NaDavid SwansonAsati taverenga Ulysses paBloomsday yega yega June 16 (kana isu tichifanira kana tikasadaro) ndinofunga kuti wega Zvita 7 haifanire kungoyeuchidza iwo Mutemo Mukuru wa1682 wakarambidza hondo muPennsylvania asiwo mucherechedzo Pearl Harbor, kwete nekupemberera nyika ye permawar ine yakavapo kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, asi nekuverenga The Golden Age Gore Vidal nekucherechedza kune imwe Joyjocean irony yezera regoridhe rinopesana nekuzvidzivirira kune hurumende kuuraya-kuuraya kwakapoteredza hupenyu hwevagari vese veUnited States pasi pezera re73.
Zuva reGolden Age rinofanira kusanganisira kuverengerwa paruzhinji kwenhau yaVidal uye kubvumidzwa kwayo nerubatsiro Washington Post, New York Times Book Review, uye rimwe nerimwe bepa remakambani mugore ra2000, iro rinozivikanwa segore 1 BWT (hondo isati yatanga). Hapana kana rimwe remapepanhau rakamboita, mukuziva kwangu, rakadhindisa ongororo yakatwasuka yakatarisa kuti Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt akafambisa sei United States muHondo Yenyika II. Asi bhuku raVidal - rakaunzwa senge ngano, asi richizorora zvachose pane zvakanyorwa - rinorondedzera nyaya nekutendeseka kwakazara, uye neimwe nzira mhando yakashandiswa kana yemhuri yemunyori kana hunyanzvi hwekunyora kana hurefu hwebhuku racho (akawandisa mapeji evapepeti vakuru kuti ave anetswa ne) anomupa rezinesi rekutaura chokwadi.
Chokwadi, vamwe vanhu vakaverenga The Golden Age uye akaratidzira kukodzera kwayo, asi inoramba iine ruremekedzo rukuru rwepamusoro. Ndinogona kukuvadza chikonzero nekunyora pachena pamusoro pezvakanyorwa. Nhema, iyo yandinorumbidza zvikuru kune vose, ndeyokupa kana kukurudzira bhuku kune vamwe pasina ndichivaudza zviri mazviri.
Kunyangwe mugadziri wemafirimu ari iye mutambi mukuru mubhuku, haina kugadzirwa kuita firimu, sekuziva kwangu - asi chiitiko chakapararira chekuverengwa neveruzhinji chingangoita kuti zviitike.
In The Golden Age, isu tinotevera mukati mamasuo ose akapfigwa, sezvo veBrithani vachikurudzira kuUnited States muHondo Yenyika II, sezvo Mutungamiri Roosevelt achizvipira kuna Prime Minister Winston Churchill, sezvo vashandi vanogadzirisa gungano reRepublican kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri mapurisa anosarudza vatsva muZ1940 vakagadzirira kuparidzira murunyararo pavanenge vachironga hondo, sezvo FDR inoshuva kumhanya kwenguva isina kumboitika yechitatu semuongorori wehondo asi unofanira kuzvigutsikana nekutanga sarudzo uye kuparidzira semuongorori wepurogiramu munguva inofungidzirwa njodzi yenyika, uye sezvo FDR inoshanda kushusha Japan kuti irwise purogiramu yaanoda.
Maungira acho anotyisa. Roosevelt mushandirapamwe werunyararo ("kunze kwekunge warwiswa"), saWilson, saJohnson, saNixon, saObama, uye sevaya nhengo dzeCongress dzakangodzoserwa vachiramba pachena uye zvisiri pamutemo vachiramba kumisa kana kupa mvumo hondo iripo. Roosevelt, pre-sarudzo, anoisa kuna Henry Stimson seMunyori weHondo anoshuvira zvehondo haana kufanana zvachose naAsh Carter semunhu akasarudzwa kuve Secretary of "Defence."
Kukurukurirana kwezuva reGoogle Age kunogona kusanganisira zvimwe zvinyatsozivikanwa zvechinhu chacho:
Musi waZvita 7, 1941, Mutungamiri Franklin Delano Roosevelt vakagadzira chiziviso chehondo kuJapan nekuGerman, asi vakafunga kuti hazvishande ndokuenda neJapan chete. Germany, sezvaitarisirwa, yakakurumidza kuzivisa hondo kuUnited States.
FDR yaedza kurevera nhema kuvanhu veAmerica pamusoro pezvikepe zveUnited States kusanganisira Greer uye Kerny, iyo yakanga iri kubatsira mabhurani eBritish kutarisa maGermany sousmarine, asi iyo Roosevelt akazvinyengedza akanga asina kurwiswa pasina mhosva.
Roosevelt ainge ataurawo kuti aiva nechepachiratidzo cheNazi chakavanzika chokugadzira South America, uyewo chirongwa cheNazi chakavanzika chekutora zvitendero zvose neNazism.
Kubva munaDisemba 6, 1941, makumi masere kubva muzana evanhu veUnited States vanopikisa kupinda muhondo. Asi Roosevelt akanga atotanga kunyora, akashandisa National Guard, akagadzira Navy huru mumakungwa maviri, akatengesa vaparidzi vepakutanga kuEngland vachichinjana kubhadhara kwezvigaro zvaro muCaribbean neBermuda, uye akaudza pachivande kuumbwa kwezita rega roga ChiJapan neJapan-America munhu muUnited States.
Musi waApril 28, 1941, Churchill akanyorera raibhurari yake rairo muchivande: "Zvinogona kutorwa sekune chokwadi chekuti kupinda kweJapan muhondo kwaizoteverwa nekupinda kweUnited States kudivi redu."
Musi waAugust 18, 1941, Churchill akasangana nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street. Musangano uyu wakanga wakafanana kuneJuly 23, 2002, musangano pane imwechete kero, maminitsi ayo akazozivikanwa seAwaying Street Minutes. Misangano miviri iyi yakaratidza chakavanzika cheUnited States chinangwa chokuenda kuhondo. Mu musangano we1941, Churchill akaudza hurumende yake, maererano nemaminitsi anoti: "Mutungamiri akanga ataura kuti aizorwa hondo asi asingazvitauri." Mukuwedzera, "Zvese zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidza chiitiko."
Kubva pakati pevamakore ekuma1930 varwi verunyararo vekuUS - vanhu avo vanotsamwisa chaizvo nezvehondo dzichangoburwa dzeUS - vanga vachifora vachipesana nekupokana kweUS neJapan neUS Navy zvirongwa zvehondo kuJapan - Kurume 8, 1939, vhezheni yacho yaitsanangura "hondo inosemesa ye kwenguva refu ”izvo zvaizoparadza mauto nekukanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi hweJapan.
MunaJanuary 1941, the Japan Advertiser akataura kutsamwa kwake pamusoro pePearl Harbor mune yekunyora, uye mumiriri weU.S. kuJapan akanyora mudhayari rake kuti: “Kune zvakawanda zvekutaura padhorobha nezvekuti maJapan, kana vambozorora neUnited States, vari kuronga enda kunze nekushamisika kukuru kurwisa paPearl Harbor. Chokwadi ndakazivisa hurumende yangu. ”
Musi waFebruary 5, 1941, Mushure weAdmiral Richmond Kelly Turner akanyorera Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson kuti anyevere pamusoro pekukwanisa kushamiswa kushamiswa paPearl Harbor.
Kubva kare 1932 United States yakanga ichitaura neChina pamusoro pekupa ndege, vatyairi, uye kurovedza hondo yayo neJapane. MunaNovember 1940, Roosevelt akabhadhara China mamiriyoni zana emadhora muhondo neJapan, uye mushure mekubvunzana neBrithani, Munyori weUnited States weHaimari Henry Morgenthau akaita zvirongwa zvekutumira maChinese mabhomba nevashandi veUnited States kuti vashandise kuputira bhomba Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan.
Musi waZvita 21, 1940, Gurukota rezveMari reChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, aimbova pamudyandigere wemauto eUS Army aishandira maChinese uye anga achivakurudzira kuti vashandise vatyairi veAmerica kubhomba Tokyo kubva muna 1937, vakasangana mudining raHenry Morgenthau. nzvimbo yekuronga kuputika kweJapan. Morgenthau akati anokwanisa kuita kuti varume vaburitswe pabasa muUS Army Air Corps kana maChinese achigona kuvabhadhara $ 1,000 pamwedzi. Soong akabvuma.
Musi waMay 24, 1941, the New York Times yakataura nezvekudzidziswa kweAmerica nemauto emuchadenga eChina, uye nekupihwa "kwakawanda kurwa uye mabhomba ndege" kuChina neUnited States. "Kubhomba kweMaguta eJapan kunotarisirwa," wakaverenga musoro wediki.
Pakazosvika Chikunguru, iyo Joint Army-Navy Board yakanga yabvumidza chirongwa chinonzi JB 355 chekupusha Japan. Bhizimusi repamberi raizotenga ndege dzeAmerica kuti dzivhurwe nevanozvipira veAmerica vakadzidziswa naChennault uye vachibhadharwa nerimwe boka repamberi. Roosevelt akatendera, uye nyanzvi yake yekuChina Lauchlin Currie, mumashoko aNicholson Baker, "akatambanudzira Madame Chaing Kai-Shek naClaire Chennault tsamba yainyengeterera kuti vasori vechiJapan vabatwe." Kunyangwe yaive iyo kana kuti kwete iyo yaive iyo pfungwa yese, iyi yaive tsamba: "Ndiri kufara zvikuru kugona kutaura nhasi Mutungamiriri akarayira kuti makumi matanhatu nenatanhatu emabhomba awanikwe kuChina gore rino nemakumi maviri nemana kuti aendeswe nekukasira. Akabvumawo chirongwa cheChinese chekudzidzisa kutyaira pano. Tsanangudzo kuburikidza nenzira dzakasarudzika. Zvakanaka. ”
I1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) yeChinese Air Force, inozivikanwawo seFlying Tigers, yakamhanya mberi nekugadzirira nekudzidziswa pakarepo uye yakapiwa China pamberi Pearl Harbor.
Musi waMay 31, 1941, kuKeep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin akapa yambiro inotyisa: "Kuramwa zvachose kwehupfumi kuJapan, kumiswa kwekutumirwa kwemafuta semuenzaniso, kwaizosundira Japan mumaoko eAxis. Hondo yezvehupfumi yaizotangisa muhondo yemauto nemauto. ”
Musi waChikunguru 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt vakati, "Dai tikacheka mafuta, [maJapan] angadai akadzika kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye ungadai wakava nehondo. Izvo zvaive zvakakosha kwazvo kubva pedu pachedu pachedu pachedu maonero ekudzivirira kudzivirira hondo kubva kutanga muSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wezvekunze wakange uchiedza kumisa hondo kuti isimuke ipapo. ” Vatori venhau vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati "aive" pane kuti "ari." Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akaburitsa chirevo chemahofisi echando zvinhu zveJapan. United States neBritain vakagura mafuta nesimbi zvakaenda kuJapan. Radhabinod Pal, mutongi wemuIndia akashanda mudare redzimhosva rehondo mushure mehondo, akadana mvumo iyi se "tyisidziro yakajeka uye ine simba kuhupenyu chaihwo hweJapan," uye akagumisa kuti United States yakatsamwisa Japan.
Musi waAugust 7, 1941, the Japan Times Advertiser akanyora kuti: "Kutanga kwaiva nekusika kwepamusoro peSingapore, yakasimudzirwa zvikuru nemauto eBritish uye Empire. Kubva iri hubhu gumbo guru rakavakwa uye rakabatanidzwa nemaodzanyemba eAmerica kuumba rhete rukuru rinowedzera munzvimbo huru kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kubva kuPhilippines kuburikidza neMalaya neBurma, nechisungo chakakoromoka chete muTeniland peninsula. Iye zvino zvinorongerwa kuisa zvishoma kumativi akapoteredza, izvo zvinosvika kuRangoon. "
Pakazosvika September, mhizha yeJapan yakatsamwiswa kuti United States yakanga yatanga kutumira mafuta kuJapan kusvika kuRussia. Japan, mapepanhau ayo akati, akanga achifa rufu runononoka kubva "kuhondo yezvemari."
Mukupera kwaOctober, US vatsva Edgar Mower vakanga vachiita basa reColonel William Donovan uyo akatsvaga Roosevelt. Mowerzi akataura nemumwe murume muManila ainzi Ernest Johnson, nhengo ye Maritime Commission, uyo akati akati anotarisira "IJaps ichatora Manila ndisati ndabuda." Apo Mudiri akaratidza kushamisika, Johnson akapindura achiti "Hauna kuziva Jap zvikepe zvakatamira kumabvazuva, zvichida kurwisa zvikepe zvedu paPearl Harbor? "
Musi waNovember 3, 1941, mumiriri weUS akatumira teregiramu refu kuDhipatimendi reHurumende achiyambira kuti zvirango zvehupfumi zvinogona kumanikidza Japan kuita "nyika hara-kiri." Akanyora kuti: "Hondo yekurwisa neUnited States inogona kuuya nekukurumidza uye zvine njodzi."
Musi waNovember 15th, mukuru wemauto eU.S.George Marshall akaudza vezvenhau nezvechimwe chinhu chatisingayeuke se "chirongwa cheMarshall." Muchokwadi hatizvirangariri zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inorwisa Japan," akadaro Marshall, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengete zvakavanzika, izvo sekuziva kwangu vakaita nemazvo.
Mazuva gumi gare gare Secretary of War Stimson akanyora mudhayari rake kuti akasangana muOval Office naMarshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Secretary weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt anga avaudza kuti maJapan angangorwisa munguva pfupi, pamwe Muvhuro unotevera.
Izvo zvakanyatsoratidzwa kuti United States yakanga yatyora maJapan 'macode uye kuti Roosevelt aikwanisa kuwana iwo. Kwakave kuburikidza nekubvisa kweinonzi Purple kodhi meseji iyo Roosevelt yaakawana zvirongwa zveGerman zvekupinda muRussia. Aive Hull akaburitsa chibvumirano cheJapan kumapepanhau, zvichikonzera munaNovember 30, 1941, musoro wenyaya waiti "May May Rova Kupera Kwevhiki."
Muvhuro unotevera ungadai wakave waDecember 1, mazuva matanhatu kurwisa kusati kwasvika chaizvo. "Mubvunzo," Stimson akanyora, "yaive yekuti tingavafurira sei kuti vatore pfuti yekutanga vasina kubvumira njodzi yakawandisa kwatiri. "Chaive chirevo chakaoma."
Zuva rakatevera kurwisa, Congress yakavhotera hondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Akamira ega pakuvhota kwete. Gore rimwe chete mushure mekuvhota, musi waZvita 8, 1942, Rankin akaisa zvirevo muCongress Record achitsanangura kushora kwake. Akadudza basa reBritish anoparadzira uyo akange akapokana muna 1938 yekushandisa Japan kuunza United States kuhondo. Akadudza chirevo chaHenry Luce mu upenyu magazini yaJuly 20, 1942, kune "VaChina avo vekuAmerica vakanga vauya nayo yekupedzisira yakaunza Pearl Harbor." Akazivisa uchapupu hwokuti paAtlantic Conference yaAugust 12, 1941, Roosevelt akanga avimbisa Churchill kuti United States yaizounza dambudziko rezvemari kutakura kuJapan. "Ndakataura," Rankin akazonyora, "State Department Bulletin yaDecember 20, 1941, iyo yakaratidza kuti musi waSeptember 3 kutaurirana kwakatumirwa kuJapan ichikumbira kuti igamuchire mutemo we" nondisturbance yemamiriro ezvinhu muPacific, 'iyo yakave ichida kuvimbiswa kwekusununguka kwemadzimambo matsvene muEast. "
Rankin yakawana kuti Economic Economic Board yakanga yawana zvigadziriswa zvemari zvishoma pasi pevhiki mushure meAlantic Conference. Musi waDecember 2, 1941, the New York Times akanga ataura, chokwadi, kuti Japan "yakagurwa kubva munharaunda ye75 yezana yekutengeserana kwake kwemazuva ose neAllied kubviswa." Rankin akataurawo mashoko aLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, Mugovera Evening Post yaOctober 10, 1942, iyo musi waNovember 28, 1941, mazuva mapfumbamwe kusati kwarwiswa, Mumiririri wechirwere William F. Halsey, Jr., (iye wezwi rakakosha rokuti "Kaura Japs! Kaura Japs!") akanga amupa mirayiridzo kwaari uye vamwe "kupfura pasi chero chinhu chatakaona mudenga uye kubhomba chero chii chatakaona mugungwa."
Gavhuna George Marshall akabvuma zvakanyanya kuCongress in 1945: kuti nheyo dzacho dzakanga dzaputswa, kuti United States yakanga yatanga matanho eAnglo-Dutch -America ekubatanidza kuwirirana neJapane ndokuiisa kushanda pamberi pePearl Harbor, uye kuti United States yaiva vakapa vatungamiri vehondo yavo kuenda kuChina kubasa rehondo pamberi Pearl Harbor.
Memorandamu yaGumiguru 1940 naLieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum yakaitwa naMutungamiri Roosevelt nevatungamiriri vake vakuru. Yakadaidzira zviito zvisere zvakafanotaurwa naMcCollum kuti zvaizotungamira maJapan kuti arwisane, kusanganisira kuronga kushandiswa kweBritish mabheseni muSingapore uye nekushandisa mabhesheni eDutch mune izvozvi Indonesia, kubatsira hurumende yeChinese, kutumira kupatsanurwa kwenguva refu vafambi vanorema kuenda kuPhilippines kana kuSingapore, vachitumira zvikamu zviviri zvengarava dzepasi pegungwa ku "Nyika dzekumabvazuva," vachichengeta simba guru rezvikepe muHawaii, vachisimbirira kuti maDutch arambe mafuta eJapan, uye vodzivisa kutengeserana kwese neJapan mukubatana neBritain Humambo. .
Zuva rakatevera memo yaMcCollum, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakaudza maAmerican kuti vabve munyika dzekumabvazuva, Roosevelt akaraira zvikepe zvakachengetwa muHawaii pamusoro pekupokana kwakanyanya kwaAdmiral James O. Richardson uyo akataura Mutungamiriri achiti "Pasina nguva maJapan maizoita kuita zvakaipisisa kuUnited States uye nyika yacho inoda kupinda muhondo. ”
Meseji yakatumirwa naAdmiral Harold Stark kuna Admiral Husband Kimmel musi waNovember 28 1941, yaiverenga,
Joseph Rochefort, muvambi wechikamu cheNavy chekutaurirana chehungwaru, uyo akashanda mukutadza kutaura kuPearl Harbor zvaiuya, anozopindura achiti: "Wanga uri mutengo wakachipa kubhadhara kubatanidza nyika."
Husiku hwakatevera kurwiswa uku, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akange aine CBS News yaEdward R. Murrow naRoosevelt's Coordinator weRuzivo William Donovan pakudya kwemanheru kuWhite House, uye Mutungamiriri wese aida kuziva kuti vanhu veAmerica vagamuchira hondo here. Donovan naMurrow vakamuvimbisa kuti vanhu vaizogamuchira hondo izvozvi. Donovan akazotaurira mubatsiri wake kuti kushamisika kwaRoosevelt hakusi kwevamwe vakamukomberedza, uye kuti iye, Roosevelt, akagamuchira kurwiswa uku. Murrow akatadza kurara husiku ihwohwo uye akatambudzwa kwehupenyu hwake hwese nezvaakadana kuti "nyaya hombe yehupenyu hwangu" iyo yaasina kumbotaura.
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