Fredric Jameson's Hondo Mashini

NaDavid Swanson

Kugamuchirwa kwese kwemauto kunodarika zvinopfuura neoconservatives, vechisarura, veRepublican, varwi vakasununguka vevanhu, maDemocrat, uye ruzhinji rwevanozvimirira vezvematongerwo enyika vanowana chero hurukuro yekuparadza mauto eU.S. Fredric Jameson mumwe akangwara akasara akaburitsa bhuku, rakagadziriswa naSlavoj Zizek, maanofunga kuti kunyoreswa muchiuto kune wese mugari weUS. Muzvitsauko zvinotevera, vamwe vanofungidzirwa kuti vakasiyiwa vakadzidza vanoshoropodza chikumbiro chaJameson chisina kana chiratidzo chekunetsekana pakuwedzera kwemuchina wekuponda kwakawanda. Jameson anowedzera Epilogue maanotaura nezve dambudziko kwete zvachose.

Izvo zvinoda Jameson chiratidzo cheUtopia. Bhuku rake rinonzi An American Utopia: Dual Simba uye neUniversal Army. Anoda kuendesa nyika kumabhangi nemakambani einishuwarenzi, kutora uye kufungidzira kuvhara mabasa epeturu, kumisikidza mitero yemakambani kumakambani makuru, kubvisa nhaka, kugadzira mubhadharo wekutanga, kubvisa NATO, kugadzira kutonga kwakakurumbira kwemapepanhau, kurambidza propaganda yekunyepedzera, kugadzira nyika dzese Wi-Fi, ita koreji yemahara, bhadhara vadzidzisi zvakanaka, gadzira hutano pasina, nezvimwe.

Zvinonzwika! Ini ndinosaina kupi?

Mhinduro yaJameson ndeiyi: panzvimbo yevanotora mauto. Kwandinopindura: enda unozviwanira iwe wakasarudzika oda-anotora anoda kutora chikamu mukuponda kwakawanda.

Ah, asi Jameson anoti mauto ake haazorwi chero hondo. Kunze kwehondo dzinorwa. Kana chimwe chinhu.

Utopianism inodikanwa zvakanyanya. Asi uku kusiririsa kusuwa. Uku chiuru zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kupfuura Ralph Nader achikumbira mabhirionea kuti atiponese. Uyu ndiClinton vavhoti. Ava ndivo vavhoti vaTrump.

Uye uku hupofu hweUS kune zvakanakira nyika dzese. Mamwe mashoma dzimwe nyika nenzira ipi neipi anosvika kuhondo yekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kufa kwakagadzirwa neUnited States. Nyika ino iri kumashure zvakanyanya mukusimudzira, runyararo, dzidzo, hutano, chengetedzo, uye mufaro. Nhanho yekutanga kuenda kuUtopia haifanire kunge iri chirongwa chakabatwa sekutorwa kwese nevemauto. Nhanho yekutanga inofanirwa kuve yekubata nenzvimbo senge Scandinavia munzvimbo yehupfumi, kana Costa Rica munzvimbo yekudzora hutongi - kana kunyatso kuona kutevedzera zvizere Chinyorwa chePfumbamwe cheJapan, sezvakataurwa mubhuku raZizek. (Nezvekuti Scandinavia yakasvika sei pazviri, verenga Viking Economics NaGeorge Lakey. Izvo zvaive zvisina chekuita nekumanikidza vana, sekuru nasekuru, nevatsigiri verunyararo kupinda kunze kwekutonga kwemauto eumambo.)

MuUnited States, ndevorusununguko muCongress vanoda kumanikidza vakadzi mabasa, uye vanopemberera huwandu hwese hwevanhu vanobvumidzwa kupinda munzvimbo huru muchiuto. Chiratidzo che "kufambira mberi" chave chezvehupfumi hushoma kana hushoma, padivi nedhishi rekuunganidza nyika yechisimba (kusvika pamadhora zana emadhora pagore) - nepfungwa chaiyo yekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika yakadzingwa mukufungisisa. Iwo maonero evashanduki eiyo inogara ichikura yeAmerican Chiroto ndeyeyekuderera demokrasi yekuuraya vazhinji. Kuputika kwemabhomba kupota pasirese vanogona kukurumidza kutarisira kubhombwa nemukadzi wekutanga mutungamiri weUS. Zano raJameson kufambira mberi kwakanyanya mune ino nzira.

Ini ndinozeza kudana kutarisa kubhuku raJameson nekuti rakaipa uye maitiro aya anonyengera. Asi, muchokwadi, iwo mabheti erondedzero yake uye yeavo vanozvitsoropodza ayo anotarisa kunyoreswa kwepasirese, kunyangwe iri pakati peiyo chirongwa chaJameson, mashoma uye ari pakati nepakati. Aigona kunge ari mubhurocha diki. Rakasara rebhuku iri kubhururuka assortment yekucherechedzwa pane zvese kubva psychoanalysis kusvika Marxism kune chero hutsika hwetsika Zizek angogumburwa. Zvizhinji zvezvimwe zvinhu izvi zvinobatsira kana kuvaraidza, asi zvinomira mukupesana nekugamuchirwa kuri kuita senge kusanzwisisika kwemauto.

Jameson akatsigira kuti isu tinogona kuramba kusavimbika kwe capitalism, uye nezve chero chero chinhu chipi zvacho chatinoona chakakodzera. "Hunhu hwevanhu" iye anonongedzera, chaizvo, hakuna. Uye zvakadaro, pfungwa yekuti nzvimbo chete iyo hurumende yeUS ingamboisa chero mari yakakomba mauto anotambirwa chinyararire pamapeji mazhinji uye zvobva zvataurwa zvakajeka seizvi: “[Ruzhinji] ruzhinji - kana hurumende yarwo - haigone kushandisa mari yemitero yehondo inoda kuti tsvagiridzo isingaoneki uye yekufungidzira panguva yerunyararo. ”

Izvi zvinonzwika sekutsanangurwa kwehurumende yazvino yeUS, kwete hurumende dzese dzakapfuura nedzemangwana. Ruzhinji rwevanhu ruri zvisingaite segehena kubvuma kunyoreswa zvachose muchiuto. Izvo, kwete kudyara mumaindasitiri ane rugare, zvaizove zvisina kumboitika.

Jameson, iwe uchaona, inovimba ne "kurwa" kukurudzira simba repfungwa yake yekushandisa mauto shanduko yemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvine musoro, semauto, nedudziro, chinzvimbo chinoshandiswa kurwa hondo. Uye zvakadaro, Jameson anofungidzira kuti mauto ake haazorwi hondo - rudzi rwe - asi nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero anoenderera mberi nekubhadharwa zvakadaro - uye nekuwedzera kunoshamisa.

Wemauto, Jameson anochengetedza, inzira yekumanikidza vanhu kuti vasangane pamwe chete uye vagadzire nharaunda munzira dzese dzinowanzoitika dzekupatsanura. Iyo zvakare nzira yekumanikidza vanhu kuti vaite chaizvo zvavanorairwa kuti vaite paawa yega yega yemasikati neusiku, kubva pane zvekudya kusvika panguva yekutsvaira, uye kuvamisikidza kuti vaite hutsinye pakuraira vasina kumira kuti vafunge. Izvo hazvina kuitika kune izvo zvemauto. Jameson haatombo pindura mubvunzo wekuti sei achida zvechiuto zvepasirese pane kuti, iti, yepasirese yekuchengetedza zvitunha. Anotsanangura kurudziro yake se "kunyoreswa kwevanhu vese kupinda muNational Guard ine mbiri." Inogona kunge iripo National Guard inogona kukudzwa kupfuura kushambadzira kwayo iko zvino kwairatidza? Yakakudzwa zvisirizvo kare zvekuti Jameson nekukanganisa anoratidza kuti Guard anopindura chete kuhurumende dzenyika, kunyangwe Washington yakazvitumira kuhondo dzekunze pasina kana kupokana kubva kumatunhu.

United States ine mauto mumarudzi zana nemakumi manomwe nemashanu. Zvingawedzera zvinoshamisa kwavari? Wedzera kune zvasara zvekubata? Unounza mauto ese kumba? Jameson haataure. United States iri kubhomba nyika nomwe dzatinoziva nezvadzo. Izvo zvaizowedzera here kana kudzikira? Hezvino zvese zvinotaurwa naJameson:

“Boka revanhu vanonyorwa vanokwanisa kuwedzerwa nekusanganisira munhu wese kubva pagumi nematanhatu kusvika pamakumi mashanu, kana kana muchida, makore makumi matanhatu ekuberekwa: kureva vanhu vakuru vese. [Ndiri kunzwa kuchema kwerusarura kuvana vane makore makumi matanhatu nerimwe vachiuya, handiti?] Mutumbi usingadzoreki wakadaro kubva zvino hauchakwanise kurwa hondo dzekunze, ndoda kuita coup dzakabudirira. Kuti tisimbise kuitika kwese kwese muitiro, ngatiwedzerei kuti vakaremara vese vaizowanikwa nzvimbo dzakakodzera muhurongwa, uye kuti varwiri vehondo uye varambi vehana vanogona kuva nzvimbo dzinodzora kugadzirwa kwezvombo, kuchengetwa kwemaoko, nezvimwe zvakadaro. ”

Uye ndizvozvo. Nekuti mauto aizove nemauto akawanda, zvaizo "tadza" kurwa hondo. Unogona here kufungidzira uchiunza iro zano kuPentagon? Ini ndaizotarisira mhinduro ye "Yeeeeeeaaaah, chokwadi, ndizvo chaizvo zvazvingatitorere kutivhara. Ingotipa isu mazana emamirioni emazana emauto uye zvese zvichave zvakanaka. Tichangoita zvishoma kurongedza kwepasirese, kutanga, asi kuchave nerunyararo pasina nguva. Yakavimbiswa. ”

Uye ivo "pacifists" uye vanhu vane hana vaizopihwa kushanda pazvombo? Uye vangazvigamuchira here? Mamirioni avo? Uye zvombo zvacho zvaizodiwa kuhondo dzaisazoitika futi?

Jameson, sevazhinji vane chinangwa chakanaka cherunyararo, angade mauto kuti aite izvo zvinhu zvaunoona muNational Guard kushambadzira: kuyamurwa kwenjodzi, rubatsiro rwevanhu. Asi mauto anoita izvo chete kana uye chete kusvika pazvinobatsira mushandirapamwe wayo wekutonga zvine simba pasi. Uye kuita ruyamuro lwenjodzi hazvidi kunyudzwa zvachose. Vatori vechikamu mumhando yakadaro yebasa havafanirwe kuve nemamiriro ekuuraya uye kutarisana nerufu. Ivo vanogona kurapwa nerudzi rwekuremekedza iyo inobatsira kuvaita ivo vatori vechikamu mune yedemokrasi-socialist utopia, pane rudzi rwekuzvidza kunobatsira kuvatungamira kuzviuraya kunze kweVA chipatara hofisi yekubvumidzwa.

Jameson anorumbidza pfungwa ye "hondo chaiyo yekudzivirira" iyo yaanofunga kuna Jaurès, uye kukosha kwe "kuranga" kwaanoti kuna Trotsky. Jameson likes vemauto, uye anosimbisa kuti muutopia yake "yemauto ese" angave mamiriro ekupedzisira, kwete nguva yekuchinja. Mukupedzisira-nyika iyoyo, mauto aigona kutora zvimwe zvese kubva kuzvidzidzo kuenda kuhutano.

Jameson anosvika pedyo nekubvuma kuti panogona kunge paine vamwe vanhu vangaramba izvi nechikonzero chekuti chivakwa chemaindasitiri chinogadzira kuuraya vanhu vazhinji. Anoti ari kupokana nekutya kuviri: kutya kwemauto uye kutya chero utopia. Iye anobva ataura kune vekupedzisira, achizvuzvurudzira Freud, Trotsky, Kant, nevamwe kuti vamubatsire. Haachengetedze izwi rimwe kune rekare. Anozoti iye zvechokwadi chikonzero vanhu vanopokana nepfungwa yekushandisa mauto inyaya yekuti mukati memasoja vanhu vanomanikidzwa kusangana nevaya vanobva kune mamwe mapoka ezvehukama. (Ah zvinotyisa!)

Asi, makumi mashanu nematanhatu mapeji mairi, Jameson “anoyeuchidza” muverengi nezvechimwe chinhu chaakange asati ambobata: reactionary coups d'etat munguva dzichangopfuura, vane utsinye nehutongi kana hudzvanyiriri pfungwa dzinogona kutyisidzira uye vane ndangariro dzakajeka dzinokatyamadza chero munhu netarisiro yekuisa nyika kana nzanga yose pasi payo. ” Asi nei iyo nyowani yemauto isiri yakafanana neyekare? Chii chinoita kuti chisiyane? Sei, nenyaya iyoyo, inodzorwa zvachose, sezvo ichitora simba kubva kuhurumende yehurumende? Inofungidzirwa sedemokrasi yakananga here?

Saka sei isu tisingangofungidzira demokrasi yakananga isina mauto, toshanda kuti tiibudirire, izvo zvinoita senge zvinonyanya kuitika munharaunda yevagari?

Mune ramangwana rehondo raJameson, akataura - zvakare, sekunge dai taitozviziva - kuti "munhu wese akadzidziswa mukushandisa zvombo uye hapana munhu anotenderwa kuzvibata kunze kwekunge mune mashoma uye zvakanyatsojeka mamiriro." Zvakadai sehondo? Tarisa uone iyi ndima kubva kuZizek "kutsoropodza" kwaJameson:

“Mauto aJameson, hongu, i'uto rakadzivirirwa, 'uto risina hondo. . . (Uye uto iri raizoshanda sei muhondo chaiyo, iri kuramba ichiwanda munyika yanhasi ine vanhu vakawanda?) ”

Wazvibata here? Zizek anoti uto iri harizorwa hondo. Ipapo anobva azvibvunza chaizvo kuti icharwa sei nehondo dzayo. Uye nepo mauto eUS aine mauto nemabhomba ari kuitwa munyika nomwe, uye "akasarudzika" mauto ari kurwa mune akawanda, Zizek anonetsekana kuti pangave nehondo rimwe zuva.

Uye iyo hondo yaizoendeswa nekutengesa zvombo? Nekutsamwiswa kwemauto? Nemauto echiuto? Nehutsinye "diplomacy" yakavakirwa mune zvehondo zvehondo? Kwete, hazvingadaro. Kutanga, hapana kana rimwe remashoko arikubatanidzwa anonakidza se "multicentric." Zvirokwazvo dambudziko - kunyangwe riri diki uye rakajeka - nderekuti hunhu hwenyika hwakawanda hunogona kutanga hondo munguva pfupi. Zizek anoenderera mberi achitaura kuti, pachiitiko cheveruzhinji, Jameson akafungidzira nzira dzekugadzira mauto ake epasirese nenzira dzeShock Dzidziso, semhinduro inopindirana nedambudziko kana bongozozo.

Ini ndinobvumirana naJameson chete pane fungidziro yaanotanga nekuvhima kwake utopia, kureva kuti marongero akajairwa haana kuchena kana kufa. Asi icho hachisi chikonzero chekuumba njodzi yakavimbiswa uye kutsvaga kuisimbisa nenzira dzinopesana nedemokrasi, kunyanya kana mamwe marudzi mazhinji achitotaridza nzira inoenda kune nyika iri nani. Nzira inoenda mberi mune ramangwana rezvehupfumi mune iro vapfumi vanobhadhariswa mutero uye varombo vanogona kubudirira inogona chete kuuya kuburikidza nekudzosera mari isinganzwisisike iyo iri kukandirwa mukugadzirira kwehondo. Kuti maRepublicans nemaDemocrat vese vanofuratira icho hachisi chikonzero chekuti Jameson abatane navo.