NaDavid Swanson
Bhuku idzva rakanakisa raChris Woods rinonzi Kamwe kamwe Kururamisira: America's Secret Drone Wars. Iro zita rinobva kune chirevo icho panguva iyoyo-Mutungamiriri George W. Bush akaitira hondo dze drone. Bhuku racho rinotaura chaizvoizvo nyaya yokusaruramisira zvishoma nezvishoma. Iyo nzira kubva kuhurumende yeUS iyo yakashora setsotsi rudzi rwemhondi iyo drones inoshandiswa kune iyo inobata kuuraya kwakadaro sezviri pamutemo uye tsika yave iri nhanho uye yakawedzera-zvemutemo maitiro.
Kuuraya kweDrone kwakatanga muna Gumiguru 2001 uye, kazhinji zvakakwana, kurohwa kwekutanga kwakauraya vanhu vasina kururama. Mutambo wemhosva waisanganisira kurwira kutonga pakati peAir Force, CENTCOM, uye CIA. Hupenzi hwekurwira hunogona kuburitswa nekugadzirisa kutaura kwe "Fungidzira kuti uri mhembwe" mufirimu. My Cousin Vinny: Fungidzira iwe uri muIraqi. Uri kufamba, wonzwa nyota, womira kuti unwe mvura inotonhorera yakachena… BAM! A fuckin missile inokukwenya kusvika kucheka. Uropi hwako hwakarembera pamuti muzvidimbu zvidiki zvine ropa! Zvino ndakubvunzai. Ungapa shuwa kuti mwana wehure akakupfura aishandira agency ipi?
Zvakadaro kutarisisa kwakawanda kwapinda mune iyo agency inoita izvo pane nzira yekunyepedzera kuti zvese zviri pamutemo. Vatungamiri vechikwata cheCIA vakatanga kuwana mirairo yekuuraya pane kubata, uye ndizvo zvavakaita. Sezvakaita Air Force uye Mauto. Iri raive riini kana rasvika pakupondwa kwevanhu vakadaidzwa, vakasiyana nevavengi vakawanda vasina kudomwa mazita. Sekureva kwaPaul Pillar, mutevedzeri wemukuru weCIA's Counter Terrorism Center mukupera kwema1990s, "Paive nepfungwa yekuti White House yaisada kuisa pachena pabepa chero chinhu chaizoonekwa semvumo yekuuraya, asi pachinzvimbo chaida zvimwe. kuchonya nemusoro kuuraya bin Laden."
Mumwedzi yekutanga yeBush-Cheney, Air Force neCIA vainetsekana kumanikidza chirongwa chekuuraya drone pane imwe. Hapana aida kuzopedzisira ave murwi wenhamo nekuda kwechinhu chisiri pamutemo. Mushure meGunyana 11, Bush akaudza Tenet kuti CIA inogona kuenderera mberi nekuuraya vanhu isina kukumbira mvumo yake nguva yega yega. Imwe modhi yeiyi yaive chirongwa cheIsrael chakanangana nekuuraya, chakashorwa nehurumende yeUS sechisiri pamutemo kusvika 9-11-2001. Aimbove Seneta weAmerica, VaGeorge Mitchell, ndivo vakatungamira gwaro rehurumende yeUS muna Kubvumbi 2001 iro rakati Israeri inofanira kumira uye kurega, uye akashoropodza mashandiro ayo nekutadza kusiyanisa kuratidzira nehugandanga.
Hurumende yeUnited States yakasvika sei ku“Homeland Security Department” iyo inodzidzisa mapurisa eko kuona varatidziri semagandanga? Mhinduro ndeiyi: zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemaitiro netsika kwete kuburikidza nemutemo kana mutongo wedare. Pakazopera 2002, Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUS raibvunzurudzwa mumusangano wevatori venhau kuti sei rakashora kuponda kweIsrael asi kwete mhondi dzakafanana dzeUS. Nei zvichifanira kuitwa kaviri? Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakanga risisina mhinduro, uye rakangomira kushoropodza Israeri. Hurumende yeUS yakaramba yakanyarara kwemakore, zvisinei, nezvenyaya yekuti vamwe vevanhu vaiuraya vaive vagari vemuUS. Hwaro hwakanga husati hwagadzirirwa zvakakwana kuti veruzhinji vagomedza izvozvo.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvekurwiswa kweDrone kweUS vanga vari munzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa dzehondo. Sechombo chimwe pakati pevazhinji muhondo iripo, ma drones ane zvombo akaonekwa sezviri pamutemo nemagweta nemapoka ekodzero dzevanhu mukati mechikamu chizere chechikamu chidiki chevanhu vane hurumende dziri kuita kuuraya drone - pamwe ne "United Nations" inoshandira avo. hurumende. Chii chinoita kuti hondo dzive pamutemo hazvina kumbotsanangurwa, asi kubata kweruoko uku kwaive tsoka mumusuwo wekugamuchirwa kwemhondi dzedrone. Pakanga pangove apo ma drones akauraya vanhu kune dzimwe nyika uko kwakanga kusina hondo, kuti chero magweta - kusanganisira mamwe e750 achangobva kusaina chikumbiro chekutsigira kubvumidza Harold Koh (uyo akaruramisa kuponda kweDrone kuDhipatimendi reHurumende) kudzidzisa anonzi mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu paYunivhesiti yeNew York - akaona chero chikonzero chekugadzirisa zvikonzero. UN haina kumbobvumidza hondo dzeAfghanistan kana Iraq kana Libya, kwete kuti yaigona kudaro pasi peKellogg Briand Pact, uye zvakadaro hondo dzisiri pamutemo dzakatorwa sezviri pamutemo kuwanda kwemhondi. Kubva ipapo, hunyoro hushoma hwakasununguka hunogona "kunyoresa" mamwe ese.
Sangano reUnited Nations Human Rights Council, Asma Jahangir, rakazivisa kuti humhondi husiri hwehondo hwaive humhondi pakupera kwa2002. Muongorori weUN (uye mudiwa wemudzimai waTony Blair) Ben Emmerson akacherekedza kuti mukuona kweUS, hondo zvino yaigona kufamba pasi rose. kwese kwaienda vakomana vakaipa, nekudaro vachiuraya drone chero kupi zvisiri pamutemo sedzimwe hondo, zviri pamutemo izvo pasina munhu akazvipa mhosva. Muchokwadi, maonero eCIA, sezvakatsanangurwa kuCongress neCIA General Counsel Caroline Krass muna 2013, yaive yekuti zvibvumirano netsika dzepasirese mutemo wepasirese zvinogona kutyorwa pamadiro, nepo mutemo wemumba weUS uchifanirwa kutevedzwa. (Uye, chokwadi, mitemo yemumba yeUS inopokana nemhondi muUnited States inogona kufanana nemitemo yePakistani kana yeYemeni inopokana nemhondi muPakistan kana Yemen, asi kufanana hakusi kuzivikanwa, uye mitemo yeUS chete ndiyo ine basa.)
Kuwedzera kugamuchirwa kwemhondi dzedrone pakati pemagweta ekuMadokero eimperiya kwakatungamira kune zvese zvakajairika kuedza kugadzirisa mhosva kumativi ese: kuenzana, kunyatsotarisa kunanga, nezvimwe. Asi "kuenzana" kunogara kuri muziso remhondi. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi akaurayiwa, pamwe nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vasina mhosva, apo Stanley McChrystal akati "zvakaenzana" kuputika imba yese kuuraya murume mumwe. Kwaiva here? Handizvo here? Hapana mhinduro chaiyo. Kuzivisa mhondi "yakaenzana" ingori rhetoric iyo magweta akaudza vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vakuru kuti vanyorere kuuraya kwevanhu. Mune imwe drone kurohwa muna 2006, CIA yakauraya vamwe vanhu makumi masere vasina mhosva, vazhinji vacho vana. Ben Emmerson akaratidza kusafara zvinyoro. Asi mubvunzo wekuti “kuenzana” hauna kusimudzwa, nekuti zvaisabatsira rhetoric munyaya iyoyo. Munguva yekutonga kweIraq, vatungamiri veUnited States vaigona kuronga mashandiro avo vaitarisira kuuraya kusvika ku80 vanhu vasina mhosva, asi kana vaitarisira 30 vaifanira kuwana Donald Rumsfeld kuti asaine pairi. Ndiyo mhando yemitemo yemutemo iyo mhondi dzedrone dzinokwana mune zvakangonaka, kunyanya kana chero "murume mukuru wechiuto" akatsanangurwa patsva semuvengi. Iyo CIA inototora vakadzi vasina mhosva nevana sevavengi, maererano ne New York Times.
Sezvo kuuraya kwe drone kwakakurumidza kupararira mukati memakore eBush-Cheney (gare gare kunyatsoputika mukati memakore aObama) chinzvimbo uye faira rainakidzwa nekugovana mavhidhiyo akatenderedza. Vakuru vakuru vakaedza kumisa tsika yacho. Vakabva vatanga kuburitsa mavhidhiyo akasarudzwa vachichengeta mamwe ese akavigwa.
Sezvo tsika yekuuraya vanhu nemadrones munyika umo kuuraya-zhinji kwanga kusati kwambotemerwa mureza we "hondo" yakava tsika, mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu seAmnesty International akatanga kutaura zvakajeka kuti United States yaityora mutemo. Asi nekufamba kwemakore, mutauro wakajeka iwoyo wakapera, wakatsiviwa nekusava nechokwadi uye kusava nechokwadi. Mazuva ano, mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu anonyora nyaya dzakawanda dzekuponda kwevasina mhosva uye vobva vazivisa kuti zvinogona kunge zvisiri pamutemo zvichienderana nekuti ivo vari chikamu chehondo here kana kuti kwete, nemubvunzo wekuti mhondi munyika yakapihwa chikamu chehondo yakavhurwa. sezvinobvira, uye nemhinduro ichizorora pakufunga kwehurumende kutanga ma drones.
Pakazopera makore eBush-Cheney, mitemo yeCIA yaifanirwa kuchinjwa kubva pakutangisa mhondi dzekurova pese pavaiva nemukana we90% we "kubudirira" pese pavaiva nemukana we50%. Uye izvi zvakayerwa sei? Zvakanga zvabviswa netsika ye "signature strikes" umo vanhu vanopondwa vasingatomboziva kuti ndivanaani zvachose. Britain, nokuda kwayo, yakachenesa nzira yokuponda vagari vayo kupfurikidza nokuvatorera ugari hwavo hwomunyika sezvaidikanwa.
Zvese izvi zvaienderera mberi muchivande, zvichireva kuti zvaizivikanwa nemunhu wese aida kuziva, asi zvaisafanira kutaurwa nezvazvo. Mutezo wenguva refu wedare rinotarisira reGermany wakabvuma kuti hurumende dzokuMadokero dzakanga dzichitsamira zvikurukuru pazvinobudisa nhau kuti dzione kuti vasori vadzo nemauto vaiitei.
Kusvika kwaCaptain Peace Prize muWhite House kwakatora mhondi dzevasina ndege kusvika padanho idzva, dzichikanganisa nyika dzakaita seYemen, uye kunanga vasina mhosva nenzira itsva, kusanganisira nekunangana nevanunuri vachangosvika panzvimbo ine ropa yekurova kwekutanga. Bvisa kumashure uchipokana neUS yakanhongwa, pamwe nekudzoreredza vanhu veko nemapoka anoti ari kutsiva mhondi dzeUS. Kukuvadzwa kwakaitwa neDrones munzvimbo dzakaita seLibya panguva yekupidigura kwe2011 US-NATO hakuna kuonekwa sechikonzero chekudzokera kumashure, asi sezvikonzero zvekuwedzera kuuraya drone. Mhirizhonga iri kukura muYemen, yakafanotaurwa nevacherechedzi vachinongedza kukonzeresa mhedzisiro yekurova kwe drones, yakanzi yakabudirira naObama. Drone vatyairi vaive zvino vazviuraya uye vachinetsekana nehunhu muhuwandu hukuru, asi pakanga pasina kudzokera kumashure. 90% ruzhinji muYemen's National Dialogue yaida kuti ndege dzine pfuti dziparadzwe, asi US State Department yaida kuti nyika dzepasi rose dzitengewo drones.
Panzvimbo pekupedza kana kudzoreredza chirongwa chekuponda-drone, Obama White House yakatanga kuidzivirira pachena uye kushambadza basa reMutungamiriri mukubvumidza mhondi. Kana kuti ndiyo yaive nzira mushure mekunge Harold Koh negen'a vaona kuti vainyatsoda sei kunyepedzera "kunyoresa" kuponda. Kunyange Ben Emmerson anoti zvakavatorera nguva yakareba nekuti vanga vasati vaziva kuti ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekushandisa. Mazhinji emarudzi ari kuwana drones ane zvombo achada pembedzo here?
