Jenerali Philip Sheridan, aparadza mapurazi muVirginia munguva yeHondo Yenyika, akaparadza makungu eAmerica emombe semugariro wekudzivirira vanhu vekuAmerica kuti vasachengetedze. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona nyika yeEurope yakaparadzwa nemigero uye gashuvhu. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, vaNorwegi vakatanga kutenderera mumipata yavo, nepo Dutch yakazara chetatu cheminda yavo, maGermany akaparadza masango eCzech, uye mabritish akapisa masango muGermany neFrance.
Hondo mumakore achangopfuura dzakaita kuti nzvimbo huru dzisagare uye dzakagadzira makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri. Hondo "inokwikwidza chirwere chinotapukira sechikonzero chepasi rose chekukuvara nekufa," sekureva kwaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Kutsamira kunokamura kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nehondo munzvimbo ina: "kugadzirwa uye kuyedzwa zvombo zvenyukireya, kuputika kwemuchadenga uye kwemahombekombe kwenzvimbo, kupararira nekushingirira kwezvimbambaira uye zvakavigwa, uye kushandiswa kana kuchengetwa kwevanodzora mauto, chepfu, nemarara."
Kuongorora zvombo zvenyukireya kwakaitwa neUnited States neSoviet Union kwakayedza kanokwana mazana mana nemakumi mana nematatu ekuyedzwa kwemuchadenga pakati pa423 na1945 uye 1957 bvunzo dzepasi pevhu pakati pa1,400 na1957. Kukuvara kwemwaranzi iyoyo hakusati kwazivikanwa zvizere, asi kuchiri kupararira, sezvazviri ruzivo rwekare. Tsvagurudzo nyowani muna1989 yakaratidza kuti bvunzo dzeChinese dzenyukireya pakati pa2009 na1964 dzakauraya vanhu vazhinji zvakananga kupfuura kuyedzwa kwenyukireya kwerimwe nyika. Jun Takada, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeJapan, akaverenga kuti vanosvika mamirioni e1996 vanhu vakaoneswa pasi uye 1.48 yavo vanogona kunge vakafa nezvirwere zvine chekuita nemwaranzi kubva kumaChinese bvunzo. MuUnited States, kuyedzwa muma190,000 kwakatungamira kuzviuru zvisingaverengeki zvevakafa kubva pagomarara muNevada, Utah, neArizona, nzvimbo dzinodzikira zvakanyanya kubva pakuyedzwa.
Muna 1955, mutambi wemubhaisikopo John Wayne, uyo akadzivisa kutora chikamu muHondo Yenyika II nekusarudza kuita mafirimu anokudza hondo, akafunga kuti aifanira kutamba Genghis Khan. Mukundi akatorwa vhidhiyo muUtah, uye mukundi akakundwa. Pakati pevanhu mazana maviri nemakumi maviri vaishanda pafirimu, nekutanga kwema220 makumi mapfumbamwe nevasere vavo vakabatwa nekenza uye makumi mana nevatanhatu vakafa, kusanganisira John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, uye director Dick Powell. Statistics inoratidza kuti makumi matatu makumi maviri nemakumi maviri angave akabatwa kenza, kwete makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe. Muna 1980 mauto akange aedza mabhomba eatomu gumi nerimwe pedyo neNevada, uye kuma91s hafu yevagari vemuSt. George, Utah, pakapfurwa firimu, gomarara. Unogona kumhanya kubva kuhondo, asi haugone kuvanda.
Masoja aiziva kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaizovhiringidza avo vakaderera, uye vaongorore zvigumisiro, vachiita zvakanaka mukuedza kwevanhu. Mune dzimwe dzidzo dzakawanda panguva uye mumakumi emakore mushure meHondo Yenyika II, mukupokana kweNuremberg Code ye1947, mauto neCIA vakaisa varwi vemauto, vasungwa, varombo, avo vakaremara mupfungwa, uye vamwe vanhu kuedza kusingazivi kwevanhu chinangwa chekuedza zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, uye zvigadziriswa, pamwe chete nemishonga yakadai seLSD, iyo iyo United States yakatosvika pakuisa mumhepo nekudya kweimwe musha weFrance mu1951, ine migumisiro inotyisa uye yakaipa.
Mushumo wakagadzirirwa mu1994 weUnited States Senate yeVeterans Affairs inotanga:
"Pakati pemakore ekupedzisira e50, mazana emakumi ezviuru zvevashandi ave achibatanidzwa mukuedza kwevanhu nekumwe kusununguka kunofambiswa kwakaitwa neDhipatimendi reDzivi (DOD), kazhinji pasina ruzivo rwe servicemember kana kubvumirana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, masoja akabvumirana kushanda senhau dzevanhu vakazviwana ivo pachavo vachiita zvekuenzanisa zvakasiyana zvikuru neavo vakarondedzerwa panguva yavakazvipira. Semuenzaniso, zviuru zveHondo yeHondo Yenyika II iyo yakatanga kuzvipira 'kuedza zvipfeko zvezhizha' mukutsinhanisa imwe nguva yekusimuka, yakazviwanira mumakamuri emagetsi kuongorora migumisiro yemafodhi yemasitadhi neyewisite. Uyezve, mauto dzimwe nguva akarayirwa nekuraira vakuru vakuru kuti 'vazvipira' kuti vabatanidzwe mukutsvakurudza kana kutarisana nemigumisiro yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vePersian Gulf War veterans vakabvunzurudzwa nevashandi veKomiti vakataura kuti vakayirwa kuti vaite zvirongwa zvekuedza panguva yeOp Operation Desert Shield kana kutarisana nejeri. "
Mharidzo yakazara ine mhere-mhere yakawanda pamusoro pekuvanzika kwemauto uye inoratidza kuti zvitsva zvayo zvinogona kunge zvichinyanya kuvhara pamusoro pezvakavanzwa.
Muna 1993, Munyori weAmerica weUnited States akabudisa zvinyorwa zveU.S. kuongororwa kwe plutonium pamusana pekusaziva vanhu veUnited States mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Newsweek yakataura zvakajeka, musi waDecember 27, 1993:
"Masayendisiti avo ainge aita zviratidzo izvi kare kare vaine zvikonzero zvine musoro: kurwisana neSoviet Union, kutya kwemauto enyukireya ari pedyo, kudiwa nokukurumidza kwekuzarura zvose zvakavanzika zveatomu, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose zvehondo uye zvekurapa."
O, zvakanaka zvese zvakanaka ipapo.
Nzvimbo dzekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya muWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapisa mhepo inopoteredza nzvimbo dzakapoteredza pamwe nevashandi vavo, kupfuura 3,000 avo vakagadzirirwa mubhadharo mu2000. Apo my 2009-2010 book tour yakanditora kune mamwe maguta e50 akapoteredza nyika, ndakashamisika kuti vazhinji vezvikwata zvemaguta muguta neguta vainyanya kufunga nezvekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwezvigadzirwa zvezvombo zvekudenga kune avo vashandi vane rubatsiro kubva kune hurumende dzenharaunda, kunyange kupfuura ivo vainyanya kufunga nezvekumisa hondo muIraq neAngland.
MuKansas City, vagari vashandi vakanga vachangobva kunonoka uye vakanga vachitsvaka kudzivisa kuendeswa mberi nekuwedzerwa kwefekitari huru yezvombo. Zvinoratidzika kuti Mutungamiri Harry Truman, uyo akange aita zita rake nekupikisa tsvina pamusoro pezvombo, akadyara fekitari kumusha yakasvibisa nyika uye mvura kwemakore anopfuura 60 apo ichigadzirisa zvikamu zvekufa izvo zvinoshandiswa chete neTruman chete. Imba yega, asi mutero wepa-break-subsidized inogona kuenderera mberi kubudisa, asi pamwero mukuru, 85 muzana yezvikamu zvezvombo zvenyukireya.
Ndakabatana nevanopindira vomunharaunda munharaunda yekupikisa kunze kwemasuwo emagetsi, kufanana nekupikisa kwandave ndiri chikamu chezviitiko muNebraska neTennessee, uye rubatsiro kubva kune vanhu vanotyaira rwakanga rwakawanda: humwe humwe humwe hunoita hunoonekwa hwakanaka kudarika zvakaipa. Mumwe murume akaisa motokari yake pachiedza akatiudza kuti mbuya vake vakanga vafa nekenza mushure mekuita bhomba imomo mu1960s. Maurice Copeland, uyo aiva chikamu chekupikisa kwedu, akanditaurira kuti aizoshanda pamiti yemakore 32. Apo motokari yakabuda kunze kwemagedhi aiva nemurume uye musikana anosemwerera, Copeland akataura kuti zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvaiva pamapfekete emurume wacho uye kuti angave akambundira musikana muduku uye zvichida akamuuraya. Handikwanise kutsigira kuti chii, kana chimwe chinhu, chaiva pamapfekete emurume, asi Copeland akati zviitiko zvakadaro zvaive chikamu chemuganda weKansas City kwemaakumi emakore, asina hurumende, kana wega wega (Honeywell), kana hurumende yevashandi (International Association of Machinists) kunyatsozivisa vashandi kana vanhu.
Nekugadziriswa kweMutungamiri Bush pamwe neMutungamiri Obama mu2010, vapikisi vekutsvaira kwekudyara kwechibage vaitarisira kuchinja, asi Obama hurumende yakapa basa racho rutsigiro rwakakwana. Guta hurumende inokurudzira kushanda semupi wemabasa uye mutero wemari. Sezvatichaona mune chikamu chinotevera chechitsauko chino, chakanga chisiri.
Kugadzirwa kwezvombo ndiko kushoma kwazvo. Mabhomba asiri enyukireya muHondo Yenyika II akaparadza maguta, mapurazi, uye madiridziro, zvichigadzira mamirioni makumi mashanu evapoteri nevanhu vakatiza misha. Bhomba reUS reVietnam, Laos, neCambodia rakaburitsa mamirioni gumi nevapoteri, uye kusvika pakupera kwegore ra50 kwaive nevapoteri vanosvika mamirioni gumi nemashanu nemakumi mashanu pasi rose. Hondo refu yevagari vemo muSudan yakatungamira kunzara imomo muna 17. Hondo yevagari vemo ine hutsinye yeRwanda yakasaidzira vanhu munzvimbo dzinogarwa nemhuka dziri panjodzi, kusanganisira gorilla. Iko kusuduruka kwevagari kutenderera pasirese kuenda kunzvimbo dzisingagarike kwakakuvadza zvisikwa zvakanyanya.
Hondo dzinosiya zvakasara zvikuru. Pakati pe1944 ne1970, mauto eUnited States akaputira zvombo zvakawanda zvemakemikari muAtlantic nePacific. Muna 1943 mabhomba eGermany akanga avhara chikepe cheUnited States kuBari, Italy, icho chakanga chiri kutakura mamiriyoni mapaundi emasitadhi gasi. Vazhinji vevakepe vekuUnited States vakafa nehupfu, iyo iyo United States isina kutendeseka ichitaura kuti yakashandisa se "kudzivisa," pasinei nekuiita yakavanzika. Ngarava inotarisirwa kuchengetedza gasi mugungwa kwemazana emakore. Munguva iyi United States neJapan zvakasara pamusoro pezvikepe zve1,000 pasi pePacific, kusanganisira mabhazi emotokari. Muchi2001, imwe ngarava, USS Mississinewa yakawanikwa ichichera mafuta. Muna 2003 mauto akabvisa mafuta api ayo aigona kubva pakuparara.
Zvichida zvombo zvinouraya zvakasara shure kwehondo ndezvimbambaira uye mabhasi emasumbu. Mazana emamiriyoni avo anofungidzirwa kunge avete pasi pose, asingazivi chero zviziviso zvorugare zvakaziviswa. Vazhinji vavo vakaurayiwa vagari vemo, vazhinji vavo vana. A 1993 US State State report yakadana migodhi yemigodhi "inonyanya kuora uye yakasvibiswa yakasangana nevanhu." Migodhi yemiguta inokuvadza zvakasikwa mumamiriro mana, anonyora Jennifer Leaning achiti:
"Kutya kwemigodhi kunoramba kubatikana kwezvinhu zvizhinji zvekunyama uye nyika inobhururuka; vanhu vanomanikidzwa kutungamira zvakasarudzwa munzvimbo dzakasununguka uye dzisina simba kuitira kuti dzirege kudzivirira minda; iyi kuenderera mberi kunomhanya kuderera kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana; uye kuputika kwemvura kunokanganisa ivhu rinokosha remvura nemvura. "
Kuwanda kwenzvimbo yepanyika yakakanganiswa hakusi duku. Mamiriyoni ehektare muEurope, North Africa, uye Asia vari pasi pekudziviswa. Chimwe chikamu chetatu chenyika muLibhiya chinopfigira migodhi yemigodhi uye zvinyorwa zvisina kufanira zveHondo Yenyika II. Nyika dzakawanda dzenyika dzakabvumirana kurambidza minda yemigodhi nemabhosi emasumbu. United States haina.
Kubva 1965 kusvika 1971, United States yakagadzira nzira nyowani dzekuparadza chirimwa nemhuka (kusanganisira hupenyu hwevanhu); yakamwaya 14 muzana yemasango eSouth Vietnam nemishonga yesora, yakapisa munda wepurazi, uye yakapfura zvipfuyo. Imwe yeanonyanyisa kuuraya mishonga yemakemikari, Agent Orange, ichiri kutyisidzira hutano hweVietnamese uye yakakonzera zvimwe hafu yemamiriyoni ekuberekwa kuremara. Munguva yeGulf War, Iraq yakaburitsa mamirioni gumi emafuta emafuta muPersian Gulf ndokuisa 10 matsime emafuta pamoto, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kumhuka dzesango nekuisa chepfu mvura yepasi nekurasika kwemafuta. Muhondo dzayo muYugoslavia neIraq, United States yakasiya uranium yapera. Ye732 Dhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs ongororo yeGulf War veterans kuMississippi vakawana 1994 muzana yevana vavo vakabatwa nemimba sezvo Hondo yaive nezvirwere zvakakomba kana kuremara kwekuberekwa. Hondo muAngola dzakabvisa 67 muzana yemhuka dzesango pakati pa90 na1975. Hondo yevagari vemo muSri Lanka yakadambura miti mamiriyoni mashanu.
Basa reSoviet neUnited States reA Afghanistan rinoparadza kana kuparadza zviuru zvemisha uye mitsva yemvura. VaTaliban vaitengesa matanda kuPakistan zvisina kutenderwa, zvichiita kuti kudyarwa kwemasango kunokosha. Mabhomba eUUS uye vapoteri vanoda ruvengo vakawedzera kudambudziko. Masango eAustralia anenge ava kuda kuenda. Zvizhinji zvezvisikwa zvinoputika izvo zvaiwanzopfuura nepakati peAustralia hazvichaiti kudaro. Mhepo yaro nemvura zvakasvibiswa nezviputi uye rocket propellants.
Kune mienzaniso iyi yemhando yekuparara kwezvakatipoteredza kwakaitwa nehondo inofanira kuwedzerwa mbiri mbiri dzinokosha pamusoro pokuti hondo dzedu dzinorwirwa sei uye nei. Sezvataona muchitsauko chekutanga, hondo dzinowanzorwiwa nekuda kwezvinhu, kunyanya mafuta. Oiri inogona kubviswa kana kupiswa, sezvakaitwa muGulf War, asi inonyanya kushandiswa kushandisa mhepo yepasi, ichiisa isu pese pangozi. Mafuta nevarwi vehondo vanobatanidza kushandiswa kwemafuta pamwe nekubwinya uye hutsinye hwehondo, kuitira kuti simba rinogona kudzorerwa risingaiti nengozi yenyika yose rinotaridzirwa senzira dzisina hanya uye dzisiri dzokuti vanhu vasafambisa mishonga yedu.
Ikubatanidza kwehondo nemafuta kunopfuura kupfuura izvozvo, zvisinei. Hondo ivo pachavo, ingave kana kwete kurwirwa mafuta, inodya zvakawanda zvayo. Mutengi mukuru wepasi rose wemafuta, chaizvoizvo, iuto reUnited States. Kwete chete tinorwisana nehondo munzvimbo dzenyika dzinoitika kuti dzive dzakapfuma mumafuta; isu tinopisawo mafuta akawanda kurwisana nehondo idzi kupfuura zvatinoita pane imwe basa. Munyori uye mufananidzo wemifananidzo Ted Rall anonyora kuti:
"Dhipatimendi reUnited States [Hondo] ndiyo inonyanya kusvibisa nyika, kubvongodza, kurasa, uye kuparadza mamwe mishonga inouraya mishonga, defoliants, solvents, petroleum, mutungamiri, mercury, uye uranium yakapfurikidza kupfuura inonyanya kukonzerwa nemakemikari emakemikari eMelika. Maererano naSteve Kretzmann, mutungamiriri weAuffing International, 60 muzana ye carbon dioxide yenyika inobudiswa pakati pe2003 ne2007 yakatanga muIraq inobatwa neUnited States, nemhaka yehuwandu hwemafuta uye gasi rinoda kuchengetwa nemazana ezviuru zvehondo dzeAmerica uye makambaniki ehurumende, kwete kutaura nezvemishonga yakabudiswa nemagetsi emagetsi, mapurisa emadhoni, uye zvombo nemamwe magetsi vanopisa muIraq. "
Tinosvibisa mweya mukuita chepfu pasi nemhando dzose dzezvombo. Mauto eUS anopisa kuburikidza angangoita mazana matatu nemakumi mana emabhiramu emafuta zuva rega rega. Dai Pentagon yaive nyika, yaizotungamira makumi matatu nemasere mukushandisa kwemafuta. Kana iwe ukabvisa Pentagon kubva pamafuta ese anoshandiswa neUnited States, ipapo United States yaizoramba ichitanga kutanga isina mumwe munhu chero pedyo. Asi iwe ungadai wakadzivirira mhepo yekupisa mamwe mafuta kupfuura nyika zhinji dzinodya, uye ungadai wakachengetedza nyika iyo yese yakaipa iyo yedu yemauto inokwanisa kupisa nayo. Hapana imwe nzvimbo muUnited States inoshandisa ingangoita oiri yakawanda seyemauto.
MunaOctober 2010, Pentagon yakaronga zvirongwa zvekuedza kushandiswa kuduku mukutungamirirwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswa. Kutya kweuto kwehondo kwakanga kusingaiti kuenderera mberi hupenyu pasi pano kana mari yemari, asi panzvimbo yekuti vanhu vakaramba vachingoridza mabhazi ayo emotokari muPakistan neAghanistan vasati vasvika panzvimbo dzavo.
Ndezvipi zvakasikwa kuti vasi venharaunda vasati vaisa mararamiro emagumo ekupedzisira? Vanotenda here kuti hondo iripo, kana kuti vanotya kuonana navo? Gore rega rega, US Environmental Protection Agency inoshandisa $ 622 mamiriyoni kuedza kuona kuti tingagona sei kusimbisa simba pasina mafuta, asi mauto anoshandisa mazana emabhiriyoni achipisa mafuta muhondo akarwirwa kutonga mafuta. Mamiriyoni emadhora anoshandiswa kuchengetedza musoja mumwe kune imwe nyika basa kune rimwe gore aigona kuumba 20 green energy mabasa pa $ 50,000 imwe neimwe. Icho chisarudzo chakaoma here?
