NaTad Daley, November 16, 2018
From Inkstick
Zvichida wakacherechedza kuti hondo yekugumisa hondo haina.
Chazove chinenge chirevo chekucherechedza kuti Hondo Huru, iyo yakapera zana zana rapfuura svondo rino, yakashanda senge iri kuvhura pad yezvinhu zvese zvemhedzisiro yenyika mukati menguva refu uye inorwadza yakatevera century. Izvo zvakakonzera kudonha kwehumambo hutatu, kusimuka kwehutongi huviri, yechipiri hondo yepasirese yakakura mudenga, kutyisa uye hutsinye kupfuura yekutanga, inoda kusvika hafu yezana ramakore "Hondo Yemashoko" pakati pevakakunda muhondo mbiri, uye mambakwedza zera reatomiki. Hondo Yenyika I, akadaro mushakabvu wezvenhau weColumbia University Fritz Stern, akashanda se "njodzi yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi20… dambudziko rakabva kune dzimwe njodzi dzese."
Asi imwe migumisiro, munguva yakareba kwazvo, inogona kuva yakakurisa kupfuura chero ipi zvayo. Nokuti Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, iyo yakatevera zvakatarisika kubva muHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, yakasvikira kune chinenge chakanga chisina kukanganwa kushandiswa kupedza hondo-kuburikidza nehutongerwo enyika, hutsika, uye kubatana kwebumbiro revanhu.
KUNGAITA KUTI HONDO IYE YOKWEDZA HONDO?
Nharo yokuti Hondo Yenyika inogona kushanda se "hondo yekugumisa hondo" inowanzobatanidzwa nemukuru weAmerica munguva yehondo iyo, Woodrow Wilson. Asi, chaizvoizvo, yakabva neBritish socialist, feminist, futurist, munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare uye nyanzvi yezvokufungidzira futi HG Wells, mune dzakatevedzana nyaya dzakabudiswa mwedzi mishomanana kuputika kwepfuti dzaAugust kudanwa Hondo Ichagumisa Hondo. Wells yakaratidza kuti kusati kwamboitika uye kukwana kweiyo ichangopfuura yekusingaperi kusingaperi mumakore ose emhirizhonga dzechisimba zvepasi pose, pamwe chete nekudyidzana kwepasi pose kwakaratidzika sekusingagutsiki kune vanoita zvezera iro sezvazvinoita kwatiri, zvakapa mukana wevanhu kuti vawane inzira yekuzvitonga pachayo sevanhu vasina kubatana mune zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Hondo pakati pehurumende yenyika, pamwe chete nemauto ehondo asingagumi ayo ose anoramba achichengetedza kuzvidziviririra kurwisana nemauto ezvimwe zvematongerwo enyika, anogona kuparadzwa nekusika kwehurumende yepasi. Wells aitarisira kuti kuguma kweHondo Guru kwaizounza kuguma kwekupedzisira kwechirevo ichi, chakanga chataurwa mumazana emakore apfuura nekuda kwaVictor Hugo, Alfred Ishe Tennyson, Ulysses S. Grant, Baha'u'llah, Charlotte Bronte , Immanuel Kant, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, William Penn, naDante. "Zvuru makumi ezviuru zvemadzinza maduku emakore e10,000 apfuura zvakarwisana uye zvakabatana muhurumende ye60- kana 70-yanhasi," akadaro Wells, "uye iye zvino vari kushanda mune simba rekuita izvo zvinofanira kuitika pakupedzisira."
Zvechokwadi, mavhiki mashomanana vasati vatanga kuputika kweHondo Guru vakadzingwa, Wells yakabudisa bhuku rainzi Nyika Yakasunungurwa. Yakaratidza ramangwana apo rudzi rwevanhu runonakidzwa nerubatsiro rwemhepo yakawanda yemaatomu inenge isingagumi uye isina rusununguko, asi iyo inoparadzwa nehope huru yakagadzirirwa zvikurukuru nezvombo zveatomu. Yaiva yekutanga kuonekwa, mumabhuku, ezvombo zvenyukireya uye hondo yenyukireya. Asi iyi hondo inotambudza inoteverwa munyaya yekuguma kwehondo, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanzi pano, uye mune mamwe mabhuku, "nyika yenyika."
PANE, KUNA KUTI KUDZIDZWA KUDA KUGWIRA HONDO
HG Wells akafa muna 1946, akaora mwoyo zvikuru pamusoro pehutarisiro hwevanhu mushure meNagasaki neHiroshima. Hondo yake yeatomu yakanga yasvika zvechokwadi ... asi hazvina kuonekwa kunge yakaunza kuguma kwehondo. Zvakange zvichitora zvaive zvishomanana asi kushamwaridzana kwevanhu, izvo zvakaratidza kuti kubviswa kwehondo - mushure mekukuvadza ikozvino kwakakonzerwa nekupona kwevanhu ne tarisiro yehondo yenyika yeatomic-yakange iri iye zvino zvose zvakakosha uye chinogoneka chinangwa chenhoroondo . Sei? Nekupedzisira kwekubatanidza kuti Wells (nguva isati yasvika) chirevo - kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo yenyika, kuumbwa kwehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose, uye kuguma mune imwe nzvimbo yepasi rose yefilosofi Thomas Hobbes anogara nokusingaperi "hondo yevose pamusoro pezvose."
Pakupedzisira 1940s, imwe nguva yakaita kune avo vanorarama kuburikidza nayo kuti vabate zvose zvipikirwa zvakakura uye zvisingagumi dambudziko, sangano rechokwadi rezvemagariro evanhu rose rakatanga kubuda, richizivisa kuti hurumende yenyika ndiyo chete inogona kugadzirisa dambudziko idzva rezvombo zvenyukireya, uye dambudziko rekare rehondo pacharo. Mumakore achangobva kutevera WWII hurumende yepasi rose pfungwa yakakurukurwa uye ichikwikwidzana mumagariro, mabiko e cocktail, mapoka emabiko, uye symposia zvemarudzi ose. Kwemakore anoda kusvika mashanu, sangano rekuunza hurumende yepasi rose zvakange zvakanyanya sangano revanhu uye rezvematongerwo enyika sekodzero dzevakadzi uye hutano hunhu uye kururamisira kwemadzinza nhasi, kana kodzero dzehurumende uye kurwisana neIndaneti kuhondo mu1960s, kana sangano rebasa nevakadzi ve suffrage kufamba mumakore mashomanana ekutanga e20th Century. Usazvitenda?
Musoro weNational Debate Tournament wevose vemuAmerican zvikoro zvepamusoro muna 1947-1948 waiti: "RINOGONESESWA: Kuti hurumende yenyika yemubatanidzwa igadzikiswe." Mumwe murwi wechidiki ane mukurumbira wehondo yekuAmerica anonzi Garry Davis akadzika tende pachikamu chidiki chenharaunda yeUN muParis muna 1948, akazivisa kuti "nyika yangu ndiyo nyika," uye akatanga "nyika registry registry" iyo yakakwezva vanopfuura 500,000 vakanyoresa. Purezidhendi weYunivhesiti yeChicago, Robert Maynard Hutchins, akaunganidza muna 1947 vamwe vevane mukurumbira vezvemagariro ezuva iri, kusanganisira mapurofesa kubva kuStanford, Harvard, neSt. Bumbiro. ” ("Runyorwa rwekutanga" ivo vakazoburitsa vafungidziri vatungamiriri venyika vachimisikidza "Federal Republic of the World, iyo yatinopira maoko edu." hurumende yepasi rose, ”yakanga yagadza zvitsauko 720 uye yakanyoresa dzinoda kusvika zviuru makumi mashanu nhengo dzacho dzisati dzapera. (UWF ichiripo nanhasi, inozivikanwa nhasi se "Citizens for Global Solutions," ine mahofisi muWashington DC. Ndiyo mubatanidzwa weAmerica wepasi rose "World Federalist Movement," ine mahofisi muNew York City.) Uye ongororo ya50,000 yeGallup yakaratidza izvozvo 1947% yevaAmerica vakatsigira pfungwa yekuti "UN inofanira kusimbiswa kuti iite hurumende yenyika."
Zviitiko zvinokosha zvezuva iro zvakasimudza pachena kuti kuumbwa kwenyika yepasi pose kwakabatanidza Albert Einstein, EB White, Jean-Paul Sartre, Aldous Huxley, Oscar Hammerstein II, Clare Boothe Luce, Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Albert Camus, Dorothy Thompson, Bertrand Russell, Arnold Toynbee, Ingrid Bergman, Henry Fonda, Bette Davis, Thomas Mann, Dare Repamusorosoro reU.S. Owen J. Roberts naWilliam O. Douglas, Jawaharlal Nehru, naWinston Churchill.
Mhedziso iyi yakatokera kutsigirwa kwemuAmerica yemutemo. Zvisungo zvisiri pasi pe 30 zvinyorwa zvehurumende muU.S. dzakapedza mazano maererano nehurumende yenyika. Uye sarudzo yeC1949 yakabatana muUnited States Congress, iyo yakazivisa kuti "inofanira kuva chinangwa chikuru chemutemo wekune imwe nyika weUnited States kutsigira uye kusimbisa United Nations uye kutsvaga kukura kwayo kuva nyika yepasi," yakarongedzwa ne111 vamiririri uye sénator, kusanganisira gurukota remangwana rezvematongerwe enyika reAmerica saGerald Ford, Mike Mansfield, Henry Cabot Lodge, Peter Rodino, Henry Jackson, Jacob Javits, Hubert Humphrey, naJohn F. Kennedy.
Zvechokwadi, Mutungamiri Harry S. Truman ainyatsonzwira tsitsi mhepo yehurumende yenyika iyo yakanga yakawanda chikamu cheseitgeist munguva yehutungamiri hwake. Strobe Talbott, mubhuku rake re2008 MHURI YAKURU: Nyaya yeMambo Wekare, Mazuva Ano MaNyika, uye Kutsvaka Nyika Yenyika Yose, anotiudza kuti Truman muhupenyu hwake hwose huri kutakura muhomwe yake Tennyson's 1842 Locksley Hall ndima dzinotaura nezve "paramende yevanhu, federation yenyika" - uye akaitora zvakare noruoko kanopfuura kaviri. Uye paakanga achidzoka nechitima kubva kuSan Francisco kuenda kuWashington mushure mekusaina UN Charter munaJune 26, 1945, mutungamiri akasimuka kumba kwake kuMissouri, akati: "Zvichava nyore kuti nyika dzifambidzane republic of the world as it is for you to join in the republic of the United States. Zvino apo Kansas neColorado vane gakava pamusoro pemvura muAreansas River ... havaendi kuhondo pamusoro payo. Vanouya neshure muDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States uye vanogara nesarudzo. Hapana chikonzero munyika muno nei tisingaiti izvozvo munyika yose. "
RUDZIKO RENYIKA NOKUTAURA MUTEMO WENYIKA
Dzimwe nguva nhasi vanhu vakakurumbira vane chiratidzo chikuru chezvakaitika kare vanoisa pfungwa yehurumende yenyika patafura. "Kana iwe wakamboda kukakavadzana nehurumende yenyika, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunopa iyo," akadaro Bill McKibben mu2017, zvinonzwisisika kuti mutsigiri akakurumbira wezvakatipoteredza munyika. Muna 2015, Bill Gates akapa hurukuro yakawanda kune pepanhau reGermany Suddeutsche Zeitung pamusoro penyika yose. Mariri, akati: "IU system yakakundikana ... Zvakanga zvakasuruvarisa kuti musangano we (UN shanduko yemamiriro ekunze) muCopenhagen wakashanda ... Takagadzirira hondo ... Tine NATO, tine mapoka, jeeps, vanhu vakadzidziswa. Asi chii chiri nehosha dzezvirwere? ... Kana paine chinhu chakadai sehurumende yenyika, isu taizogadzirirwa zviri nani. "Uye muna 2017, tarisiro yakaitwa naStephen Hawking yakati:" Sezvo hupfumi hwakatanga, hutsinye hwave huchibatsira sezvo hunove hwakanakira kuponesa ... Zvino, zvakadaro, teknikorasi yakafambira mberi nenzira yakadai yokuti uku kukanganisa kunogona kutiparadza isu yose ... Tinofanira kudzora izvi zvakagarwa nhaka nemafungiro edu nekufunga ... Izvi zvinogona kureva imwe nzira yehurumende yenyika. "
Asi pasinei nezvipfeko izvi, pfungwa yokuti chimwe chinhu chakafanana nehurumende yenyika imwe nguva ingashanda senzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko rehondo inonyanya kuzivikana nekusavapo kwayo kubva mumugariro wenhaurirano yevanhu. Vanhu vazhinji havakwanisi kana kuti kwete, nokuti vanhu vazhinji havana kumbofunga nezvazvo, uye vangangodaro havana kumbozvinzwa nezvazvo. Uye iyo yakajeka nhoroondo yeiyo pfungwa - zvose panguva yechipupuriro chayo mumakore mashomanana mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri uye sezvakataurwa nevakawanda vemafungidziro makuru ezvakaitika kare mumazana apfuura - neimwe nzira inenge isingazivikanwi zvachose kunyange kunyangwe yezvakanyorwa kare uye zvematongerwo enyika.
Asi pfungwa yacho inogona kuwedzera zvakare - nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana izvo zvakaendesa Wells kuita "nyika nyika" chikonzero chake chikuru uye chivimbo kwezana rose rakapfuura. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda veAmerica vachigamuchira hutsika uye hutsika uye "America First" runyararo rweStein Bannon, Stephen Miller, naDonald Trump, vamwe vazhinji-mukati nekunze kweUnited States - vanomiririra kuti kutendeseka kune rumwe rudzi kunogona kutungamirirwa nekuzviisa pasi vanhu, kuti kutsvaga zvido zvenyika kunofanirwa kuendeswa nemamwe maonero evanhu vanowanzofarira, uye kuti isu tose pane iyi purogiramu isina simba tinofanira kuzvifunga isu, mumusayenzi wenhema munyori Spider Robinson mutsara asingakanganwiki, se "vashandi veSpaceship Earth. "
"Kubatana kwevanhu vose," akadaro HG Wells, "pamwe chete nehutano hwakakwana hwehutano hwehutano hwevanhu kuitira kuti hutano, dzidzo, uye kukanganisa kwakakwana kwemukana kune vazhinji vevana vanozvarwa munyika, zvinoreva kureva kusunungurwa nekuwedzera ye simba revanhu sekuzarura chikamu chitsva munhoroondo yevanhu. "
Zvimwe, rimwe zuva riri kure, izvo zvingangova hondo inogumisa hondo.
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Tad Daley ndiye Mutevedzeri weKurongwa kwePurogiramu pa Citizens for Global Solutions, uye munyori webhuku APOCALYPSE HERE: Kuumba Nzira kuNyukliya Weapon-Free World kubva Rutgers University Press.
