NaDaniel Immerwahr, Mbudzi 30, 2020
From The Nation
SHortly mushure mekunge denda reCovid-19 rova United States, mutori wenhau akabvunza Donald Trump kana iye zvino azviona semutungamiri wenguva yehondo. "Ndino. Ini ndinodaro, ”akapindura. Achizvimba nechinangwa, akavhura musangano wevatori venhau nekutaura nezvazvo. "Mupfungwa yechokwadi, tiri muhondo," akadaro. Asi iwo machinda nemapunditsiti vakatenderedza maziso avo. "Mutungamiri wenguva yehondo?" vasekwa The New York Times. "Hazvisi pachena kana vazhinji vavhoti vachizobvuma pfungwa yake semutungamiri munguva yehondo." Yake "kuyedza kutora mienji yechiuto yakasimudza zvinopfuura mashoma tsiye," NPR yakashuma. Izvo zvishoma zvakacherechedzwa panguva iyoyo ndeyekuti Trump, hongu, aiva mutungamiri wenguva yehondo, uye kwete nenzira yekufananidzira. Akatungamira-uye achiri kudaro-pamusoro pemauto maviri arikuenderera, Operation Freedom's Sentinel muAfghanistan uye Operation Inherent Resolve muIraq neSyria. Zvinyararire, zviuru zvemauto eUS anotenderera muAfrica uye mumakore achangopfuura akatsungirira kukuvara muChad, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, neSouth Sudan. Ndege dzeUS uye drones, zvakadaro, zadza matenga uye kubvira 2015 vauraya vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvishanu (uye pamwe vangangoita se5,000) muAfghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, neYemen.
Nei zviri nyore kwazvo kuongorora aya chokwadi kunze? Huwandu hwakaderera hwevakuvara veUS vanoita basa riri pachena. Asi zvirokwazvo izvo zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti kushingirira kunonoka kudonhedza kwekuzivisa nhau kuri sei. United States yanga ichirwa munzvimbo zhinji, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda zvisina tsarukano, zvekuti zviri nyore kuti vamwe vakanganwe kurwa zvachose uye vobvunza pachinzvimbo chekuti hutachiona hwakaita Trump mutungamiri wenguva yehondo. Mumakakatanwa maviri ehutungamiriri wenyika, hapana mumiriri akambotaura nezvekuti United States iri muhondo.
Asi ndizvo, uye hazvina kugadzikana kufunga kuti inguva yakareba sei nyika yave. Vadzidzi vakapinda kukoreji kudonha ava vakararama hupenyu hwavo hwese panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yose paUgandanga nemamishinari ayo akatsiva. Makumi emakore izvi zvisati zvaitika vakaendeswa kuAmerica muGulf War, mhirizhonga muBalkan, Haiti, Macedonia, neSomalia. Muchokwadi, kubvira 1945, apo Washington yakazvikanda semuchengeti werunyararo wepasirese, hondo yanga iri nzira yehupenyu. Kuronga kuita zvechiuto kunogona kunetsa, asi zviri pachena kuti kwave nemakore maviri chete mumakumi manomwe nehafu apfuura - 1977 na1979- apo United States yanga isiri kupinda kana kurwira kune imwe nyika yekune dzimwe nyika.
Mubvunzo ndewekuti nei. Icho chinhu chakadzika-tsika mutsika? Vanodzika mitemo muhomwe yeuto remauto-maindasitiri? Kunze kwekudzora humambo hutungamiriri? Zvirokwazvo vese vakaita chikamu. Rakazarurirwa bhuku idzva naDavid Vine, The United States yeHondo, inodudza chimwe chinhu chakakosha, icho chinowanzo kufuratirwa: zvigaro zvemauto. Kubva makore ayo ekutanga, United States yakashanda mabheseni kune dzimwe nyika. Aya ane nzira yekukoka hondo, zvese nekumukira kutsamwa kuUnited States uye nekukurudzira vatungamiriri veUS kuti vapindure nechisimba. Sezvo kukakavara kuchikwira, mauto anovaka zvimwe, zvichitungamira kune denderedzwa rinotyisa. Mabhesi anoita hondo, dzinoita zvigadziko, zvichingodaro. Nhasi, Washington inodzora mamwe mabhesi mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe munyika dzekunze nenzvimbo dzekunze.
China, mukusiyana kwakasiyana, ine dunhu rimwe chete rekune dzimwe nyika, muJibouti. Uye kusangana kwaro kwemauto kubvira ma1970s anga ave angango gumira pamakakatanwa emuganho uye kusagadzikana pamusoro pezvitsuwa zvidiki. Kunyangwe iri simba riri kusimukira nemauto akakura, vashoma vanovhunduka nezve mhirizhonga, uye pasina kushomeka kwevanogona kuvengana, China ichangopfuura yakaputsa makumi emakore-marefu streak ekusarega chero mauto ehondo muchiito. KuUnited States, iyo yanga ichirwa mugore rega rega renguva iyoyo, rugare rwakadai harufungiki. Mubvunzo ndewekuti, nekudzosera mabheseni ayo, inogona kuzvirapa pachayo nedenda rehondo yenguva dzose.
It zviri nyore kuti usafunge nezve mabhesi. Tarisa pamepu yeUnited States, uye uchaona chete makumi mashanu ematunhu; hauzoone mazana emamwe masayiti ayo anomirirwa nemureza weUS. Kune avo vasina kushandira muchiuto, iwo madiki madiki haanyatso kuoneka. Uye iwo ari madiki zvechokwadi: Mash pamwechete ese mabheseni emhiri kwemakungwa ayo hurumende yeUS inobvuma kudzora, uye iwe unenge uine nzvimbo isina kukura kupfuura Houston.
Asi kunyangwe chidimbu chimwe chevhu chinodzorwa nemauto ekunze chinogona kuita, senge jecha muoyster, inogona kushatirisa kwazvo. Muna 2007, Rafael Correa akajekesa izvi apo, semutungamiri weEcuador, paakatarisana nedzvinyiriro yekumutsiridza renda pabhazi reUS munyika yake. Akaudza vatori venhau kuti anobvumirana pachinhu chimwe chete: kuti abvumidzwe kuisa hwaro muMiami. "Kana pasina dambudziko kuva nemasoja ekune imwe nyika muivhu renyika," akadaro, "zvirokwazvo vachatibvumidza kuva nenzvimbo yeEcuador muUnited States." Ehe, hapana mutungamiriri wenyika yeUS angabvume chinhu chakadai. Mauto ekune dzimwe nyika anoshanda base muFlorida kana chero kumwe kunhu muUnited States kungave kutsamwa.
Sezvo Vine achinongedzera, yaive chaiyo iyi mhando yekutsamwa kwakakonzera kugadzirwa kweUnited States pakutanga. Korona yeBritish haina kungoremedza varongi vayo nemitero; zvakavatsamwisa nekumisikidza redcoats mumakoloni ehondo neFrance. Muma 1760s nema 70s, mishumo inotyisa yekurwiswa, kushungurudzwa, kuba uye kubatwa chibharo nemauto zvaive zvakajairika. Vanyori veDeclaration of Independence vakashora mambo "nekukanda mitumbi mikuru yemauto pakati pedu" uye kuvasunungura pamitemo yemuno. Haisi tsaona kuti Yechitatu Amendment kuMutemo-kuuya pamberi pekodzero zvine chekuita nekutongwa kwakasununguka uye rusununguko kubva mukutsvaga zvisina musoro - ndiyo kodzero yekusave nemasoja akagovaniswa pazvinhu zvako munguva yerunyararo.
Nyika yakazvarwa neruvengo kumauto echiuto zvakadaro yakakurumidza kutanga kuvaka yayo. Bhuku raVine rinoratidza kuti vanga vari pakati sei munhoroondo yeUS. Rwiyo rwenyika, anodaro, anorondedzera nyaya yeuto reMasoja, Fort McHenry kunze kweBaltimore, rakakombwa nezvikepe zveBritish muHondo ya1812. Kudzivirirwa kwemahombekombe eUS kwakachengetedza maroketi eBritish anopisa zvakanyanya, zvekuti kunyangwe paine bharira mazana e "mabhomba anoputika mudenga," pakupera kwehondo, "mureza wedu wanga uchiripo."
MaBritish haana kubvira atora Fort McHenry, asi mauto eUS panguva yehondo iyoyo akabata mabheseni muCanada neFlorida. Andrew Jackson, ane mauto akakunda muhondo yekupedzisira yehondo (akarwa, zvisingaite, mavhiki maviri chibvumirano cherunyararo chasainwa), akatevera runyararo nekuvaka mamwe nzvimbo dzekunze muSouth, kwaakatanga nhimbe dzekuparadza nyika dzevaNative.
Iwe unogona kutaurira yakafanana nyaya nezve Hondo Yenyika. Yakatanga nekurwiswa kweConfederate kuFort Sumter, yeuto remauto kunze kweCharleston, SC Uye yakanga isiri iyo yega Fort Sumter yehondo, sezvazvinoitika. Sezvazvakangoita muHondo ye1812, Mauto akashandisa Hondo yeVanhu sechiitiko chekusundira kure kuenda kuIndia nyika. Masangano ayo ekuzvipira nemamwe mauto akarwira kwete chete kuGeorgia neVirginia asiwo muArizona, Nevada, New Mexico, neUtah. Muna Kurume 1864 Mauto akamanikidza maNavajos anenge zviuru zvisere kufora mamaira mazana matatu kuenda kuFort Sumter muNew Mexico, uko kwavakaiswa mutirongo kwemakore mana; kota imwechete yakafa nenzara. Makore panguva uye mushure meHondo Yenyika, Vine anoratidza, akaona mafurati echivako chekumavirira kweMississippi.
Fort McHenry, Fort Sumter - aya mazita anozivikanwa, uye hazvina kuoma kufunga nezvevamwe muUnited States, saFort Knox, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Wayne, uye Fort Worth. "Nei paine nzvimbo zhinji dzakatumidzwa zita rekuti Fort?" Muzambiringa unobvunza.
Mhinduro yacho iri pachena asi isinganetseke: Kwaive kuiswa kwemauto. Dzimwe, senge Fort Sumter muSouth Carolina, dzakavakwa pamahombekombe uye dzakagadzirirwa kudzivirira. Asi zvakadaro zvakanyanya, seFort Sumter muNew Mexico, yakaiswa mukati, padyo nenyika dzeNyika. Izvo zvaiitirwa kwete zvekuzvidzivirira asi mhosva - yekurwa, kutengesa pamwe, uye kuita mapurisa eIndia. Nhasi kune nzvimbo dzinopfuura mazana mana dzine vanhu muUnited States vane zita rine izwi rekuti "fort."
Kuvapo kwenhare hakuna kugumira kuNorth America chete. IUnited States payakatora nharaunda mhiri kwemakungwa, yakavaka mamwe mabheseni, akadai seFort Shafter muHawaii, Fort McKinley muPhilippines, uye nzvimbo yegungwa kuGuantánamo Bay kuCuba. Zvakare zvakare, denderedzwa rinotyisa rakabata. Kwese kwazvitsuwa zvePhilippines, Mauto akavaka nhare nemisasa kuti awedzere kusvika kwaro, uye mabheseni iwayo akazova zvinangwa zvinoedza, senge apo boka remaguta mazana mashanu akatsamwa muBalangiga vakapamba musasa wemauto muna 500 ndokuuraya masoja makumi mana nemashanu ipapo. Kurwiswa uku kwakamutsa mushandirapamwe wekuuraya, nemauto eUS akarayirwa kuuraya chero murume wechiPhilippines ane makore ari pamusoro pegumi uyo asina kuzvipira kuhurumende.
Makumi mana emakore gare gare, iyo muenzaniso yakaenderera. Japan yakatanga kurwisa kwese-kwakateedzana kwakateedzana mabheseni eUS muPacific, ane mukurumbira Pearl Harbor muHawaii. United States yakapindura nekupinda muHondo Yenyika II, ichizadza maguta mazhinji eJapan, nekudonhedza mabhomba maviri eatomiki.
Hondo, pakupera kwayo, yakanga yaisa United States se "nyika ine simba kwazvo, pamwe, munhoroondo yese," sekutaura kwakaita Mutungamiri Harry Truman mukero yeredhiyo muna 1945. Kuyerwa mumabhesi, izvi zvaive zvechokwadi zvechokwadi. Huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekumusoro dzakavakwa neUnited States munguva yeHondo Yenyika II "dzinoshaya fungidziro," yakanyora imwe nyanzvi yekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika panguva iyoyo. Huwandu hunowanzo kutaurwa hunoisa iyo US mhiri kwemakungwa base hesheni kunzvimbo makumi matatu dzekuiswa panzvimbo zviuru zviviri pakupera kwehondo. Iwo mauto akatumirwa kwavari akapindirwa nekusvika kwavo nekukasira kumakona ese epasi zvekuti vakauya nekanyorwa, "Kilroy aive pano," kuratidza kudada nzvimbo zhinji dzisingafungidzike dzavakange vari. Vagari venyika dzakadzika-pasi vaive nesirogani yakasiana: "Yankee, enda kumba!"
Wvaigona here maYankee kuenda kumba pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II? Zvichida. Masimba eAxis akange apwanywa, zvichisiya mukana mudiki wekurwiswa patsva. Simba chete rinogona kutyisidzira United States yaive Soviet Union. Asi nyika mbiri idzi dzakange dzakarwa pamwe chete, uye kana vaigona kuramba vachishivirirana, nyika yakakuvadzwa nehondo ingangoona rugare.
Runyararo haruna kuuya, zvakadaro, uye chikonzero chakange chisiri ndechekuti masimba makuru maviri akadzidza kududzirana sematambudziko aripo. Nhoroondo dzinowanzo simbisa basa remumiriri George Kennan mukusimbisa kutya kweUS. Mukutanga kwa1946 akatumira tambo ine hunyanzvi ine nharo nekurebesa kuti "tsika yechiRussia uye yakasikwa yekusagadzikana" haigone kubvumira runyararo. Moscow yaive nenjodzi, akataura, uye zviito zvayo zvinofanirwa kupokana zvakarongeka.
Zvishoma zvinowanzo kunzwikwa nezvedivi reSoviet. Mushure mekunge teregiramu refu yaKennan yabatwa, Stalin akaraira mumiriri wake muWashington, Nikolai Novikov, kuti agadzirire kuongorora kwakafanana, kwakanyorwa chipoko naVyacheslav Molotov, gurukota rezvekunze kweSoviet. Molotov akatenda kuti United States yakanga yakatsunga "kutonga pasi" uye kugadzirira "hondo yemberi" neSoviet Union. Uchapupu? Akanongedzera kumazana ezvigaro zvekumhiri kwemakungwa zvakachengetwa neWashington uye mazana emamwe ayitsvaga kuvaka.
Ndicho chinhu chine mabheseni, Vine anopokana. Mumaziso evatungamiriri veUS, vanoita kunge vasina mhosva. Asi kune avo vanogara mumumvuri wavo, vanowanzo tyisa. Khrushchev aizoita pfungwa iyoyo, paanenge achienda kuzororo paGungwa Dema, nekupa vaenzi vake maboniboni uye achivabvunza zvavakaona. Pavakapindura kuti hapana chavaona, Khrushchev akabata ma binoculars kumashure, akatarisa kumusoro, ndokuti, "I ona zvombo zveUS muTurkey, zvakanangwa dacha rangu. "
Akange asiriye ega aitya US hutsinye. Mushure mekunge CIA yaedza ikatadza kupidigura hurumende yaFidel Castro yemagariro eCuba, Castro akatarisa kuSoviet Union kuti ichengetedzwe. Khrushchev akazvipira kuendesa zvombo kumabhesi eSoviet muCuba. Kunze kwekuchengetedza mubatsiri, Khrushchev akaona iyi senzira yekupa vadzivisi vake "kuravira zvishoma zvemushonga wavo." Sekutsanangura kwaakazoita, "maAmerican akange akakomberedza nyika yedu nemauto ehondo uye akatityisidzira nezvombo zvenyukireya, uye zvino vaizodzidza zvazvinoita sekunge makomba evavengi akanongedzwa kwauri."
Ivo vakadzidza, uye vakavhunduka. John F. Kennedy akachema-chema achiti "zvakangoita sekunge takangoerekana tatanga kuisa huwandu hukuru hweMRBM [zvombo zvepakati nepakati] muTurkey." "Zvakanaka, tadaro, VaPurezidhendi," chipangamazano wake wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika akavayeuchidza. Muchokwadi, Kennedy ndiye aive atumira maJupita makomba kumabhesiki eAmerica eTurkey. Mushure mekumira kwemazuva gumi nematatu- "nyika yepedyo yasvika kuAmagedhoni yenyukireya," Vine anonyora - Kennedy naKhrushchev vakabvuma kubvisa zvombo zvavo.
Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanosheedza chiitiko ichi chinotyisa iyo Cuban Missile Crisis, asi vanofanirwa? Iri zita rinoisa tarisiro kuCuba, ichipomera zvachose njodzi padhuze paCastro naKhrushchev. Kumisikidzwa kwaKennedy kwemakesi kuTurkey kunotsvedza chinyararire kumashure kwenyaya, sechikamu chechisikigo chezvinhu. Mushure mezvose, United States yaidzora mabheseni mazhinji akapakata zvombo zvekuti Kennedy anogona kukanganwa kuti akatoisa zvombo muTurkey. Kushevedza chiitiko icho Turkish Missile Crisis ingangotungamira kudzosa kumba Vine poindi: Hapana chinhu chechisikigo pamusoro penyika inochengetedza yakakura nzira yemasoja mabheseni mune mamwe marudzi.
Even mushure mekunge mabheseni eU.S. muTurkey akada kumutsa hondo yenyukireya, vatungamiriri vemauto vakatambura kuti vanzwisise kuti zvigaro zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinogona sei. Saddam Hussein paakapinda Kuwait muna1990, United States yakaendesa zviuru zvemasoja muSaudi Arabia, kusanganisira kunzvimbo huru yeDhahran pamhenderekedzo yekumabvazuva kwenyika. Pfungwa iyi yaive yekushandisa mabheseni eSaudi kusundidzira kumashure kwemauto aHussein, asi senguva dzose, kuvepo kwemauto eUS pane ivhu rekune dzimwe nyika kwakakonzera kutsamwa kukuru. "Hazvinzwisisike kurega nyika ichiva nyika yeAmerica nemasoja eAmerica - tsoka dzavo dzine tsvina dzichitenderera kwese kwese," akatsamwa mumwe weSaudi, Osama bin Laden.
"Mushure mekunge njodzi yapera, mauto edu achaenda kumba," ipapo - Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney akavimbisa hurumende yeSaudi. Asi mauto akaramba aripo mushure mekukundwa kwaHussein, uye hasha dzakaputika. Muna 1996 bhomba padhuze neDhahran rakauraya vashandi gumi nevaviri veUS Air Force. Hazvinyatso kujeka kuti ndiani aikonzera, kunyangwe bin Laden aizviti mutoro. Makore maviri gare gare, pagore rechisere rekuuya kwemauto eUS kuDhahran, Al Qaeda yaBin Laden yakamisa mabhomba kumahofisi eAmerica eKenya neTanzania, achiuraya vanhu vanopfuura mazana maviri. Musi waSeptember 19, 200, vapambi veAl Qaeda vakaendesa ndege kuPentagon ("nzvimbo yemauto," sekutsanangura kwakaita bin Laden) uye neWorld Trade Center.
"Nei vachitivenga?" nyanzvi yezvehugandanga Richard Clarke akabvunza mushure mekurwiswa. Zvikonzero zvaBin Laden zvaive zvakawandisa, asi mabhesheni akasona akakura mukufunga kwake. “Mauto ako anotora nyika dzedu; unowaridza mabhesi ako mukati mawo; unosvibisa nyika dzedu, uye unokomberedza nzvimbo dzedu tsvene, ”akanyora mu“ Tsamba kuAmerica ”yake.
CUnited States inozvisunungura kubva kuhondo dzayo isingaperi inodzokororwa? Kukanganisa kana, sekutaura kunoita Vine, "deimperializing" hazvizove nyore. Iko kune kwakaomarara pasirese system yechengetedzo pacts yakavakirwa yakakomberedza mauto eU.S., kune macadres evashandi vehurumende uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanojaira kuita hondo, uye kune makuru makontrakta ekudzivirira ane simba rekubiridzira. Hapana imwe yeaya anozoenda nyore nyore.
Asi nekutsvaga kubatana pakati pezvigadziko nehondo, Vine yawana lever yakapusa uye inogona kunge ine simba yekufambisa masimba makuru ehurongwa. Iwe unoda rugare? Vhara mabhesheni. Mashoma mashoma emhiri kwemahombekombe angareva kudenha kushoma kwekunze, zvishoma zvinangwa zvekurwiswa, uye zvishoma zvinokurudzira Washington kugadzirisa matambudziko aro nekushandisa simba. Vine haatende kuti kudzikira kwesisitimu kunodzivirira Hondo dzeUS zvachose, asi nyaya yake yekuti kuita kudaro kwaizodzikamisa mvura kunonetsa kupokana.
Kuderedza chiuto chemuuto cheUS kunobatsira nedzimwe nzira futi. Mubhuku rake rapfuura Base Nation, Vine akaverenga kuti mabheseni emhiri kwemakungwa anodhura vanobhadhara mutero anodarika $ 70 bhiriyoni pagore. In United States yeHondo, anotaura kuti nhamba iyi inoderedza mutero wavo. Nekuda kwekuda kwavo kukurudzira hondo, kudzikisa huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekumhiri kwemakungwa kunogona kudzikisira mamwe madhiri ehondo, kuisa imwe dent muhomwe yevateresi vekuUS 'yakawanda $ 1.25 trillion yegore remauto. Mari iyo United States yakashandisa pane yayo yapfuura-9/11 hondo, Vine anonyora, aigona kunge akatsigira rubatsiro rwehutano kusvika pakukura pamwe nemakore maviri eMusoro Kutanga kune mumwe wevane mamirioni gumi nematatu evana vanogara muhurombo muUnited States, zvakare sevoruzhinji koreji kudzidza kwevadzidzi vane mamirioni makumi maviri nemasere, makumi maviri emakore ekuchengetedza hutano kune 13 miriyoni veterans, uye makore gumi emubhadharo wevanhu vane mamirioni mana vanoshanda mune yakachena simba mabasa
Iko kutengeserana-kure kwaive kure kure kuchikosha here? Parizvino, ruzhinji rwevakuru veUS vanofunga kuti hondo muIraq neAfghanistan dzaisakodzera kurwa. Ruzhinji rwema veterans vanonzwa nenzira iyoyo, futi. Uye zvakadiniko nenyika dzakadai seNiger, uko Vine inoverengera mabheseni masere eUS uye kwakafira varwi vana veUS mukuvandira mu2017? Tichifunga kuti maseneta anokosha anonzi haana kana kuziva kuti maive nemauto muNiger, zvakaoma kufungidzira nzvimbo yekutsigirwa kwakakurumbira kwebasa rinotyisa ikoko.
Veruzhinji vakaneta nehondo uye vanoita kunge vasingafarire-kana kunyatsoziva-mabhesi ekunze kwenyika anoita kuti kurwa kuenderere mberi. VaTrump vakatyisidzira kuvhara vamwe vavo kuti vatsigire madziro avo. Vine anonzwira tsitsi mutungamiri wenyika asi anoona kuridzwa kwaTrump kwe "kamwe-maonero enhema" sechiratidzo chekusagutsikana kuri kukura nechinzvimbo quo. Mubvunzo ndewekuti Joe Biden, sachigaro wenguva nhatu weSeneti Kunze Kwehukama Komiti, achacherekedza nekupindura kusagutsikana ikoko.
Biden anofanira. Takatorerwa nguva yakareba kune mutemo mutsva weUS wekune dzimwe nyika, iyo inoona sehondo sechinhu chinotyisa chinoda kururamisirwa kwete seyakatorerwa mamiriro ezvinhu kumashure. Trump aive, sevose vakamutangira kwemakumi emakore, mutungamiri wenguva yehondo. Ngatitarisirei kuti makore anouya anotiunzira chimwe chinhu chisingawanzoitika: nguva yerunyararo imwe.
Daniel Immerwahr anoshamwaridzana purofesa wenhoroondo kuNorthwestern University. Iye ndiye munyori we Kufunga Kudiki: United States uye Kukwezva kweKuvandudzwa Kwenharaunda uye Maitiro Ekuvanza Humambo.
