Chii chaizoitika kana 800-kiloton yehondo yehondo yenyukireya yakaonekwa kunze kweguta pakati peManhattan?

Via fromwartopeace.com

NaSteven Starr, Lynn Eden & Theodore A. Postol

Mitsara yeRussia intercontinental ballistic inotendwa kuti inotakura inenge inenge inenge 1,000 yehondo yenyukireya hondo dzinogona kukunda US kudarika maminitsi 30 mushure mokunge yatangwa. Pamusoro pezvose izvi, pamusoro peHNUMX warheads inorongwa pa 700 kilotons; ndiko kuti, mumwe nomumwe ane simba rinoputika re800 tani reTTT. Izvo zvinotevera ndezvatsanangudzo yemigumisiro yekutora kwehondo imwe chete yakadaro pamusoro peMidth Manhattan, mumoyo weNew York City.

Moto wokutanga moto. Hondo yacho ingangodaro yakavharwa zvishoma pane imwe makiromita pamusoro peguta racho, kuwedzera kukanganisa kwakagadzirwa nokuputika kwayo. Pakati pezvishoma zvegumi zvemamiriyoni echipiri mushure mekudzivirira, nzvimbo yehondo inosvika pakupisa kwe-200 mamiriyoni degrees Fahrenheit (anenge ane 100 miriyoni degrees Celsius), kana inenge yechina kusvika kashanu kutengesa pakati pezuva.

Bhora remweya wakanyoroveswa waizoita, pakutanga kuwedzera kunze kumamiriyoni emamaira paawa. Iyo yaizoita sepiston inokurumidza kufamba-famba pamhepo yakapoteredza, ichiikurira pamucheto we fireball nekuumba shockwave yehukuru uye simba.

Mushure mekupedzisira kwechipiri, moto unogona kunge wakareba makiromita. Ingadai yakanyorova kubva pakushambidzika kwayo kokutanga kwemamiriyoni emadhora akawanda kusvika pa 16,000 degrees Fahrenheit, zvinosvika 4,000 degrees zvinopisa kupfuura pasi pezuva.

Pazuva rakajeka pamwe chete nemamiriro ekunze emamiriro okunze, kupisa kukuru uye chiedza kubva mumoto zvinoputika pakarepo moto unopisa pamusoro penzvimbo yose yeA100 square miles.

Mhirizhonga yemoto. Mumaminitsi mashoma mushure mekudzima, moto unopinda mumakiromita mashomanana emoto unopisa zvikuru. Iyi moto inomanikidzira mashoma makuru emhepo inopisa kuti iwedzere, ichiita mhepo inotonhorera kubva kunzvimbo dzakapoteredza kusvika kumucheto wenzvimbo yemoto kubva kumativi ose.

Sezvo mhepo huru yaifambisa moto mumoto umo maiva nemoto usati wagadziridzwa zvakakwana, moto wakatarwa nechokudzivirira unotanga kuwirirana. Mumaminitsi makumi emaminetsi emudonzvo, moto unobva pedyo nekure wakanga wakaita moto, mukuru. Simba rinobudiswa nemoto mukuru uyu raizova 15 kune 50 nguva huru kune simba rinobudiswa nenyuchi yenyukireya.

Iyo moto unopisa, kana moto, waizokurumidza kuwedzera kuwedzera, kupisa mhepo yakawanda yemhepo yaizokwira nokukurumidza inosvika 300 mamaira neawa. Izvi zvinokonzera mhepo inotonhorera kubva kunze kwenzvimbo yemoto kuenda kumucheto wemoto nekukurumidza kwemazana emakiromita neawa. Iyi mhepo ine simba yakawanda yemhepo inopfuura dutu guru inowedzera kuwedzera moto. Pamuganhu wemoto, mhepo inenge iine simba rakakwana yekudzura miti miti mitatu yakaenzana uye inoyamwa vanhu kubva kunze kwemoto mukati mayo.

Mhepo inoputika yaizoita kuti moto urege kupisa zvivako zvakanyanyisa pasi, uchizadza maguta emuguta nemirazvo nemagetsi, kuputika mumasuo nemahwindo, uye zvichiita kuti moto usvetuke, dzimwe nguva mazana emakumbo, achimedza chero chinhu chisati chave chichikuvadza.

Iyi mhepo-mhepo ine simba ine mhepo inenge iine inopisa yepamhepo yepamhepo zvakanyanya pamusoro pemvura yekubikira. Nzvimbo yakatarwa yaizoshandurwa kuva dutu guru remoto, zvichigadzirisa nzvimbo inouraya munzvimbo yose yemoto.

Ground zero: Midtown Manhattan. Iyo moto yaizopisa zvipfeko zvakananga pasi payo uye inobereka mhepo yakawanda inopenya uye yakakwirira-mhepo, kupwanya kunyange zvivakwa zvakasimba zvekrete mukati memakiromita mashoma evhu zero. Kupisa kwacho kwaizobvarura zvivako zvepamusoro-soro uye kuzarura zviri mukati mazvo kutonhora kwezuva; iyo yaizopisa moto nekuisa pachena nzvimbo dzisina kufanira, kubudisa zvinhu zvinopisa, uye kuparadzira zvinhu zvinopisa.

PaEmpire State Building, Grand Central Station, Chrysler Building, neSt.Pathedral Cathedral, ingangoita hafu kusvika kumatatu emakiromita kubva pasi zero, mwenje unobva pamoto wainyungudika asphalt mumigwagwa, kupisa pendi pamadziro, uye sunga huni dzesimbi mukati mehafu yechipiri yenyonganiso. Rinenge sekondi imwe chete gare gare, iyo mhepo inoputika uye mazana manomwe-maira-neawa-awa mhepo yaizosvika, ichigadzirisa zvivakwa nekukanda mota dzinopisa mudenga semashizha mudutu remhepo. Mukati meMidtown, mukati memotokari uye zvivakwa mumutsara wekuona moto unoputika mumoto.

Zvishoma pane imwe makiromita kubva pasi zero ndezvenharaunda dzeCentral, Midtown East, uye Lenox Hill, pamwe neUnited Nations; pane iri kure, nokuda kwechipiri chechipiri moto waizopenya 10,000 nguva dzinopenya kupfuura zuva rerenje masikati. Zvese zvinhu zvinotsva zvakavhenekerwa ne fireball zvaizosvipa moto neutsi hutema.

Gorosi, uswa, uye mashizha pamiti zvinoputika mumoto; pasi pevhu raizoputika kuva guru guru. Chero chipi nechipi chinogona kupisa mukati mezvivako (pepa, machira, upholstery) iyo yakananga zvakananga kune moto inoputika mumoto. Iyo nzvimbo yezvifananidzo zvendarira pamberi peUUN ingasungunuka; marble zvisikwa zvakaratidzwa kune moto zvinoputika, pop, uye zvichida kubuda.

Pano chinhambwe kubva kubhodhi remoto, zvaizotora anenge masekondi mana kuti kuputika kwemhepo kusvika. Ichipfuura, iyo mhepo inoputika yaizovhara zvivakwa zvese nekuzvipwanya; yaizogadzira mhepo dzinotyisa dzemamirioni mazana mana kusvika mazana mashanu paawa iyo yaizoramba iripo kwemasekondi mashoma. Mhepo ine simba yaigona kubvarura maficha kubva muzvivakwa uye yovaita kuti vaparadzane zvakanyanya kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Zvimwe zvezvidimbu izvi zvinogona kuve zvinoparadza projectiles, zvichikonzera kumwe kukuvara. Iwo mhepo inopisa, ine guruva yaizosimba zvakakwana kupidigura marori nemabhazi.

Makiromita maviri kubva pavhu zero, Metropolitan Museum of Art, nezvose zvayo zvepamusoro zvepfuma, yaizoparadzana. Makiri maviri nehafu kubva kune zero pasi, muNot Manhattan, kuMiddle Village, uye kuTyyvesant Town, moto unozoonekwa nguva dze2,700 dzakapenya kupfuura zuva rerenje masikati. Ikoko, kupisa kwemhepo kunopisa kunyauka uye warp aluminium pamusoro, kuvhara mataire emotokari, uye kutendeuka ganda rinopisa kumarasha, kusati kwasviba kwasvika ndokubvarura zvivako.

Nhatu kusvika kune mapfumbamwe maira kubva pasi zero. Midtown yakaganhurirwa nenzvimbo dzakapamhamha dzeHudson neEast nzizi, uye moto waizotanga panguva imwe chete munzvimbo huru kumativi ese emvura (ndiko kuti, muQueens neBrooklyn pamwe neJersey City neWest New York). Kunyangwe iko kutungamira kwemhepo dzinopisa mumatunhu ari pedyo nerwizi kwaizogadziriswa nemvura, mhepo yemhepo yakazara kubva munzvimbo huru dzemoto dzakatarisana idzi yaizofanana neiya yemoto wakawanda, ine nzvimbo yayo kuMidtown, Manhattan.

Makiromita matatu kubva kune zero pasi, muUnited City, New Jersey, uye Astoria, Queens, moto unenge wakajeka seC1,900 zuva uye unounza kanopfuura kashanu simba remhepo rakaiswa pamwero wemoto mukuru kuHiroshima. MuGreenpoint, kuBrooklyn, uye muCicic Center yeGeor Manhattan, zvipfeko zvakapfekedzwa nevanhu muhupenyu hwekuona moto uyu zvaizopfuta mumoto kana kusungunuka, uye chifukidzo chemukati chaigona kuve chichitsvaira, zvichikonzera chidimbu chechidimbu uye chechina .

Zvinotora masekondi gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemana kuti mhepo inoputika ifambe mamaira matatu mushure mekutanga kwechiedza chemoto. Padaro iri, kuputika kwemhepo kwaizotora kwemasekondi matatu uye kuchiperekedzwa nemhepo dzemamaira mazana maviri kusvika mazana matatu paawa. Dzimba dzekugara dzaizoparadzwa; kukwirira-kumusoro kunogona kunge kuchikanganisa zvakanyanya.

Maira aizoshatirwa kwose kwose mukati memaira mashanu kubva pasi zero. Pakutarisa kwema5.35 maira kubva kubva kumoto, chiedza chinobva mumoto chinopisa moto chinopa kaviri kupisa kwemafuta kunowanikwa pamucheto wemoto mukuru kuHiroshima. MuJersey City uye Cliffside Park, uye muWiddleside muQueens, paGuororsors Island uye muHarlem, chiedza uye kupisa kunowanikwa kunogona kufungidzira izvo zvakagadzirwa ne600 gwenga zuva masikati.

Mhepo inokurumidza iri kure iri ichange iine 70 kusvika ku 100 mamaira neawa. Dzimba dzekuvaka zvakaoma dzingadai dzisingatauri zvakakanganisika, asi ose kunze kwemahwindo aizoputsika, uye masvingo nemadziro asingasimiri mukati uye masuo aizokuvadzwa zvakanyanya kana kuputirwa. Utsi hwakasviba hunogona kuputika kubva pamatanda dzimba sepende yakatsva panzvimbo uye midziyo inopiswa.

Makiromita matanhatu kusvika kune manomwe kubva kune zero pasi, kubva kuMwedziachie, New Jersey, kuenda kuCrown Heights, kuBrooklyn, kubva kuYankee Stadium kuenda kuCorona, Queens neCrown Heights, kuBrooklyn, moto unozoonekwa 300 nguva dzinopenya kupfuura zuva rerenje masikati. Chero ani zvake ari chiedza chaicho chemoto inobata moto inotambura nechetatu inopisa kune ganda ravo rakajeka. Mhepo inogona kuputira mamiriyoni kusvika kure nemakiromita manomwe kubva kure zero, sezvo nzvimbo idzi dziri kunze dzaizowana huwandu hunopisa hwemhepo sezvaiita nzvimbo dziri pamucheto wemoto mukuru kuHiroshima.

Makilomita mapfumbamwe kubva kune zero pasi, muHadensack, Bayonne, uye Englewood, New Jersey, uyewo muRichmond Hill, Queens, uye Flatlands, Brooklyn, moto unenge uine nguva ye100 yakajeka kupfuura zuva, chikamu chechipiri chinopisa kune avo vari mumutsara wekuona. Panenge 36 mashure masikati mushure memoto webhokisi, shockwave yaizosvika uye ichigogodza kunze kwemahwindo ose, pamwe chete nemadziro akawanda edzimba mukati uye mamwe magonhi.

Hapana vapona. Mumaminitsi makumi emaminetsi, zvinhu zvose mukati memakiromita anenge mashanu kusvika kumanomwe eMidtown Manhattan zvingave zvakakombwa nedutu guru remoto. Iyo moto yaizofukidza nzvimbo yose ye90 kusvika 152 makiromita makiromita (230 kusvika 389 makiromita masere). Dutu racho raizoshatirwa kwemaawa matatu kusvika matanhatu. Kupisa kwemhepo munzvimbo yemoto kunogona kunge kwakapfuura 400 kusvika ku500 digres Fahrenheit (200 kusvika 260 Celsius).

Mushure mokunge moto wapfuta, nzira yepamugwagwa yaizopisa zvokuti kunyange kunyange motokari dzaiona dzisingakwanisi kudarika iyo kwemazuva. Kuvigwa, zvisikwa zvisina kuputika kubva kune zvivako zvakakoromoka munzvimbo yose yemoto zvinogona kuputika mumoto kana paine mhepo-mwedzi mushure mokunge moto wapera.

Vaya vakaedza kupukunyuka mumigwagwa vangadai vakavhiringidzika nemhepo inopisa-mhepo yakazara nemagetsi nemirazvo. Kunyange avo vanogona kuwana pokugara munzvimbo dzepasi-pasi-pasi-pasi yezvivakwa zvepamusoro zvingangove zvakagadzikana nemagasi anokonzerwa nemoto kana kubikwa vari vapenyu sezvo dzimba dzavo dzichipisa kuvhuni-semamiriro ezvinhu.

Moto unodzima hupenyu hwose uye kuparadza zvese zvinhu zvose. Makumi emakiromita ari pasi pedenga remunharaunda yekuparadzwa nokukurumidza, radioactive fallout yaizotanga kusvika mukati maawa mashomanana ekudonhorera.

Asi iyo imwe nyaya.

Chinyorwa cheMupepeti: Chinyorwa ichi chakatorwa kubva ku "Guta Pamoto" naLynn Eden, yakatanga kuburitswa muna Ndira 2004 nyaya yeBulletin yeAtomic Scientists.

PAMUSORO PAMUNYORI:

Lynn Eden
Edeni inhengo yeBulletin's Science uye Security Board uye mukuru wevatsvagiri nyanzvi uye mubatsiri director wekutsvaga kuStanford University's Center for International Security and Cooperation. Edheni zvakare mubati wechigaro weUS Pugwash uye nhengo yeInternational Pugwash Council. Basa rake rehunyanzvi rinotarisa kumauto nenzanga, uye nhoroondo yezvombo zvenyukireya nemutemo, kusanganisira kubvisa nyukireya. Edheni Nyika Yese Pamoto: Masangano, Ruzivo, uye Nyukireya Zvombo Kuparadza kwakakunda iyo American Sociological Association ya2004 Robert K. Merton mubairo webhuku rakanakisa mune zvesainzi uye tekinoroji zvidzidzo.

Theodore A. Postol
Mumwe fisikiti, Postol ndiye purofesa wezvesayenzi, teknolojia, uye yenyika kuchengetedza mutemo paMIT. Unyanzvi hwake huri muBuzzistic missile yekudzivirira magetsi uye mabheti e-ballistic kakawanda. Asati asvika kuna MIT, akashanda semuongorori paIfisi yeKiongorori Kuongorora uye semudzidzisi wezvesayenzi nemagariro kumukuru wemashandiro ehondo. Muna 2001, akagamuchira Norbert Wiener Prize kubva kuComputer Professionals for Social Responsibility kuti aone dzakawanda zvenhema pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwemassile.

Steven Starr
Starr ndiye director weYunivhesiti yeMissouri's Clinical Laboratory Science Chirongwa, pamwe nemusayendisiti mukuru kuVarapi veMagariro Evanhu. Akashanda pamwe nehurumende dzeSwitzerland, Chile, neSweden vachitsigira zvavakaita kuUnited Nations kubvisa zviuru zvezvombo zvepamusoro-soro, zvekugadzirira US neRussia zvombo zvenyukireya. anochengetedza webhusaiti Nuclear Rima.