Chokwadi Chinyorwa: Mauto eUnited States muOkinawa

naJosefa Essertier, January 2, 2017

A 2014 Dememocracy Zvino chikamu chakabatsira vateereri vazhinji kuwana ruzivo rwakanaka rwekunetseka kwepasi rose pamusoro peUnited States zvigaro zvehondo muOkinawa, Japan. Heano humwe ruzivo rwemashoko pamusoro penyaya iyi inokosha.

Kusarura kuOkinawans

Vanhu veOkinawans vanosarurwa zvakanyanya nemaJapan neAmerica. Izvi, nokuda kwezvikonzero zviri pachena, nharo inowanzowanzobudiswa mumigwagwa yemugwagwa muJapane kupfuura mumutauro weChirungu masaisai makuru se New York Times uye Japan Times. The Japan Times rave riri pepanhau rakanyanyisa uye rakanyatsofambisa kufambiswa kwemashoko eOkinawa kupfuura mapepa makuru eJapan akanyorwa muchiJapane, zvakadai se Mainichi uye Yomiuri, asi Okinawa Times uye Ryukyu Shimpo mapepa akafukidzirwa nehutano hwehutano hwakanyanya zvakanyanya, uye vanoongorora nyaya dzechisarura. Ivewo ane hanya nekusarura kwevanhu vasati vachena mauto nevakadzi muuto reUnited States.

Hasha iyo vazhinji veOkinawans vanonzwa pamusoro pehurumende yeJapan inowanikwa zvikuru kubva munzira iyo ivo vechipiri-vagari vomuJapan uye kuti maJapan anoenderera sei kuvaona sekoloni, nzvimbo yakashata, uye chikamu cheJapan chinogona kupiwa kuitira kuchengetedza ropafadzo dzeJapan dzakadzivirirwa muJapan muHonshu (uko Tokyo neKyoto zviri), Kyushu, uye Shikoku. Vanhu vashomanana vepachiwi ichi chikuru vanogara pedyo nechepasi, sezvo 70% yezvigaro muJapan zviri muOkinawa Prefecture. Okinawans vanotakura mutoro wezvigaro uye vanorarama nekusachengeteka kwezuva nezuva uye ruzha. Ruzha rwendege yeOsprey yeuto reUnited States, iyo inosvika ku100 decibels munzvimbo dzine zvikoro uye inowanzodzivirira vana kuti vadzidze pavanenge vachivhiringidza, inofananidzira pfungwa iyo yokusarura iyo inoona chibayiro chehupenyu hweOkinawans hwekugara sepanyama uye yakakodzera.

Nheyo dzeOkinawa dzakarongeka

IU.S. yakashandisa izvi kurwisa North Korea neVietnam, uye vanogona kuzvishandisazve munguva yemberi kurwisa North Korea kana China. Kubva pamaonero evanhu veEast Asia, zvigadziro zvinotyisa zvikuru. Vakawanda vakwegura muEast Asia nyika nhasi vane zviratidzo zvakajeka, zvinotyisa zvinorangarira zvechisimba zveJapan munguva yehondo yechipiri Sino-Japanese (1937-45) uye Hondo yeAsia-Pacific (1941-45), pamwe nekurwa pakati peJapan uye MaAmerica. Kazhinji, maOkinawans vanoyeuka zvakanakisisa, asi kwaiva nehuwandu hwemhirizhonga mumaguta makuru eJapan apo mauto eAmerica aiva munguva pfupi pashure pehondo pasi pebasa reU.S.

Kunyanya, kupisa kwemoto kwemaguta ane napalm uye zviitiko zvechisimba zvepabonde uye zvakarangarirwa nevakwegura vechiJapan-avo vashomanana vachiri vapenyu nhasi. Okinawans, zvisinei, ivo vanonyanya kunzwa uye vane ruzivo rwakawanda rweMakore ehondo. Vanoyeuka mauto eJapan uye ultranationalism, uye vanonyatsoziva hurumende yehuttranationalist ikozvino inokurumidza kuisa upenyu hwavo pangozi. Sezvo John Pilger ataura mufirimu yake Kuuya Hondo kuChina, kune mazana ezvigaro zvakapoteredza China izvo zvingashandiswa sekutambisa pads pakurwisa China. Vakawanda vavo vari kuOkinawa.

Chisimba chepabonde

1. Kubvira ku1972, mushure mokunge Tokyo yakadzokazve kutonga pamusoro peOkinawa, pane zviitiko zvinopfuura zana zvekupamba zvakapiwa mapurisa ikoko. Muna 1972 the Ryukyu Islands neDaito Islands, iyo pamwe chete inoumba nzvimbo yeJapan inozivikanwa seOkinawa Prefecture, "yakadzokera" kuJapan, kureva, kuhurumende muTokyo. Asi pamberi peOkinawa zvichisanganiswa neJapan mu1879, chikwata cheRyukyu chakanga chiri hurumende yakazvimiririra, saka vaOkinawans vakanga vasina kufara zvikuru kudzorerwa kuJapan uye vazhinji vakaramba vachitsvaka rusununguko. Kune zvimwe zvakafanana nehupenyu hweHawaii, saka hurumende yeOkinawa neHawaii dzimwe nguva inobatanidza pane zviito zvezvematongerwe enyika. Kana zvakadaro ndakanzwa.
2. Uku kubatwa kweCNUMX yemusikana ane makore ane gumi nemana, iyo yakaita kuti kuwedzerwa kukuru kwechirwere chisingachinji, chaingova chimwe chezviuru zvehupombwe hwakataurwa. Zvechokwadi, nhamba chaiyo yekubatwa chibharo muOkinawa inowedzera nhamba yehupombwe hwakashushwa, sezvazvakangoitika muJapan munewo, apo mapurisa kazhinji? kazhinji? havatomborevi rekodhi kana mushumo wekubatwa chibharo apo vatsotsi vanoedza kutsvaka kururamisira. Kunyange zvisati zvaitika 1995, pakanga pave nechisimba chakasimba pamusoro pezvigadziro, uye chikamu chikuru chechikwata ichocho chaitungamirirwa neboka rekodzero dzevakadzi muOkinawa. Kushungurudzwa kwevana kwakagamuchira huwandu hwakanaka hwekutarisa muJapan munguva yemakore ekupedzisira e12 kana zvakadaro uye kufamba kunorwisana nekushungurudzwa kwepabonde muJapan kwakawana simba munguva ye1995s. Mamwe mazano ari kubhadharwa kuPTSD muJapan, zvakare. Nekutenda ikoko kwekodzero dzevanhu kune simba panguva imwe chete muJapan nehondo yeOkinawa yekuita rugare mumakore ekupedzisira e10, kune zvishoma zvishoma kuderera muJapan kumasoja eAmerica kurwisana zvepabonde zvevakadzi nevana veOkinawan, uye pane dzimwe nguva mhirizhonga kunze kweOkinawa vachanyatsoteerera kunyanya zvakanyatsorongedzwa uye zvinotyisa. Varwi dzimwe nguva vanoita mabasa echisimba zvepabonde pamusoro peJapan pane zvitsuwa zvina zvikuru, nguva dzose nguva dzose dziri pedyo nezvigadziro, zvakadai senheyo ye Yokosuka uye Misawa muAomori, asi pfungwa yangu ndeyokuti kune chirango chakasimba chemauto pazviwi izvi uye zvinowanikwa zvishoma kakawanda kupfuura kuOkinawa-kungobva pamusana pekucherechedza kwezvinyorwa zvepanhau pamakore.
3. Kenneth Franklin Shinzato's kubata nekuponda kwemahofisi ehofisi eOkinawan ane makore gumi nemana kuwedzera kuziva kwehondo yehondo yeUS yemauto kuJapan nekusimbisa kuramba kumabheseni eOkinawa. 
4. Nheyo idzi dzinofanirwa kusimbisa kuchengeteka kweJapan asi nehupombwe hwose uye kuuraya kwakaitika kumativi ose, uye kuwedzera kwekuAmerica kune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seNorth Korea, iro rimwe zuva rinogona kutora zvigaro zveOkinawa nemisasa yakareba , vazhinji veOkinawans vanofunga kuti zvidzidzo zvinowedzera upenyu hwavo. Vose veOkinawans vanoda zvitsuwa zvose kubva pachiwi chavo. Nharo yekare yokuti mabhesheni akanaka kune hupfumi hahugutsikane vazhinji veOkinawans mazuva ano. Tourism ndiyo imwe nyanzvi muOkinawa. Kune vashanyi vazhinji vanobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAsia, dzakadai seChina, avo vanopedza mari yakawanda muJapan mune zvekare asiwo kuOkinawa. Saka vane zvimwe zvingasarudzwa kuti zvive nehupfumi, uye havasi sepfuma sezvinoita vanhu pazvitsuwa zvina zvikuru. Sezvo iwe ungangodaro wakanzwa, vane chikafu chakanaka kwazvo, uye ane imwe yezvinhu zvakatarisa muupenyu zvinotarisirwa munyika.

Kusatenderwa Kusungwa Kwevasina Mhosva VaPurotesitendi

Pakavepo vanhu vakawanda vanofarira mune munyaya yemumiririri Yamashiro Hiroji.  Heano mamwe zvinongedzo zvinotsanangura kusaruramisira uye zvichida kumubata mhirizhonga kwaari achiri mujeri, pamwe chete kusunungurwa kubva mujeri.

Nei Japan Inobhadhara US Bases?

Mutoro wekubhadhara mari yezvikwata zveUnited States zvinowanikwa pamapfudzi evateresi veJapan. Makore e15 apfuura ndakanzwa kubva kune imwe nyanzvi uye anopesana nehondo anonzi Japan inobhadhara 10 nguva dzakawanda kune zvigaro zveUnited States kupfuura South Korea kana Germany. MaJapan akazara murima pamusoro pekuwanda kwevari kubviswa pamitero yavo, kuti mutoro mukuru sei mabheti aya. Japan pachake "Self-Defense Forces" (Ji ei tai) inosanganisirawo mari yakawanda, uye Japan inoshandisa zvakawanda muuto rayo sezvimwe dzimwe nyika dzine vanhu vakawanda vakafanana uye hupfumi.

Environmental Effects

1. Zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda zvakachengetwa kuOkinawa kwemazuva mazhinji kwenguva refu mumakore makumi emakore apfuura, kusanganisira makemikari, biological, uye zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvirwere zvemakemikari uye zvombo zvezvakakonzera zvakaparadza nzvimbo. Izvi zvakataurwa kakawanda. Ikoko kwakavewo nenjodzi dzinosanganisira zvombo zvenyukireya, zvichikonzera kufa kana kukuvara kumasoja eAmerica ikoko. Nyaya yezvombo zvenyukireya iri kungotanga kubuda. Hurumende yeJapan yakarevera vanhu vayo pamusoro peizvi.
2. Okinawa ine mahombekombe akanaka e-coral uye itsva yekuvaka kwekamba yeHenoko yakatoita kuti kuparadzwa kwakawanda kwekoral reef ikoko. Iroori reefodhi inogona kuurayiwa zvachose pasi uye yakakomberedza nheyo. (Zvimwe zvechitubu zvichawedzera mukati memvura).
3. Kuvakwa kwenheyo yeHenoko kunotyisidzira kuparadza "nzvimbo yekupedzisira" ye dugongs of Okinawa. Iyo dugong ihuru, yakanaka, kufadza gungwa rinokamhina rinodya gungwa uswa. Okinawan rudo rwezvisikwa zvinoita kuti vaise hutano hwemamwe mhuka nemhuka dziri mberi kwekurwa kwavo. Mafirimu akawanda ehondo anowanikwa muOkinawa anotanga nokutaura pamusoro pemiti uye mhuka dzinogara mugungwa dzakapoteredza zvitsuwa zveRyukyuan, nzvimbo yakasikwa iyo yakagara iri chikamu chikuru cheRyukyuan nzira youpenyu inotyisidzirwa nekuvakwa kwezvimwe zvivako ipapo. Mirairo yekuvaka yeHenoko neTakae inondiyeuchidza njodzi yeExx Valdez mupfungwa iyoyo, uye kuti njodzi iyoyo yakakanganisa sei mararamiro uye mararamiro ese evanhu veAmerica muAlaska.

Anti-Basics Activism

85% yeOkinawans inopesana nezvigadziro uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru kune zvakasimba kushorwa ndezvokuti vaOkinawans vanhu vane rudo. Ndinofunga zvakakosha kutaura kuti huwandu hwavo hwekusava nehanya nehondo hukuru kune huwandu hwokuramba kupesana nehutongi pakati peJapan muvanhu vose. (IJapan vanowanzorwisana nehondo. Zvechokwadi kune maJapan akawanda anorwa nehondo yakawanda kupfuura vaAmerica vanorwisana nehondo munharaunda). Vanhu veOkinawans vanopesana zvakanyanya nemhando ipi neipi yechisimba kune vamwe vanhu muAsia. Havasi kungova nechinangwa chekudzivirira hupenyu hwavo pachavo asi vakanyatsogadzirisa nezvehondo uye rugare nenyaya dzekudyidzana kwenyika dzose, uye hupombwe hwehondo ndechimwe chikamu chekurwisana kwavo kwehondo. Vanonyatsoziva kuti nyika yavo uye zvigadzirwa zvakashandiswa sei neJapane kuti zvikuvadze vanhu vekare vaimbova madzimambo eUmambo hweJapan uye nyika dzakapinda neJapan uye kuti dzakashandiswa sei nevaAmerica kukuvadza vanhu mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda.

Chinyorwa 9 cheBumbiro reJapan

Japan ine "rugare runyararo," yakasiyana munyika yose uye inogamuchirwa zvakanaka uye yakakurumbira muJapan. Vamwe vanhu vane maonero ekuti mutemo wakagadziriswa navo neUnited Occupation, asi chaizvoizvo, mutemo unobvumirana nemasimba masimba akange ari kutambirwa ne 1920s uye 1930s. Chinyorwa 9 chebumbiro idzva rinorambidza Japan kuti isasvike nyika chero ipi zvayo uye kusvikira ichirwiswa kutanga. "Kutaura nomwoyo wose rugare rwomunyika yose rwunobva kururamisiro uye kurongeka, vanhu veJapan vanoramba zvachose hondo semuzinda wekutonga wevanhu uye kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwesimba senzira yekugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenyika dzose ... Kuti azadzise chinangwa chemurairo wapfuura , nyika, gungwa, uye masimba emhepo, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinogona kurwisana nehondo, haazombochengetwi. Kodzero ye belligerency wehurumende haazozivikanwi. "Nemamwe mazwi, Japan haibvumirwi kuva nehondo yakamira uye" kuzvidzivirira "maitiro ayo haisi pamutemo. Period.

Dzimwe Nhoroondo Yakare

Muna 1879 hurumende yeJapan yakanyora Okinawa. Yakanga iri umambo huzvimirire, kunyanya muzita, asi kurwisana kwevaOkinawans uye kushandiswa kwemari kwevaJapan kubva kune zviwi zvikuru (izvo zvinosanganisira Honshu, Shikoku, neKyushu) zvakanga zvatova zvakanyanya munguva yekutanga ye17th century. Izvo kushandiswa kwakaenderera mberi kusvikira panguva ye 1879, apo hurumende muTokyo yakatanga kurongedza uye yakanyatsotonga maOkinawans uye marudzi matsva ekushandiswa akaiswa nehurumende itsva muTokyo, iyo yakatungamirirwa naMambo Meiji (1852-1912). (Kuenzaniswa neOkinawa, Hokkaido yakanga iri itsva kutsvaga hurumende muTokyo, uye ikoko kuurawa kwevanhu vomunharaunda, inonzi Ainu, yakagadzwa, kwete kusiyana nekuparadzwa kwevanhu vemuAmerica muU.SA neCanada Asi Okinawa neHokkaido vakanga vari zvose zviri kuongorora kwekutanga muhurumende nehurumende yeMeiji Nhoroondo dzekare dzinonzi zita remambo.Mambo weMeiji akatonga kubva ku1868-1912). ChiJapan kubva kuSatsuma Domain (kureva, guta reKagoshima uye zvizhinji zveChitachi Kyushu) rakanga rakatonga uye rakashandisa Okinawa kwemakore anopfuura 250 kusvikira hurumende muTokyo yakanyora Okinawa. Vazhinji vevakuru vehurumende avo vakashandira hurumende itsva muTokyo vaibva kumhuri dzine simba dzehondo uye mhuri dziri muSatsuma, saka vazhinji vezvizvarwa zvevaya vaidzvinyirira vaOkinawans vakaramba vachibatsirwa nekudzvinyirirwa / kudzvinyirirwa kweOkinawans mu "Japan yemazuva ano." ( Mutsara wokuparadzanisa, kuparadzanisa "premodern Japan" kubva "kuJapan yemazuva ano" kazhinji 1868, iyo iyo apo Meiji Emperor akatora kutonga kwehurumende kubva kuShogunate kana "bakufu", kureva, Tokugawa "shogunate" -izvoizvo nheyo, kunyange zvazvo hazviwanzozivikanwa se "dynasty.")

200,000 Okinawans vakaurayiwa muHondo yeOkinawa. Chiwi cheOkinawa chinenge chiyero che Long Long muNew York, saka iyi yaiva yehuwandu yevanhu. Yaiva chimwe chezviitiko zvinotyisa zvikuru muOkinawan / Ryukyuan. Izvo zvakaita kuti kuve nekusvibiswa kwakaipisisa kwehupenyu nekuda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, sezvo nyika yakanakisisa yepamusoro-soro yakatorwa neuto reUnited States, uye kusvikira nhasi, zvishoma zvishoma zvepasi zvakadzorerwa. Hondo yeOkinawa yakabva muna 1 April kusvika 22 June 1945, uye vazhinji vechidiki veAmerica, zvakare, vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo ipapo. June 23rd, kureva, zuva rakatevera zuva rokupedzisira reHondo yeOkinawa, inonzi "Okinawa Chirangaridzo Zuva" uye iri zororo revanhu muOkinawa. Zuva rino rakakosha kuOkinawans, uye iro rinokosha zuva revarwi vehondo vari muJapan, asi hazvizivikanwi sezororo kunze kweOkinawa Prefecture. Hazviremekedzwi, zvinorangarirwa, kana kunyange kurangarirwa nenzira ipi neipi neJapan pamahombekombe makuru, zvisinei nekuti Okinawan anorarama uye dzimba dzaibayirwa nekuda kwevanhu pazvitsuwa zvikuru, uye nenzira iyoyo, vanhu pane zviwi zvikuru zvakakweretwa kuOkinawans nekuda kwekuti sei maOkinawans akabayirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kubva ku1945 kusvika nhasi.

IU.S. yakabata muChinawa Island kubva kuOkinawans mu1945, ikaba nyika kubva kuOkinawans, ikavaka zvigaro zvehondo zvese pachitsuwa ichi, uye yakatungamira kusvika 1972. Asi kunyange mushure mekudzoka kweOkinawa kuJapan, zvigaro zvakaramba zvichivapo uye chisimba chinopesana nevanhu veOkinawa nemauto eAmerica akaenderera mberi-kureva, chisimba nenzira yekuuraya, kubata, nezvimwewo.

MaOkinawans anowanzonzi "Ryukyuan people" nevanodzidza. Pano pane / maiva nemitauro yakawanda inotaurirwa muchechi yeRyukyuan, saka kune tsika dzakasiyana-siyana kunyange pakati peRyukyuans (sezvinongova nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana mumarudzi ose muJapan.) Nyika yemazuva ano yakasikwa mu1868 yakatanga kuparadza hutsika hwemararamiro, inangwa kuenzanisa zvizhinji zveyika, asi kusiyana kwemitauro kwakaramba kuchiomesa). Zita reChitsuwa cheOkinawa-chitsuwa chikuru che "Okinawa Prefecture" mumutauro wemo "Uchinaa". Kushandiswa kweRyukyuan dialects kunoonekwa kakawanda mukurwisana kwehondo uye kupikiswa kwevadzidzi veOkinawan, senzira yekusimbisa kukosha kwetsika dzavo, vachiziva kuti vakagadziriswa sei nenyika yeJapan, uye vachiratidza kukwikwidzana kwekoloni iyoyo-iyo yose ikoroni uye kukoloni kwepfungwa / mwoyo inotungamirira kudzidzira kwemaJapan kusarura kwemaRyukyuans.

Hazvirevi zvakanyanya kukurukurwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare kana dzimwe nyanzvi dzekuEast Asia zvidzidzo asi zvakakosha pakunzwisisa nhoroondo yeOkinawan uye yekuKorea nhoroondo inozivikanwa se "NSC 48 / 2." Kukurukura pano kubva munyaya yangu muCompterPunch munaOctober, Open Open Policy vakatungamirirwa kune dzimwe hondo zvekupindira, asi veUnited States havana kutotanga kushingaira kuedza kuparadza mafungiro eAnticolonial kuEast Asia, maererano ne [Bruce] Cumings, kusvikira 1950 National Security Council ichitaura 48 / 2, iyo yaiva makore maviri mukugadzira . Yakange iine musoro unoti "Nzvimbo yeUnited States nekuremekedza Asia" uye yakagadzira hurongwa hutsva hwakanga huri "husingafungirwi zvachose pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II: inogadzirira kupindira nemauto nekurwisana kweanticolonial muEast Asia -kutanga Korea, ipapo Vietnam, pamwe neChinese Revolution semashure makuru. "Iyi NSC 48 / 2 yakaratidza kushorwa ne" huwandu hwekushanda. "Nemamwe mazwi, zvingava zvakanaka kune dzimwe nyika dziri kumabvazuva kweAsia kuti dzive nemisika, asi hatidi ivo vachikudziridza huwandu hwekushanda kwekushanda sezvakaitwa neU.S., nokuti ipapo vachakwanisa kukwikwidzana nesu muminda umo tine "kuenzanisa kunobatsira." Ichi ndicho icho NSC 48 / 2 inonzi "kudada kwenyika uye chido," izvo " kudzivisa dhigirii inokosha yekubatana kwepasi rose. "(https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/10/31/americas-open-door-policy-may-have-led-us-to-the-brink-of-nuclear-annihilation/)

Kunyora kwaNSC 48 / 2 kwakatanga kuitika ku1948. Izvi zvinowirirana zvakaenzana nekutanga kwezvinonzi "Kudzoka Kwakaitika," kuchinja kukuru muhurumende yeUnited States kuJapan kunyanya asiwo nenzira yakananga South Korea. NSC 48 / 2 uye Reverse Course zvakanyanya kukanganisa Okinawa, zvakare, sezvo Okinawa ndiyo yaiva nheyo huru kubva kuAsia, Vietnam uye dzimwe nyika dzaizotangwa. I "Reverse Course" yaiva dambudziko mumashure evanhu vose vakarwa kuti vauye kuguma kwechiuto cheJapan nehurumende, pamwe chete nemashure eKorea, avo vakarwa nekuda kwekuzvimirira pamwe nevarwi veAmerica, avo vakarwa panguva Hondo neJapan. Icho chakanga chave chikafu mushure meJapanese ye liberal uye yakasiyiwa iyo yaibvumirana neMacArthur yekudzikinura mitemo pakutanga kweEpupation period, panguva ye1945 ne1946. In1947 yakasarudzwa kuti mishonga yeJapan yaizove zvakare "musangano weEast uye Southeast Asia," uye kuti Japan ne South Korea dzichagamuchira rubatsiro kubva kuWashington nekudzoka kwezvemari pamwe chete neMarshall Plan muEurope. (Chimwe chinhu chakakura pano muHashington chisarudzo chekudzosera nzira ndiyo yeChinese Communist Party iyo yakaratidzika kuva kukunda munguva yeHondo Yenyika muChina, sezvakazoita mu1949). Imwe mutsara mumashoko kubva Munyori weGeorge Marshall kuDean Acheson munaJanuary 1947 inoshandisa mutemo weUnited States kuKorea uyo unenge uripo kubvira gore iroro kusvikira 1965, "kuronga hurumende yakasimba yeSouth Korea uye kuungana kwayo hupfumi neyekuJapan. "Acheson akabudirira Marshall semunyori wehurumende kubva ku1949 kusvika ku1953. "Akava mutungamiri wepakati mukati wekuchengetedza kumaodzanyemba kweKorea munharaunda yeAmerica neJapan simba, uye oga-handly scripted kupindira kweAmerica muHondo yeKorea." (Anenge zvose mashoko uye zvinyorwa pano zvakabva pane zvakanyorwa naBruce Cumings , kunyanya bhuku rake Hondo yeKorea). Iyi Inoshandiswa Nayo yakanga yakafanana neMarshall Plan yeEurope uye yakaita mari yakawanda yekuAmerica uye kugovana kwekambaniki uye pfuma kuJapan ne South Korea.

"Hondo yeKorea" yakatanga muna June 1950, apo North Korea hondo "yakapinda" (nyika yavo) maererano nehurumende yeUnited States, asi hondo inopisa muKorea yakanga yatotanga kare kare 1949, uye kwaiva nehuzhinji hwechisimba mu 1948, zvakare. Uyezve, midzi yehondo iyi inodzokera kumasangano akatanga muna 1932 apo maKorea akatanga mutambo mukuru wevanhu vanopesana nekolonialist mukurwisana nevana vechiJapan muManchuria. Kurwisana kwavo nekutonga kwechikoloni kweJapan kwakava kurwisana neAmerica neo-colonialism uye mutongi Syngman Rhee munguva yekupedzisira 1940s. Kuputika kukuru kweKorea kwakauraya mamiriyoni eKorea mu "chibayiro," uye haana kusiya chivako chakamira muNorth Korea uye chakaparadzawo vazhinji veSouth Korea, zvingadai zvisina kuitwa pasina zvigaro muOkinawa. Zvigaro zveOkinawa zvakashandiswa zvakare nokuti bhomba rinomhanyira kuVietnam.

Mune 1952 Japan yakawana uchangamire zvakare kuburikidza nehurumende yeWashington yekuda kuti Korea neChina zvisiyane kubva murugare. Izvi zvakaita kuti zviome kuJapan kukumbira ruregerero uye kuita zvekuyananisa nevakidzani vayo. Zvakare, zvinotevera ndezvinyorwa kubva kuConterPunch yenyaya yangu: Munyori wenhau dzakaitika wePulitzer Prize John Dower anorondedzera chiitiko chinotyisa chakatevera kubva kune zvibvumirano zviviri zvorugare zveJapan zvakatanga kushanda pazuva iro Japan rakadzokerazve huchangamire 28 April 1952: " Japan rakadziviswa kubva pakufamba zvakanaka kuburikidza nekuyananisa nekudzokazve nevakidzani veAsia vari pedo. Kuita runyararo kwakanonoka. "Washington yakavhara runyararo runyararo pakati peJapan nevakadzi vavakidzani vaviri iyo yakakonzera, Korea neChina, nekuisa" rugare rwakasiyana "rwakasina maKorea pamwe neChina Republic of China (PRC) kubva pane zvose. Washington yakagadzirisa ruoko rweJapan kuti ruwane kubatana kwavo nekutyisidzira kupfuurira basa rakatanga naGeneral Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) Sezvo Japan ne South Korea hazvina kusimbisa hukama kusvika munaJune 1965, uye chibvumirano cherugare pakati peJapan uye iyo PRC haina kuiswa chisimbiso kusvikira 1978, pakanga pasina nguva refu, panguva iyo maererano neMvura, "Mavanga nemarwadzo anorwadza emasimba, kupindira, uye kushandiswa zvakasara kuti zvifambe-zvisingaiti uye zvisingawanikwi muJapan.Zvino zvakasununguka zvakasununguka Japan zvakanga vakagadzirirwa mukana wekutarisa kumabvazuva kumativi ose ePacific kuenda kuAmerica kunodzivirira uye, zvechokwadi, nokuda kwechimiro chavo sevanhu. "Nokudaro Washington yakaendesa chikamu pakati peJapan kune rumwe rutivi neKorea neChinese pane imwe, ichiramba chiJapane mukana kufungisisa pamusoro pemabasa avo ehondo, kukumbira ruregerero, uye kuvakazve ushamwari. Kusarura kweJapan kune vaKorea neChina kunonyatsozivikanwa, asi vashomanana vanonzwisisa kuti Washington inofanirawo kupomera mhosva.

Muna 1953 Hondo yeKorea yakaguma nekukundikana kukuru. Washington haina kukunda, sezvo isina kukwanisa kunyanya hondo dzakawanda kubvira 1945. Kutora zvinyorwa kubva kwandiri "Ngatitangei Kuzorora Zvinyorwa izvi pamusoro peSouth-North Korea Relations," hondo yevagari vemo haina kupera nerunyararo runyararo uye nzira yekuyananisa asi kungoita zvekudzivirira mu1953. Hondo yehondo yakasiya yakazarura mukana weHondo iri kutangazve panguva ipi zvayo. Ichokwadi ichi, kuti hondo haina kukonzera kugadzirisa rugare murugare rwehurumende, inongova imwe yenjodzi dzayo uye inofanirwa kuonekwa seimwe yehondo dzinotyisa zvikuru mumazuva ano. Izvo nehondo, maKorea vose vari kuchamhembe nemaodzanyemba vave vachikwanisa kuve nerunyararo, asi rugare rwavo rwenguva pfupi uye haruna chokwadi. Pane kusabvumirana pamusoro pekuti Hondo yeKorea (1950-53, iyo yakatarwa yakatarwa yeHondo iyo inofarira nyaya inofanirwa neWashington) yaiva hondo yevagari vemo kana kuti hondo yeproxy. Kune dzimwe humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe hwematongerwo enyika kubva kuUnited States uye Soviet Union dzakabatanidzwa, asi kana mumwe achifunga nezvemidzi yehondo, iyo inodzokera kumashure kusvika ku1932 apo hondo yakaoma yehondo yevaKorea inopikisana nevaKoloni vomuJapan muManchuria yakatanga, ini ne Bruce Kubvuma kuti mumutauro wayo, iyo / yaiva hondo yevagari vemo. Chimwe chinhu muhondo iyi isingambokurukurwa asi chimwe chinonyanya kukosha chinokonzera hondo ndechekuda kwevaKorea vazhinji kugoverwa kwakanyanya kwepfuma. Mune mamwe mazwi, hazvina kungoita hondo pakati pehurumende iri kuchamhembe uye hurumende yakasungwa neWashington kumaodzanyemba, asi kusaruramisira kwekirasi (zvichida kunyange "caste") kusaenzana kunodzokera kumashure ekare kare muKorea. Uranda hwakanga husingagumi kusvikira pakuguma kwezana remakore re19, mashoma makumi emakore mushure mokunge yapera muAmerica.

Resources

Vamwe veOkinawa nyanzvi:

1. Yamashiro Hiroji, mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira varwi uye vanopesana nheyo dzevashandi muOkinawa, uyo akanga achangobva kusaruramisira uye zvichida akavharirwa uye asingabvumirwi nomutemo uye akashungurudzwa, kana asina kutambudzwa, mujeri
2. Douglas Lummis (http://apjjf.org/-C__Douglas-Lummis)
3. Jon Mitchell anonyora kuti Japan Times
4. John Junkerman, mukuru wefirimu yakanakisisa "Japan's Peace Constitution" (http://cine.co.jp/kenpo/english.html) uye mamwe mafirimu anotarisana nevana veOninawa veUnited States (http://apjjf.org/2016/22/Junkerman.html)
5. Chikwata cheMarudzi Chevakadzi kune Rugare uye Rusununguko
6. Takazato Suzuyo, feminist peace activist (http://apjjf.org/2016/11/Takazato.html)
7. John Dower, munyori wezvakaitika kare weAmerica
8. Gavan McCormack, munyori wenhau dzakaitika muAustralia
9. Steve Rabson, aimbova musungwa weuto uye munyori wenhau dzakaitika muUnited States: http://apjjf.org/2017/19/Rabson.html
10. Satoko Oka Norimatsu, mutungamiri weRugare Philosophy Center, sangano rekudzidzisa runyararo muVancouver, Canada, rine bhuku rakaverengwa-rakawanda rechiJapan neChirungu peacephilosophy.com
11. Katharine HS Moon, purofesa wezvematongerwe enyika akanyora pamusoro pechisimba chechisimba zvepabonde muEast Asia (http://apjjf.org/-Katharine-H.S.-Moon/3019/article.html)
12. Caroline Norma, mumwe wevanyori vepamusoro pamusoro pekutengesa zvepabonde akanyora pamabhizimisi ekutsvaga zvepabonde muJapan kubva ku1920s uye ku1940s, uye kuti hurumende yeJapan yakashandura sei zvirongwa zvakagadzirwa nemabhizimisi kuti iise "vakadzi vanonyaradza" (hurumende -kubatwa chibharo chechikwata) system, ndiye munyori webhuku idzva IJapan Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery panguva yeChina uye Pacific Wars (2016). (http://www.abc.net.au/news/caroline-norma/45286)

Sources of news and analysis:

1. Pari kure, magazini inonyanya kukosha yeChirungu yekutaura chiChirungu vanorwisa varwi ndeye Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).
2. Asi sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, mapepa emutauro weChirungu weOkinawan, akadai Okinawa Times uye Ryukyu Shimpo, rinovhara musangano we-anti-base mune zvakanyatsonaka, nenzira yakadzika kupfuura yeJapan Times kana mamwe mapeji emutauro wechiChirungu kunze kweOkinawa.
3. SNA Shingetsu News Agency rine pepanhau rekutsvaga rekuInternet iro rave riri kupa mashoko kubva pakuona kwekufambira mberi uye dzimwe nguva inobata nyaya dzehondo, dzakadai sehurumende yeJapan yakakurumidza kugadzirisa mitemo yavo yekugadzirisa (kureva, kuvandudza rudzi rwemasoja aigona kukwanisa zvakare kubudisa kirasi A hondo mhombwe), http://shingetsunewsagency.com
4. The Asahi Shinbun yakanga iri yepanhau rakanaka rakasara-rakanyunyisa muJapan, asi vakasiya basa ravo rekare kuti vaite * pane dzimwe nguva * vachifumura zvisiri izvo zvehurumende yeJapan munguva pfupi uye vorega kunyora pamusoro pezvinhu zvakashata zvezvakaitika kare, zvakadai se "vakadzi vanonyaradza" uye kuuraya kweNanking. "Ipapepanhau rakasara-rakanyarara, iro guru chete ikozvino, ndiro Tokyo Shinbun, asi zvinosuruvarisa, zvakasiyana nevakuru vekare Asahi, havaparidzi muchiChirungu, kuzivo yangu. Tanga tichishandura shanduro dzezvinyorwa zvavo zvakanaka kwazvo muJapane pane Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (http://apjjf.org).

Mimhanzi yekufuridzirwa:

Kawaguchi Mayumi, singer songwriter and anti-base activist from Kyoto. Iwe unogona kuona mazana mavhidhiyo ekuimba kwake pamusangano paYouTube kana iwe ukatsvaga nezita rake muchiJapane: 川口 真 由 美. Ndiye mumwe wevanhu vakakurumbira vaimhanya vachirwisana nezvigadziro, asi pane vamwe vakawanda vakanaka, vanoridzika mimhanzi vakazvibatanidza neboka, vachiita mimhanzi mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasanganisira mimhanzi yevanhu, dombo, kudhakwa, uye mimhanzi yekuedza.