Nan Levinson, TomDispatch, January 19, 2023
Ndinofarira kuimba uye chandinonyanya kufarira kuita kudaro nepamusoro pemapapu angu kana ndiri ndega. Zhizha rapfuura, ndichifamba muminda yechibage muNew York's Hudson River Valley pasina munhu pedyo asi danga rinomedza, ndakazviwana ndichibudisa nziyo dzerunyararo kubva kumakore angu ekare-kare, emumusasa wechirimo. Ndiko kwaiva kupera kwema1950, apo nhamo dzeHondo Yenyika II dzakanga dzichiri kutsva, UN yaiita senge budiriro inovimbisa, uye mimhanzi yechivanhu yaingova yo-o-inotonhorera.
Pamusasa wangu une vavariro dzakanaka, kazhinji ndinozviruramisa, nguva dzose musasa une ruzha, vana zana negumi vaiwanzorwa neakadaro. vimbiso inotapira:
“Matenga enyika yangu akachena kupfuura gungwa
uye chiedza chezuva chinopenya pacloverleaf nemupine
asi dzimwe nyika dzine chiedza chezuva zvakare uye clover
uye matenga ari kwose kwose sebhuruu serwangu”
Zvaiita sekunge zvine musoro, nzira yekufunga - senge, duh! tinogona zvose iva nezvinhu zvakanaka. Panguva iyoyo ndisati ndakura uye ndakasvika pakuziva kuti vanhu vakuru havafaniri havo kufunga zvine musoro. Makore akawanda kwazvo gare gare, sezvandakapedza kwaya yokupedzisira, ndakashamisika: Ndiani anotaura, tisingatauri hedu nezvokuimba, nenzira iyoyo pamusoro porugare zvakare? Ndinoreva, pasina kuseka uye netariro yechokwadi?
Kubva pakumhanya kwangu kwezhizha, Zuva reInternational Peace Day akauya uye akaenda. Zvichakadaro, mauto ari kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo (uye dzimwe nguva zvinopesana) munzvimbo dzakasiyana senge. Ukireni, Ithiyopiya, Iran, Siriya, ivo West Bank, uye Yemeni. Zvinongoenderera mberi, handizvo here? Uye izvo hazvitombotauri nezvese truce dzisina kusimba, zviito zvehugandanga (uye kutsiva), kudzoreredza kumukirana, uye kudzoreredza ruvengo pasi pano.
Usaite kuti nditange, nenzira, pamusoro pekuti mutauro wehondo unowanzoitika sei muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Hakushamisi kuti Papa, mumharidzo yake yeKrisimisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, akachemera nyika “nzara yorugare. "
Pakati pazvo zvose, hazvina kuoma here kufungidzira kuti rugare runovapo?
Imbirai!
Pane muganhu wekuti nziyo dzinogona kutakura zvakadii, hongu, asi bato rezvematongerwo enyika rinobudirira rinoda ruzha rwakanaka. (Sezvandakaona kwenguva kubika ipapo, Hasha Dzemuchina akaita chinangwa ichocho kune mamwe masoja airwisana nehondo pashure pa9/11.) Zviri nani zvikuru kuti mhomho yavanhu vaimbe rwiyo kana vakaungana vakabatana kuti vamanikidzire zvematongerwo enyika. Mushure mezvose, zvinonzwa zvakanaka kuimba seboka panguva iyo isina basa kana iwe uchigona kutakura rwiyo chero bedzi mazwi asvika kumba. Asi rwiyo rwekupikisa, netsanangudzo, harisi rwiyo rwerunyararo - uye zvinobuda kuti nziyo dzerunyararo dzichangoburwa hadzina runyararo zvakadaro.
Sezvo vazhinji vedu vezera rakati tinorangarira, nziyo dzekurwisa hondo dzakabudirira mukati memakore eHondo yeVietnam. Paive neiyo iconic "Ipa Rugare Mukana,” rakanyorwa naJohn Lennon, Yoko Ono, uye shamwari mukamuri rehotera reMontreal muna 1969; “hondo,” yakatanga kunyorwa neThe Temptations muna 1970 (ndichiri kungonzwa kuti “hapana chinhu zvachose!” mhinduro yokuti “Chii Chakanakira?”); Cat Stevens's "Runyararo Chitima,” kubva muna 1971; uye ndiko kungotanga rondedzero. Asi muzana rino remakore? Zvizhinji zvezvandakasangana nazvo zvaiva pamusoro porugare rwomukati kana kuti kuita rugare newe umene; ivo vanozvitarisira mantras du jour. Vashomanene pamusoro perugare rwenyika kana kuti rwamarudzi ose vakanga vakashatirwa zvisingatyi uye vasina tariro, izvo zvairatidzikawo kuva zvinoratidzira chimiro chenguva yacho.
Hazvina kuita sokuti shoko rokuti “rugare” rakabviswa. Muberere wemuvakidzani wangu wemitambo mureza werunyararo wakasvava; Trader Joe's inondichengeta zvakanaka-inopihwa neInner Peas; uye rugare ruchiri kuwana kurapwa kwakazara kwekutengesa dzimwe nguva, sepamugadziri T-shirts kubva kuChina zvipfeko kambani Uniqlo. Asi mazhinji emasangano ane nharidzano zvirokwazvo rugare rwenyika akasarudza kusabatanidza shoko racho mumazita avo uye “peacenik,” rinodenha kunyange muzuva raro guru, iye zvino rapfuura. Saka, basa rerunyararo rakangochinja magadzirirwo aro here kana kuti rakashanduka nenzira dzakakura?
Runyararo 101
Rugare chimiro chekuva, kunyange zvichida chimiro chenyasha. Inogona kuva yemukati serunyararo rwemunhu kana rwakafara sehukama pakati pemarudzi. Asi zvakanakisisa, haina kugadzikana, nekusingaperi iri munjodzi yekurasika. Inoda izwi rechiito naro - tsvaga, tevera, kuhwina, chengeta - kuve nemhedzisiro chaiyo uye, kunyangwe paine nguva yakareba pasina hondo mune mamwe matunhu (post-WW II Europe kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, semuenzaniso), izvo zvamazvirokwazvo hazviratidziki kuva mugariro womusikirwo wezvakawanda zvikurusa zvenyika ino yedu.
Vazhinji vashandi verunyararo vangangoramba vasingabvumirani kana kuti vangave vasiri kuita zvavanoita. Muzana rino ramakore, ndakatanga kusangana nepfungwa yekuti hondo ndeyekuzvarwa kana kuti haidzivisike mubvunzurudzo yefoni ye2008 naJonathan Shay, chiremba wepfungwa anozivikanwa nebasa rake neVietnam War veterans vanorwara ne-post-traumatic stress syndrome. Ndiyo yaive nyaya yataitaura nezvayo paakabva-yepamusoro-soro ndokusimbisa kutenda kwake kuti zvechokwadi zvaigoneka kupedza hondo yese.
Kukakavadzana kwakawanda kwakadai, akafunga, kunobva mukutya uye nenzira kwete vanhuwo zvavo asi ndarira yemauto kazhinji "inopedza" sevaraidzo. Akandikurudzira kuti ndiverenge chinyorwa chaImmanuel Kant muzivi weChiedza Rugare Rusingaperi. Pandakadaro, chokwadi ndakashamiswa nemaungira ayo anopfuura mazana maviri emakore gare gare. Pamagakava anodzokororwa pamusoro kudzorera gwaro, kuti titore muenzaniso mumwe chete, funga nezvezano raKant rokuti kumira kwemauto kunongoita kuti zvive nyore kuti nyika dziende kuhondo. “Vanonyandura nyika dzakasiyana-siyana kuti dzikundane pauwandu hwevarwi vadzo,” akanyora kudaro ipapo, “uye kune iyi nhamba hapana muganhu unogona kuiswa.”
Iyo yemazuva ano yedzidzo ndima yerunyararo uye kukakavara zvidzidzo - pane ikozvino nezve 400 zvirongwa zvakadaro pasi rose - yakatanga makore angangoita makumi matanhatu apfuura. Underpinning peace theory ndiwo pfungwa dze rugare rwakaipa uye rwakanaka kutanga zvakafara yakaunzwa nenyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu wekuNorway Johan Galtung (kunyangwe Jane Addams naMartin Luther King vese vakashandisa mazwi aya kare). Runyararo rusina kunaka ndiko kusavapo kwemhirizhonga nekukakavadzana kwehondo, kugutsikana pamwe kuti unogona kutenga girosari pasina kutora mukana wekuputikirwa nevanorova (sekuUkraine nhasi). Rugare rwakanaka inzvimbo yekugarisana kwakasimba mukati nepakati pemarudzi. Izvi hazvireve kuti hapana anombopokana, chete kuti mapato anobatanidzwa anotarisana nekukakavadzana kwezvinangwa zvisiri zvechisimba. Uye sezvo kunetsana kwakawanda kwakasimba kuchimuka kubva pasi pemamiriro emagariro, kushandisa tsitsi uye hunyanzvi kuporesa maronda kwakakosha pakuita.
Rugare rwakashata rune chinangwa chekudzivisa, rugare rwakanaka pakutsungirira. Asi rugare rusina kunaka chinhu chinodiwa nokukurumidza nokuti hondo dzawanda nyore kutanga pane kumira, izvo zvinoita Galtung chinzvimbo zvinoshanda kupfuura zvamesiya. “Handina basa nekuponesa nyika,” akanyora kudaro. "Ndine hanya nekuwana mhinduro kune mamwe makakatanwa asati aita mhirizhonga."
David Cortright, murwi weHondo yeVietnam, purofesa anobuda paNotre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, uye mugadziri we Kukurira Pasina Hondo, akandipa tsananguro yebasa rakadaro muemail: “Kwandiri, mubvunzo hausi 'rugare rwenyika,' urwo rwuri kurota uye utopian uye runowanzo shandiswa kuseka avo vedu vanotenda uye vanoshandira rugare, asi kuti sei kuderedza kurwisana nechisimba.”
Rugare Runouya Ruchidonha Zvishoma
Mafambiro erunyararo anowanzo kuungana kutenderedza hondo chaidzo, kuzvimba uye kudzikira sezvinoita kupokana ikoko, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva ivo vanoramba vari munyika yedu mushure. Zuva raAmai, semuenzaniso, rakakura kubva mukudaidzira runyararo mushure meHondo yeVanhu. (Vakadzi vanga vari kumberi kwezviito zverunyararo kubvira Lysistrata akaronga vakadzi veGreece yekare kuti varambe varume pabonde kusvikira vapedza Hondo yePeloponnesian.) Masangano mashoma achiri kushanda ekurwisana nehondo akatanga kubva Hondo Yenyika I isati yasvika uye akati wandei akamuka kubva mubato reVietnam War resistance neantinuclear rimwe rekutanga kwema1980. Zvimwe ndezvenguva pfupi yapfuura Vatenderi, yakarongeka muna 2017 nevechidiki vanoita zvemavara.
Nhasi, runyorwa rurefu rwezvisina purofiti, mapoka ezvitendero, maNGO, danidziro dzekukurudzira, zvinyorwa, uye zvirongwa zvehunyanzvi zvine chinangwa chekupedza hondo. Ivo vanowanzo tarisa kuedza kwavo kudzidzisa vagari nzira yekudzoreredza muchiuto uye mari yemauto, uku vachikurudzira nzira dziri nani dzekuti nyika dzigarisane murunyararo kana kumisa kusawirirana kwemukati.
Verenga pachinhu chimwe, zvakadaro: harisi basa rakareruka, kunyangwe uchizviganhurira iwe kuUnited States, uko mauto anogara achiratidzwa sekuda nyika uye kushandisa zvisina muganhu pazvombo zvemhondi sekudzivisa, nepo kurwa hondo kwave kurevesa nyika. Chokwadi, munhu akasaina Declaration of Independence akazoronga a Runyararo-Hofisi kutungamirwa neMunyori weRunyararo uye kuiswa padanho rakaenzana neDhipatimendi reHondo. Pfungwa yakadai haina kuzomboenderera mberi, zvisinei, pane kutumidza Dhipatimendi reHondo seDhipatimendi reDziviriro isina kwayakarerekera muna 1949, mushure mekunge UN Charter yarambidza hondo dzehutsinye. (Kana chete!)
Zvinoenderana nedatabase yakanyorwa ne Chirongwa cheKupindira Kwemauto, nyika ino yakapindira mumauto 392 kubvira muna 1776, hafu yacho mumakore 70 apfuura. Parizvino, nyika ino haisi kuita mhirizhonga yakananga, kunyangwe mauto eUS achiri. kurwa muSyria uye ndege dzayo dzichiri kurwisa muSomalia, tisingatauri nezve 85 counterterror operations Brown University's Costs of War Project akawanikwa iyo US yakapinda kubva muna 2018 kusvika 2020, mamwe acho ari kuenderera mberi. Sangano reEconomics neRunyararo rinoisa US 129th kubva munyika zana nemakumi matanhatu nenhatu mune yayo 163. Global Peace Index. Pakati pezvikamu zvatakapinda mukuverenga uku ndiko kukura kwevanhu vedu vakasungwa, huwandu hwezviitiko zvehugandanga zvakaitwa, kushandiswa kwechiuto (izvo. siya imwe nyika yose muguruva), mauto ehondo, zvombo zvedu zvenyukireya zviri "kuvandudzwa”kusvika madhora zviuru zviviri zvemadhora mumakumi emakore ari kuuya, nhamba dzinoshamisa dzezvombo zvatinotumira kana tengesa kunze, uye kuwanda kwemakakatanwa akarwiwa. Wedzera kune izvo zvimwe zvakawanda zvechimbichimbi, zvinopindirana matambudziko uye hutsinye husina kusimba pamusoro pepasi rino nevanhu vari pairi uye zviri nyore kutenda kuti kutsvaga runyararo rwakasimba hazvingori zvinhu zvisingaite asi zvakajeka zvisiri zveAmerica.
Kunze kwekunge zvisiri. Basa rerunyararo rakakosha zvakanyanya, kana chete nekuti bhajeti rePentagon rinoverengera angangoita 53% yebhajeti renyika ino rinokanganisa uye rinokanganisa kuedza kugadzirisa zvakawanda zvakakosha zvemagariro. Hazvishamisi, saka, kuti vanorwira runyararo veUS vakafanirwa kugadzirisa marongero avo pamwe nemazwi avo. Ivo zvino vanosimbisa kubatana kwehondo nedzimwe nyaya dzakawanda, pamwe senzira, asiwo nekuti "hapana kururamisira, hapana rugare" inopfuura sirogani. Ichi chisungo chekuwana hupenyu hune runyararo munyika muno.
Kuziva kubatana kwezviri kutishungurudza zvinoreva zvinopfuura kungonyengerera mamwe matunhu kuti awedzere runyararo kumapato avo. Zvinoreva kumbundirana nekushanda nemamwe masangano panyaya dzavowo. SaJonathan King, sachigaro we Massachusetts Peace Action uye purofesa emeritus kuMIT, akazvitaura nenzira kwayo, "Unofanira kuenda kune vanhu, unosangana navo pane zvavanoda uye zvavanoda." Saka, Mambo, murwiri werunyararo kwenguva refu, anoshandawo mukomiti inobatanidza yeMassachusetts Poor People's Campaign, iyo inosanganisira kugumisa "kurwiswa kwemauto uye kukonzeresa hondo" pane yayo runyorwa rwe. inoda, nepo Veterans For Peace ikozvino ine inoshanda Climate Crisis uye Militarism Project. David Cortright nenzira yakafanana anonongedzera kuboka riri kukura rekutsvaga rugare, kukwevera pasainzi nedzimwe nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi, kusanganisira zvidzidzo zvevakadzi nevepashure pekoloni, uku vachisundidzira kufunga patsva kwezvinorehwa nerunyararo.
Zvino pane mubvunzo wekuti mafambiro anoita chero chinhu kuburikidza nekumwe musanganiswa webasa remukati memasangano, kusimba kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kumanikidza veruzhinji. Hongu, pamwe rimwe zuva Congress inogona kupedzisira yanyengetedzwa nemushandirapamwe wekukurudzira kudzosa Mvumo idzo dzekare dzeKushandisa Mauto Echiuto dzakapfuura muna 2001 na2002 vachipindura kurwiswa kwa9/11 nehondo dzakatevera. Izvo, zvirinani, zvaizoita kuti zviomere mutungamiri wenyika kuendesa mauto eUS mumhirizhonga dziri kure pamadiro. Nekudaro, kuwana nhengo dzakakwana dzeCongress kuti dzibvume kudzoreredza bhajeti redziviriro zvingangoda mushandirapamwe wehukuru hunoshamisa. Zvese izvo, zvakare, pasina mubvunzo zvaizoreva kusanganiswa kwechero bato rerunyararo kuita chimwe chinhu chakakura kwazvo, pamwe nekutevedzana kwekubata-mhino-mhino uye zvikumbiro zvekutsvaga mari (sechikumbiro chechangobva kuitika ichindikumbira kuti "ndibhadhare rugare”).
Rugare Runokunda Here?
Kudonha uku, ndakapinda mudare raiti, “Chronicling War and Occupation,” pamusangano wakarongwa nevadzidzi pamusoro porusununguko rwokubudisa nhau. Vane ma panelists - vanoshamisa, vane ruzivo, vakarohwa nehondo - vakataura vachifunga nezve chikonzero nei vachiita basa rakadaro, ravanotarisira kupesvedzera, uye njodzi dzavanobata nadzo, kusanganisira mukana we "normalizing" hondo. Panguva yemubvunzo, ndakabvunza nezve kufukidzwa kwechiitiko chekurwisa hondo uye ndakasangana nekunyarara, zvichiteverwa nerevo yemoyo yekudzvinyirirwa kwekupokana muRussia.
Chokwadi, kana mabara achibhururuka, haisi nguva yekufunga nezveimwe nzira, asi mabara anga asiri kubhururuka muhoro iyoyo uye ndakanetseka kana boka rega rega renhau dzehondo risingafanire kusanganisira mumwe munhu anotaura nezverunyararo. Ndinokahadzika kuti ipfungwawo mudzimba dzenhau kuti, pamwe chete nevatori venhau vehondo, panogona kunge paine vatori venhau verunyararo. Uye, ndinoshamisika, iyo bhiti ichaita sei? Chii chaanogona kuita?
Ndinokahadzika kuti ndaimbotarisira kuona runyararo munguva yedu, kwete kare-kare pataiimba nziyo dziya dzine ruzha. Asi ndakaona hondo dzichipera uye, apo neapo, dzinotodziviswa. Ndakaona makakatanwa achigadziriswa kuvandudza avo vanobatanidzwa uye ndinoramba ndichiyemura vashandi verunyararo vakaita basa rekuita kuti zviitike.
SaDavid Swanson, mubatsiri uye director director we World Beyond War, yakandiyeuchidza murunhare rwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, unoshandira rugare nemhaka yokuti “ibasa retsika kurwisana nehondo. Uye chero paine mukana uye uri kushanda pane izvo zvine mukana wakanyanya wekubudirira, unofanirwa kuzviita. ”
Zviri nyore - uye se bedeviling - saizvozvi. Nemamwe mashoko, tinofanira kupa rugare mukana.
Copyright 2023 Nan Levinson
Mufananidzo unofanirwa: Kuratidzira kweAntiwar kuWashington, 24 Gunyana 2005 by ba inobvumidzwa pasi CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 / Flickr
Tevedzera TomDispatch on Twitter uye tibatane nesu Facebook. Tarisa uone nyowani matsva Dispatch Mabhuku, John Feffer's nyowani dystopi, Songlands (wekupedzisira mune yake Splinterlands akateedzana), bhuku raBeverly Gologorsky Muviri Wese Une Nyaya, uye Tom Engelhardt's Rudzi Risina Kuitwa Nehondo, pamwe naAlfred McCoy Mune Mimvuri yeAmerican Century: Kukura uye Kudzikira kweUS Global Power, John Dower's The Chisimba American Century: Hondo uye Zvinotyisa Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, uye Ann Jones Vaiva Varwi: Vakakuvara Vakadzoka Sei Kubva kuAmerica Hondo: The Untold Story.
