947 MGM firimu, Kutanga kana Mugumo, iyo yakanyatso kuumbwa nehurumende yeUS kukurudzira nhema.[xxiii] Iyo firimu yakabhomba. Yakarasikirwa nemari. Izvo zvakanaka kune nhengo yeruzhinji rweUS zvaive pachena kuti zvaisafanira kuona yakaipa uye inofinha pseudo-zvinyorwa nevatambi vachitamba masayendisiti uye vanodziya vaive vaburitsa fomu nyowani yekuuraya vakawanda. Kuita kwakakodzera kwaive kudzivisa chero kufunga kwenyaya iyi. Asi avo vaisakwanisa kuzvidzivirira vakapiwa glossy hombe-screen ngano. Unogona kuitarisa pamhepo mahara, uye sezvakataurwa naMark Twain, inokodzera peni yega yega.[xxiv]

Iyi firimu inovhura nezvinotsanangurwa naMitchell sekupa mbiri kuUK neCanada nemabasa avo mukugadzira muchina wekufa - zvinofungidzirwa kuti inyengeri kana nzira dzekunyepedzera dzekukumbira kumusika mukuru weiyo bhaisikopo. Asi zvinoratidzika kunge zviri kupomera kudarika kukwikwidza. Uku kuedza kwekuparadzira mhosva. Iyo firimu inosvetuka nekukurumidza kupomera Germany nezve kukurumidza kutyisidzira kwekukanganisa nyika kana United States isina kutanga yazvituka. (Unogona kunyatsoomerwa nhasi kuti vanhu vadiki vatende kuti Germany yakazvipira pamberi paHiroshima, kana kuti hurumende yeUS yaiziva muna 1944 kuti Germany yakasiya ongororo yebhomba reatomu muna 1942.[xxv]) Ipapo mutambi anoita yakaipa Einstein pfungwa inopomera runyorwa rurefu rwemasayendisiti kubva kumativi ese epasi. Zvino mumwewo munhu anoratidza kuti vakomana vakanaka vari kurasikirwa nehondo uye zvirinani kuti vakurumidze kugadzira mabhomba matsva kana vachida kuhwina.

Kakawanda tinoudzwa kuti mabhomba makuru achaunza rugare uye kupedza hondo. Franklin Roosevelt anoteedzera anotora chiito chaWoodrow Wilson, achiti bhomba reatomu rinogona kupedza hondo (chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa vanhu vanotenda kuti chakaita, kunyangwe pakatarisana nemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ehondo, ayo mamwe mapurofesa eU.S. Runyararo Rukuru). Tinoudzwa nekuratidzwa zvese zvisina maturo, senge iyo US yakadonhedza mapepa kuHiroshima kuyambira vanhu (uye kwemazuva gumi - "Ndiwo mazuva gumi yambiro kupfuura yavakatipa kuPearl Harbor," hunhu hunodudza) uye kuti MaJapan akapfura nendege payakange yave kusvika pachinangwa chayo. Muchokwadi, iyo US haina kumbodonhedza kabhuku kamwechete paHiroshima asi - mune yakanaka SNAFU fashoni - yakadonhedza matani emapepa kuNagasaki zuva rakatevera kubhombwa kwaNagasaki. Zvakare, gamba remufirimu anofa netsaona achitamba nebhomba kuti rigadzirire kushandiswa - chibayiro chakashinga kuvanhu pachinzvimbo chevakabatwa muhondo - nhengo dzeuto reUS. Iyo firimu zvakare inotaura kuti vanhu vakabhomba "havangamboziva chakavarova," kunyangwe ivo vanogadzira mafirimu vachiziva nezve kutambudzika kunorwadza kweavo vakafa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kumwe kutaurirana kubva kuvagadziri vemamuvhi kuna chipangamazano wavo uye mupepeti, General Leslie Groves, kwaisanganisira aya mazwi: "Chero chirevo chinoita kuti Mauto aite sebenzi chinobviswa."[xxvi]

Chikonzero chikuru chekuti bhaisikopo rinofinha, ndinofunga, hachisi chekuti mabhaisikopo akamhanyisa zviitiko zvawo gore rega rega kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, akawedzera ruvara, uye akaronga marudzi ese ezvishandiso, asi kungoti chikonzero chero munhu angafunga bhomba vatambi vanotaura zvese nezvehurefu hwese hwemufirimu chinhu chikuru chakasiiwa kunze. Hatisi kuona zvazvinoita, kwete kubva pasi, chete kubva kudenga.

Bhuku raMitchell rakada kuita sekutarisa sausage inogadzirwa, asi zvakare zvakafanana nekuverenga zvinyorwa kubva kukomiti iyo yakabatanidza pamwechete chimwe chikamu cheBhaibheri. Iyi ingano yekutanga kweGlobal Policeman mukugadzira. Uye zvakashata. Zvinotorwadza. Pfungwa chaiyo yefirimu yakabva kuna musayendisiti aida kuti vanhu vanzwisise njodzi, kwete kukudza kuparara. Uyu musayendisiti akanyorera Donna Reed, iye mudzimai akanaka anoroora Jimmy Stewart mukati Hupenyu Hunoshamisa, uye akaita kuti bhora rikunguruke. Ipapo rakatenderedza ronda rinoyerera kwemwedzi gumi nemashanu uye voilà, cinematic turd yakabuda.

Pakange pasina kana mubvunzo wekutaura chokwadi. Iyo firimu. Iwe unogadzira zvinhu. Uye iwe unozvigadzira zvese munzira imwechete. Iyo script yeiyi bhaisikopo yaive mune dzimwe nguva mhando dzese dzisina maturo dzisingagare, senge maNazi achipa maJapan bhomba reatomiki - uye maJapan vachimisikidza rabhoritari yemasayendisiti eNazi, chaizvo senge kumashure chaiko munyika chaiko pane izvi chaizvo nguva iyo mauto eUS aigadzira marabhoritari emasayendisiti eNazi (tisingatauri kushandisa masayendisiti eJapan). Hapana chimwe cheichi chinonyanya kusetsa kupfuura Murume ari muHome Castle, kutora muenzaniso uchangopfuura wemakore makumi manomwe neshanu echinhu ichi, asi ichi chaive chekutanga, ichi chaive seminal. Zvisina basa izvo zvisina kuzviita muiyi firimu, munhu wese haana kuzopedzisira ave kutenda uye kudzidzisa kuvadzidzi kwemakumi emakore, asi zviri nyore kuve nazvo. Vagadziri vemamuvhi vakapa ekupedzisira ekugadzirisa kutonga kumauto eU.S. uye neWhite House, uye kwete kune vesaenzi vaive nehunhu. Mazhinji mabheti akanaka pamwe neanopenga mabhii akamboita kwenguva pfupi mune iyo script, asi akafadzwa nekuda kwechokwadi propaganda.

Kana paine kunyaradzwa, zvaigona kunge zvakatonyanya. Paramount aive mumakwikwi emagetsi emafirimu enyukireya neMGM uye akashandisa Ayn Rand kunyora iyo hyper-patriotic-capitalist script. Mutsetse wake wekuvhara waive "Munhu anogona kusunga zvese - asi hapana munhu anogona kusunga murume." Neraki isu tese, hazvina kushanda. Nehurombo, kunyangwe yaJohn Hersey Bhokisi raAdano kuva bhaisikopo riri nani pane Kutanga kana Mugumo, bhuku rake rinotengesa zvakanyanya paHiroshima harina kukwezva kune chero ma studio senge nyaya yakanaka yekugadzira bhaisikopo. Nehurombo, Dr Strangelove yaisazoonekwa kusvika 1964, panguva iyi vazhinji vaive vakagadzirira kusahadzika nezvekushandisa kwe "bhomba" asi kwete kushandiswa kwapfuura, zvichiita kuti mibvunzo yese yekushandisa mune ramangwana ive isina kusimba. Hukama uhwu nezvombo zvenyukireya hwakafanana nehondowo zvacho. Veruzhinji veUS vanogona kubvunza nezvehondo dzese dzeramangwana, uye kunyangwe idzo hondo dzinonzwikwa nezvadzo kubva mumakore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura, asi kwete WWII, zvichipa mibvunzo yese yehondo dzemberi dzisina kusimba. Muchokwadi, kuongorora kwazvino uno kunowana kuda kutyisa kutsigira ramangwana renyukireya neruzhinji rweUS.

Panguva yacho Kutanga kana Mugumo yakanga ichinyorwa uye yakadhirowewa, hurumende yeUS yanga ichibata nekuviga zvimedu zvese zvayingawane zvemapikicha chaiwo kana zvinyorwa zvemasaiti emabhomba. Henry Stimson aive aine yake Colin Powell nguva, achisundidzirwa kumberi kuti aite pachena nyaya yacho nekunyora kwekudonhedza mabhomba. Mamwe mabhomba aive achikurumidza kuvakwa nekuvandudzwa, uye vanhu vese vakadzingwa mudzimba dzezvitsuwa zvavo, vakanyeperwa, uye vakashandiswa semidziyo yemapepa enhau mavanoratidzwa sevatori vechikamu vanofara mukuparadzwa kwavo.

Mitchell anonyora kuti chimwe chikonzero Hollywood yakadzosera kumauto yaive kuitira kuti ishandise ndege dzayo, nezvimwewo, mukugadzira, pamwe nekushandisa mazita chaiwo evatambi vari murungano. Ndinozviona zvakaoma kwazvo kutenda kuti zvinhu izvi zvaive zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Iine bhajeti risingaperi yairasira muchinhu ichi - kusanganisira kubhadhara vanhu vayanga ichipa veto simba - MGM ingadai yakagadzira yavo pachavo isingafadzi props uye yayo yega howa gore. Zvinonakidza kufungidzira kuti rimwe zuva avo vanopikisa kuuraya vanhu vazhinji vanogona kutora chimwe chinhu senge chivakwa chakasarudzika cheUS Institute ye "Runyararo" uye inoda kuti Hollywood isangane nerunyararo mafambiro kuitira kuti itore firimu imomo. Asi zvirokwazvo iro rerunyararo harina mari, Hollywood haina kufarira, uye chero chivakwa chinogona kuenzaniswa kumwe kunhu. Hiroshima angadai akafananidzirwa kumwe kunhu, uye mufirimu haina kuratidzwa zvachose. Dambudziko guru apa raive ideology uye tsika dzekuzviisa pasi.

Paive nezvikonzero zvekutya hurumende. FBI yaisora ​​vanhu vaibatanidzwa, kusanganisira vemasayendisiti vanoshuvira saJ Robert Oppenheimer uyo akaramba achibvunza nezve firimu, achichema kutyisa kwaro, asi asingamboshinga kuipikisa. Red Scare nyowani yaingove kurova mukati. Vane simba vaishandisa simba ravo kuburikidza neyakajairika nzira dzakasiyana siyana.

Se kugadzirwa kwe Kutanga kana Mugumo mhepo kusvika pakupera, inovaka kumhanyisa kwakafanana kwakaitwa nebhomba. Mushure mekunyorwa kwakawanda uye mabhiri uye kudzokororwa, uye basa rakawanda uye kutsvoda mbongoro, pakanga pasina nzira iyo studio yaisakwanisa kuiburitsa. Payakazobuda, vateereri vaive vashoma uye wongororo dzakasanganiswa. Iyo New York zuva nezuva PM akawana iyo firimu "ichikurudzira," iyo yandinofunga yaive yakakosha poindi. Basa rakaitwa.

Mhedziso yaMitchell ndeyekuti bhomba reHiroshima raive "ratidziro yekutanga," uye kuti United States inofanira kubvisa mutemo wayo wekutanga. Asi zvirokwazvo pakanga pasina chinhu chakadaro. Kwaingova kuramwa basa chete, stereki yekutanga neyekupedzisira. Pakanga pasina mamwe mabhomba enyukireya aizouya achibhururuka achidzoka se "ratidziro yechipiri." Zvino, nhasi uno, njodzi ndeyekungwarira sekushandisa kwemaune, kungave kwekutanga, kwechipiri, kana kwechitatu, uye chinodikanwa ndechekupedzisira kujoina huwandu hwehurumende dzenyika dziri kutsvaga kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvese pamwechete - izvo, Ehe, zvinonzwika kupenga kune chero munhu akaisa mukati mengano yeWWII.

Kune mabasa ari nani eunyanzvi pane Kutanga kana Mugumo iyo yatinogona kutendeukira kungano busting. Semuyenzaniso, The Golden Age, inoverengeka yakaburitswa naGore Vidal muna2000 ine mvumo inopenya na Washington Post, uye New York Times Bhuku Rekuongorora, haisati yamboitwa bhaisikopo, asi inotaurira nyaya iri padyo nechokwadi.[xxvii] In The Golden Age, isu tinoteera kumashure kwemasuo ese akavharwa, seBritish yekumanikidza kweUS kupinda muHondo Yenyika II, Mutungamiri Roosevelt paanozvipira kuna Prime Minister Churchill, sevanyengeri vanoshandisa musangano weRepublican kuti vaone kuti mapato ese anosarudza vavhoterwa muna 1940 vakagadzirira kuita mushandirapamwe murunyararo uchironga zvehondo, sezvo Roosevelt achishuvira kumhanyira kwenguva isingaenzaniswi yechitatu semutungamiriri wenguva yehondo asi anofanira kuzvigutsa nekutanga gwaro uye mushandirapamwe semutungamiri wenguva yekunyorwa munguva yekufungidzirwa kuti nyika ine njodzi, uye Roosevelt achishandira kutsamwisa Japan pakurwisa purogiramu yake yaaida.

Zvino pane wezvenhoroondo uye WWII veteran Howard Zinn's 2010 bhuku, Bhomba.[xxviii] Zinn inotsanangura mauto eUS kuita kwayo kwekutanga kushandisa napalm nekuikanda kwese pamusoro peguta reFrance, kupisa chero munhu uye chero chinhu chaakabata. Zinn aive mune imwe yendege, achitora chikamu mune iyi mhosva inotyisa. Pakati paApril 1945, hondo muEurope yakanga yapera. Wese munhu akaziva kuti zvainge zvave kupera. Pakange pasina chikonzero chemauto (kana iyo isiri oxymoron) kurwisa maGerman akamira padyo neRoyan, France, ndoda kupisa varume veFrance, vakadzi, uye vana mutaundi kufa. MaBritish akange atoparadza dhorobha munaNdira, saizvozvowo vachiribhomba nekuda kwenharaunda yaro nemauto eGerman, mune yainzi mhosho inosiririsa. Kukanganisa kunotyisa uku kwakarongedzwa sechikamu chisingadzivisike chehondo, sezvakangoita kupaza moto kunotyisa kwakabudirira kusvika pazvinangwa zveGerman, sezvakangoita kuputika kweRoyan nepalm. Zinn inopomera Supreme Allied Command kutsvaga kutsvaga "kukunda" mumavhiki ekupedzisira ehondo yatokundwa. Anopomera vavariro dzevatungamiriri vemauto. Anopomera chishuwo cheAmerican Air Force kuyedza chombo chitsva. Uye anopomera munhu wese anobatanidzwa - izvo zvinofanirwa kuzvisanganisira - nekuda kwe "simba rine simba pane ese: tsika yekuteerera, dzidziso yepasirese yetsika dzese, kwete kubuda mugwara, kunyangwe kufunga nezve izvo izvo zvisati zvave basa rekufunga nezvaro, chinangwa chakaipa chekushaya chikonzero kana kuda kureverera. ”

Zinn paakadzoka kubva kuhondo kuEurope, akatarisira kuendeswa kuhondo muPacific, kudzamara aona nekufara nekuona nhau dze bhomba reatomu rakadonhedzwa paHiroshima. Makore chete gare gare apo Zinn akazosvika pakunzwisisa mhosva isinga regererwe yekukura kukuru kwakange kuri kudonhedzwa kwemabhomba enyukireya muJapan, zviito zvakafanana nedzimwe nzira kubhomba rekupedzisira raRoyan. Hondo neJapan yakanga yatopera, maJapan vachitsvaga runyararo uye vachida kuzvipira. Japan yakakumbira chete kuti ibvumidzwe kuchengetedza mambo wayo, chikumbiro chakazobvumidzwa. Asi, senge napalm, mabhomba enyukireya aive zvombo zvaida kuyedzwa.

Zinn zvakare inodzokera kunodzura zvikonzero zvezvinyorwa izvo United States yaive muhondo kutanga nazvo. United States, England, neFrance vaive masimba ehumambo vachitsigirana kumisidzana kwenyika dzese munzvimbo dzakaita sePhilippines. Vakapokana zvakafanana kubva kuGerman neJapan, asi kwete hukasha pachahwo. Mazhinji tini yeAmerica nerabha zvakabva kuSouthwest Pacific. United States yakaburitsa pachena kwemakore kushaya hanya kwevaJudha vachirwiswa kuGerman. Yakaratidzawo kushayikwa kwayo kwekushora rusaruro kuburikidza nekurapa kwevaAfrica maAmerican nemaJapanese eAmerica. Franklin Roosevelt akatsanangura mishandirapamwe yebhomba pamusoro penzvimbo dzevanhu se "hutsinye" asi akazviitawo pamwero mukuru kumaguta eGerman, akateverwa nekuparadzwa kwakaitwa Hiroshima neNagasaki - zviito zvakauya mushure memakore kusvibisa maJapan. Achiziva kuti hondo inogona kupera pasina kumwe kubhomba, uye achiziva kuti vasungwa vehondo veUS vaizourawa nebhomba rakadonhedzwa paNagasaki, mauto eUS akapfuurira mberi ndokudonhedza mabhomba.

Kubatanidza nekusimbisa ngano dzese dzeWWII ingano yakakurisa yekuti Ted Grimsrud, achitevera Walter Wink, anodana "ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga," kana "fungidziro yechinamato yekuti tinogona kuwana 'ruponeso' kuburikidza nechisimba." Semhedzisiro yenyaya iyi, anonyora Grimsrud, "Vanhu vari munyika yanhasi (sekunyika yekare), uye kwete vanhu vashoma muUnited States of America, vanoisa kutenda kukuru muzviridzwa zvechisimba kuti vape kuchengetedzeka uye mukana wekukunda pamusoro pevavengi vavo. Huwandu hwevanhu vanovimba nevanhu vanoisa mumidziyo yakadaro hunogona kuoneka pachena zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvavanopa kugadzirira hondo. ”[xxix]

Vanhu havasi kusarudza vachiziva kutenda mungano dzeWWII nemhirizhonga. Grimsrud anotsanangura, kuti: “Rutivi rwekushanda kweiyi ngano runobva mukusaoneka kwaro sengano. Isu tinowanzo funga kuti mhirizhonga ingori chikamu chechimiro chezvinhu; tinoona kugamuchirwa kwemhirizhonga kuve kwechokwadi, kwete kwakavakirwa pakutenda. Saka hatisi kuzviziva isu-pamusoro pekutenda-kureba kwekugamuchira kwedu mhirizhonga. Tinofunga isu ziva sechokwadi chiri nyore chekuti mhirizhonga inoshanda, mhirizhonga yacho inodikanwa, mhirizhonga haidziviririke. "Hatizive kuti pachinzvimbo, tinoshanda munzvimbo yekutenda, yengano, yechitendero, maererano nekutambirwa kwemhirizhonga."[xxx]

Zvinotora kuedza kutiza ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga, nekuti yakavepo kubva paudiki: "Vana vanonzwa nyaya yakapusa mumakatuni, mitambo yemavhidhiyo, mafirimu, uye mabhuku: isu takanaka, vavengi vedu vakaipa, ndiyo chete nzira yekugadzirisa neuipi ndiko kuikunda nechisimba, ngatipumbururei.

Ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga inosangana zvakananga nehukuru hwepasi-nyika. Hupenyu hwerudzi, sekutsanangurwa nevatungamiriri vayo, hunomira sekukosha kwakanyanya kwehupenyu pasi pano. Ikoko hakugone kuve nevamwari pamberi porudzi. Iyi ngano haina kungoisa chinamato chekuda nyika pamoyo wenyika, asi zvakare chinopa kurwira kwakasarudzika kwenyika. . . . Hondo Yenyika II nemhedzisiro yayo yakanangana nekukwirisa kwakanyanya shanduko yeUnited States kuita nzanga ne. . . mhirizhonga iyi inotsamira mungano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga mukuitsigisa. MaAmerican anoenderera mberi nekumbundira ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga kunyangwe pakatarisana nehumbowo huripo hwekuti mauto anokonzeresa akanganisa hutongi hweAmerica uye irikuparadza hupfumi hwenyika nezvakatipoteredza. . . . Munguva pfupi yapfuura senge ma1930 ekupedzisira, mari yemauto eAmerica yaive shoma uye masimba ane simba ezvematongerwo enyika airwisa kubatanidzwa 'mukubatwa kune dzimwe nyika'. ”[xxxi]

Pamberi peWWII, Grimsrud anoti, “apo America yakapinda muhondo yamauto. . . pakupera kwekukonana rudzi rwakadzikiswa. . . . Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, pakange pasina kuzara kwekudzikisira nekuti isu takatama takananga kubva kuHondo Yenyika II kuenda kuCold War kuenda kuHondo yeUgandanga. Ndokunge, takatamira mumamiriro ezvinhu umo 'nguva dzese dziri nguva dzehondo.' . . . Nei vasiri-elite, vanotakura zvinotyisa nekugara munharaunda inogara yehondo, kuzviisa pasi peiyi gadziriro, kunyangwe mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvichipa rutsigiro rwakasimba? . . . Mhinduro iri nyore kwazvo: chipikirwa cheruponeso. ”[xxxii]

[I] Sabatini akapedzisira achitambura nekushushikana, kutya kwekutya, uye hutano husina kunaka. Ona Luana Rosato, Pepanhau, "Miss Italia, Alice Sabatini: 'Dopo la vittoria sono caduta in depressione'," Ndira 30, 2020, https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/spettacoli/miss-italia-alice-sabatini-vittoria-depressione-1818934 .html

[Ii] Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The Guardian, "Ngano yeHondo Yakanaka," Zvita 9, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/09/-sp-myth-of-the-good-war

[Iii] Raw Nhau, Youtube.com, "VaTrump vanoseka kutumidza zita reConfederate mabheseni nekukurudzira kuvapa mazita eAl Sharpton," Chikunguru 19, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7Qer5K3pw4&feature=emb_logo

[Iv] Studs Terkel, Hondo Yakanaka: Nhoroondo Yemuromo YeHondo Yenyika II (New Press, 1997).

[V] WikiLeaks, "HRC Inobhadharwa Kutaura," https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/927

[vi] United States Strategic Bhomba Ongororo: Kurwira kweJapan Kupedza Hondo, Chikunguru 1, 1946, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/united-states-strategic-bombing-survey-japans-struggle-end- war? yakanyorwa = NA & pagenumber = 50

[vii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 164.

[viii] Bard Memorandamu, Chikumi 27, 1945, http://www.dannen.com/decision/bardmemo.html

[ix] Christian Kriticos, Mamirioni, "Kukokwa Kusazeza: John Hersey 'Hiroshima' pamakore makumi manomwe," Nyamavhuvhu 70, 31, https://themillions.com/2016/2016/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[x] Christian Kriticos, Mamirioni, "Kukokwa Kusazeza: John Hersey 'Hiroshima' pamakore makumi manomwe," Nyamavhuvhu 70, 31, https://themillions.com/2016/2016/invitation-hesitate-john-herseys-hiroshima.html

[xi] Chikumbiro chaLeo Szilard kuMutungamiriri, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resource/documents/manhattan-project/szilard-petition.html

[xii] Chirevo cheKomiti yezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematambudziko, https://www.atomicarchive.com/resource/documents/manhattan-project/franck-report.html

[xiii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 144.

[xiv] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 161.

[xv] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 166.

[xvi] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 176.

[xvii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), mapeji 176-177. Iri bhuku rinoti zvitanhatu kubva pane zvinomwe, pane kuti zvinomwe kubva pamasere. Kuznick anondiudza kuti haana kutanga kusanganisira Halsey nekuti akagamuchira nyeredzi yake mushure mehondo kupera.

[xviii] Pane mukana wekugadzirisa mazwi ekuzvipira uye kupedza hondo pakutanga pasina mabhomba enyukireya, ona Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), mapeji 146-149.

[xix] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 145.

[xx] Ray Raphael, Kutanga Nhema: Nhau Dzinovanza Yedu Patriotic Yakapfuura (New Press, 2014).

[xxi] Greg Mitchell, Kutanga kana Kupera: Sei Hollywood - uye America - Dzidza Kurega Kunetseka uye Kuda Bhomba (New Press, 2020).

[xxii] Eric Schlosser Raira uye Kudzora: Nuclear Weapons, Dhamasiko Dambudziko, uye Illusion Yokuchengetedza (Penguin Mabhuku, 2014).

[xxiii] Greg Mitchell, Kutanga kana Kupera: Sei Hollywood - uye America - Dzidza Kurega Kunetseka uye Kuda Bhomba (New Press, 2020).

[xxiv] "Kutanga kana Kuguma = Firimu reClassic," https://archive.org/details/TheBeginningOrTheEndClassicFilm

[xxv] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 144.

[xxvi] Greg Mitchell, Kutanga kana Kupera: Sei Hollywood - uye America - Dzidza Kurega Kunetseka uye Kuda Bhomba (New Press, 2020).

[xxvii] Gore Vidal, Iyo Golden Age: Novel (Vintage, 2001).

[xxviii] Howard Zinn, Bhomba (Guta Mwenje Mabhuku, 2010).

[xxix] Ted Grimsrud, Hondo Yakanaka Iyo Yakange Isipo uye Nei Ichikosha: Hondo Yenyika II Yetsika Nhoroondo (Cascade Mabhuku, 2014), mapeji 12-17.

[xxx] Ted Grimsrud, Hondo Yakanaka Iyo Yakange Isipo uye Nei Ichikosha: Hondo Yenyika II Yetsika Nhoroondo (Cascade Mabhuku, 2014).

[xxxi] Ted Grimsrud, Hondo Yakanaka Iyo Yakange Isipo uye Nei Ichikosha: Hondo Yenyika II Yetsika Nhoroondo (Cascade Mabhuku, 2014).

[xxxii] Ted Grimsrud, Hondo Yakanaka Iyo Yakange Isipo uye Nei Ichikosha: Hondo Yenyika II Yetsika Nhoroondo (Cascade Mabhuku, 2014).