NeEd O'Rourke
| Hondo yeVanhu yakauya ikaenda. Chikonzero chayo chekurwa, ini handina kumbowana.
Kubva murwiyo, "NaMwari Kudivi Redu." Hondo… yaive mamiriro ezvinhu asina basa, uye ingadai yakadzivirirwa dai kutsungirira nehungwaru zvaiitwa pamativi ese. Robert E. Lee Vapatiroti vanogara vachitaura zvekufira nyika yavo, uye kwete yekuuraya nyika yavo. Bertrand Russell |
United States yakasarudza kurwa hondo dzakawanda. Paive nemanzwiro akakurumbira eRevolutionary War (1775-1783). IUS yaifanirwa kurwa neAxis Powers kana kuvaona vachikunda Europe neAsia. Dzimwe hondo dzaive nesarudzo: muna 1812 neGreat Britain, 1848 neMexico, 1898 neSpain, 1917 neGerman, 1965 neVietnam, 1991 neIraq uye 2003 neIraq zvakare.
Hondo yeVanhu vemuUS ndiyo yaive yakaoma kunzvenga. Paive nezvakawanda zvemuchinjikwa nyaya: vatorwa, iyo mitero, kukoshesa migero, migwagwa uye njanji. Nyaya hombe, hongu, yaive huranda. Kufanana nekubvisa nhumbu nhasi, pakanga pasina nzvimbo yekubvumirana. Mune dzimwe nyaya zhinji, maCongressmen anogona kupatsanura mutsauko uye kuvhara chibvumirano. Kwete pano.
Iko kukanganisa kukuru paConstitutional Convention (1787) kwanga kusiri kufunga kuti nyika kana nyika muboka raizosiya Union kana vapinda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo muhupenyu, kune nzira dzepamutemo dzekuparadzanisa, nezvevanhu vakaroora vanogona kupatsanuka kana kurambana. Kurongeka kwakadai kwaizodzivirira kudeura ropa nekuparadza. Bumbiro rakanga rakanyarara pakuenda. Ivo vangangodaro vasina kumbofunga kuti zvaizoitika.
Sezvo United States yatanga sekuzorora kubva kuBritain, maSouthherner vaive neyakavimbika dzidziso yekusiya Union.
James M. McPherson's Hondo Yokuchema Yerusununguko: The Civil War Era inotsanangura manzwiro akadzika pamativi ese. Hupfumi hwekotoni nehuranda zvakaratidzira chirwere cheDutch, icho chiri kutarisisa hupfumi hwenyika kana hwenharaunda kutenderedza chigadzirwa chimwe chete. Cotton yaive kumaodzanyemba icho peturu chiri kuSaudi Arabia nhasi, iro rinotyaira. Ikotoni yakatora yakawanda inowanikwa mari yekudyara. Zvaive nyore kupinza zvinhu zvakagadzirwa pane kuzviita munharaunda. Sezvo basa rekurima nekukohwa donje raive nyore, pakanga pasina chikonzero chechikoro cheveruzhinji.
Semazuva ese nekubiridzira, ivo vanodzvinyirira vanofunga nemoyo wese kuti vari kuitira avo vakadzvinyirirwa izvo vanhu vari kunze kwetsika yavo vasinganzwisise. South Carolina seneta James Hammond vakapa mukurumbira wavo "Cotton ndimambo, 'hurukuro munaKurume 4, 1858. Ona aya akatorwa kubva papeji 196 mubhuku raMcPherson:
"Mumagariro ese panofanirwa kuve nekirasi yekuita mabasa akaderera, kuita zvinonetesa zvehupenyu… Zvinomonyanisa nzanga dzevanhu… Kirasi yakadai iwe yaunofanirwa kuve unayo, kana yako ingadai isina iro rimwe kirasi rinotungamira kufambira mberi, budiriro ,, uye kunatsiridzwa… Yako yese yekirasi yekuhaya yevashandi vemaoko uye 'operatives' sekuvadaidza kwaunoita ivo variko varanda. Musiyano uripo pakati pedu ndewekuti, varanda vedu vanobhadharwa kweupenyu hwese uye vanopihwa muripo… vako vanoshandirwa nezuva, havana kuchengetwa, uye vanopihwa mari shoma. ”
Rondedzero yangu ndeyekuti Hondo yeVanhu neRusununguko hazvina kubatsira vanhu vatema sehondo yakadzivirirwa. Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yakapera, John Kenneth Galbraith akafunga kuti nema1880s kuti varidzi vevaranda vangadai vaitofanira kutanga kubhadhara varanda vavo kuti varambe vari pabasa. Mafekitori ekuchamhembe aive achikura uye aida mari yakachipa. Uranda hwaizove husisina simba nekuda kwekudiwa kwevashandi vefekitori. Gare gare kwaizove nekugadziriswa pamutemo.
Kusunungurwa kwaive kukurudzira kukuru kwepfungwa kwaingonzwisiswa nevarungu chete avo vanga vari mumisasa yevasungwa. Zvehupfumi, vanhu vatema vaive vakaipisisa kupfuura Hondo Yenyika nekuti vaigara munzvimbo yakaparadzwa, yakafanana neEurope mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Vachena vekumaodzanyemba avo vakatambura zvakanyanya muhondo vaive vasingashiviriri kupfuura zvavaizenge variko dai pasina hondo.
Dai maSouth akunda muhondo, dare renzvimbo yeNuremberg ingadai yakatongera Mutungamiri Lincoln, kabineti yake, vakuru vehurumende pamwe nemakurukota ekugara mujeri kweupenyu hwese kana kurembera mhosva dzehondo. Hondo ingadai yakanzi Hondo yeNorthern Aggression. Sangano reMubatanidzwa kubva pakutanga raive rekuita "Anaconda Chirongwa, 'ichivhara maPort ekumaodzanyemba kuremadza hupfumi hwekuSouthern. Kunyangwe zvinodhaka nemishonga zvakanyorwa sezvinhu zvekubiridzira.
Kwerinenge zana zana Gungano rekutanga reGeneva, paive nekubvumirana kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu nezvivakwa zvisina kukuvara. Mamiriro acho aive akadzora kutora chikamu muhondo. Nyanzvi yepasirose pamaitiro ehondo akakodzera muzana ramakore gumi nemasere aive Swiss jurist Emmerich de Vattel. Pfungwa huru pakati pebhuku rake yaive yekuti, "Vanhu, varimi, vagari, havatore chikamu mariri uye havafanirwe kutya nebakatwa remuvengi."
Muna 1861, nyanzvi yekutungamira nyika dzeAmerica mukutungamira kwehondo aive gweta reSan Francisco, Henry Halleck, aimbova mukuru weWest Point uye mudzidzisi weWest Point. Bhuku rake International Law yakaratidza kunyora kwaVattel uye yaive chinyorwa kuWest Point. Muna Chikunguru, 1862, akave General-in-Chief weUnited Army.
Musi waApril 24, 1863, Mutungamiri Lincoln vakaburitsa General Order No. 100 iyo yaiita senge inosanganisa zvinangwa zvakasimudzirwa naVattel, Halleck neFirst Geneva Convention. Iwo murairo waizivikanwa se "Lieber Code," yakatumidzwa zita remudzidzi wezvemitemo wechiGerman Francis Leiber, chipangamazano kuna Otto von Bismarck.
General Order Nha. 100 yaive nehurefu hwakareba mamaira, ivo vakuru vemauto vanogona kufuratira iyo Lieber Code kana mamiriro ezvinhu aibvumirwa. Kuregeredza ivo vakaita. Iyo Lieber Code yaive yakakwana charade. Sezvo ini chete ndakadzidza nezveCode muna Gumiguru, 2011, mushure mekukura muHouston, ndichiverenga mabhuku akati wandei paHondo Yenyika, ndichidzidzisa nhoroondo yeAmerica kuColumbus School uye nekuona zvinyorwa zvakakurumbira zvaKen Burns, ndinogona kungogumisa kuti hapana mumwe munhu akacherekedza. iyo Kodhi kana.
Sezvo dzinenge dzose hondo dzakarwiwa muSouth, vanhu vatema nevachena vakatarisana nehurombo hupfumi. Chakanga chakanyanya kuparara kwaive nemaune nemauto eUnited States aisashanda zvechiuto. Kufamba kwaSherman kuburikidza neGeorgia kwaive kwakakodzera asi mutemo wake wakatsva wepasi waive wekutsiva chete. Saizvozvowo nemashoko aAdmiral Halsey ekuuraya vanhu pamusoro pevaJapan panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Sherman akazivisa muna 1864 "kune vanozvipira uye vanoramba vachitsigira, nei, rufu ingoni." Rimwe gamba rehondo rakakurumbira General Philip Sheridan aive tsotsi rehondo. Mumatsutso 1864, makumi matatu nemakumi matatu emauto ake ehondo akapisa Shenandoah Valley pasi. Mutsamba yaakanyorera General Grant, akarondedzera mumazuva ake ekutanga achishanda, mauto ake “akaparadza matura anopfuura mazana maviri nemazana maviri… zvigayo zvinopfuura makumi manomwe… vatyaira pamberi pemuvengi mombe dzinopfuura zviuru zvina mazana mana, uye vakauraya… kwete asingasviki 35,000 hwai… Mangwana ndichaenderera mberi nekuparadza. ”
Nhanho huru yekupedza mhirizhonga pakati penyika ndeyekuziva matsotsi ehondo nekuda kwemhosva dzavo dzinotyisa panzvimbo pekukudza nesimbi uye kutumidza zvikoro, mapaki uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji shure kwavo. Nyadzi kune avo vanonyora edu enhoroondo mabhuku. Vaise kumusoro kwehondo mhosva mhosva sezvishongedzo mushure meizvozvo.
Mukunyengedza kukuru kwese, 1820, 1833 na 1850, pakanga pasina kumbove nekufungisisa kwakakomba nezvekuti ndeapi mazwi ekuparadzanisa angave anogamuchirwa Rudzi rwakagovana mutauro mumwe chete, chimiro chepamutemo, chitendero chePurotesitendi uye nhoroondo. Panguva imwecheteyo, maodzanyemba nemaodzanyemba aifamba nenzira dzakasiyana, mutsika, hupfumi nemachechi. Mukutanga kwa1861, Chechi yePresbyterian yakaparadzaniswa ikaita machechi maviri, imwe kuchamhembe imwe kumaodzanyemba. Dzimwe kereke nhatu dzakakura dzechiPurotesitendi dzakanga dzaparadzana nguva iyoyo isati yasvika. Uranda yaive nzou yaive mumba yakazadza zvimwe zvese.
Izvo zvandisati ndamboona mumabhuku enhoroondo kwaive kutarisisa kwakakomba kana kutotaura nezvo zano rekuti komisheni, Maodzanyemba, Maodzanyemba, economists, masayendisiti, uye vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vape kurudziro yemashoko ekuparadzanisa. Pakaparadzaniswa, Union inoti yaizobvisa iyo inotiza mitemo yevaranda. Vokumaodzanyemba vangadai vaida kuwedzera imwe nharaunda kumatunhu ekumadokero, Mexico, Cuba neCaribbean. Mauto eU.S. Navy aigona kubvisa mamwe varanda kubva kuAfrica. Ini ndinofungidzira kuti paizove neropa skirmishes asi kwete chero chinhu senge yeVanhu Hondo ye600,000 yakafa.
Pangadai pakave nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana uye zvekufamba. Panofanirwa kuve nechikamu chakabvumiranwa chechikwereti cheveruzhinji cheUS. Imwe nyaya apo kupatsanurwa kwaive neropa sezvo US yaive Pakistan neIndia pakabva maBritish. VaBritish vaive vakanaka pakushandisa asi vakaita zvishoma kugadzirira shanduko ine runyararo. Nhasi kune chiteshi chimwe chete chekupinda pamwe nemuganhu wemamirioni chiuru. Maodzanyemba nevari kuSouth vaigona kunge vakaita basa riri nani.
Ehezve, sezvo manzwiro akapiswa, iyo yekufungidzira komisheni inogona kunge isina kubudirira. Nyika yakanga yakakamukana kwazvo. Nesarudzo dzaAbraham Lincoln muna 1860, yaive nzira yekunonoka kutaurirana chero chinhu. Iyo Commission ingadai yaifanirwa kunge yakagadzwa makore akati wandei 1860 isati yasvika.
Panguva iyo nyika yaida hutungamiriri kubva kune vanofunga zvine hungwaru vatungamiriri munguva ya1853-1861, isu takange tisinavo. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoona Franklin Pierce naJames Buchanan sevatungamiriri vakaipisisa. Franklin Pierce aive akapindwa muropa nedoro. Mumwe mutsoropodzi akati James Buchanan haana kana zano rimwechete mukati memakore ake mazhinji mukushandira ruzhinji.
Manzwiro angu ndeekuti, kunyangwe dai iyo US yaizopatsanuka kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana, kufambira mberi kwemaindasitiri nekubudirira zvaizoenderera. Dai maConfederates angadai akabva kuFort Sumter chete, paizove nemakwikwi asi pasina hondo huru. Kushingairira kwehondo kungadai kwakazara kunze. Fort Sumter ingadai yakave imba diki seGibraltar yakanga yave yeSpain neGreat Britain. Chiitiko cheFort Sumter chaive chinhu chakadai sekurwiswa kwePearl Harbour, iyo pfarivhu kuhupfu keg.
Main Sources:
DiLorenzo, Thomas J. "Targeting Vagari" http://www.lewrockwell.com/dilorenzo/dilorenzo8.html
McPherson James M. Hondo Chekuchema Rusununguko: Iyo Yenyika Hondo Era, Ballantine Mabhuku, 1989, 905 mapeji.
Ed O'Rourke ndiye mubhengi wezvemari akachengetedzeka mubasa revanhu anogara muMedellin, Colombia. Iye zvino ari kunyora bhuku, Runyararo Rwenyika, Iyo Blueprint: Unogona Kusvika Ikoko kubva Pano.
eorourke@pdq.net
