NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, December 13, 2021
Kana iwe waizoverenga wongororo yebhuku raElizabeth Samet, Kutsvaga Hondo Yakanaka - zvakaita se mumwe mu New York Times or mumwe wacho mu New York Times - nekukasira zvishoma, unogona kuzviwana uchiverenga bhuku rake uye uchitarisira kupokana kunopokana nekufungidzirwa kwekuita kweUS basa muHondo Yenyika II.
Dai wanga uchangobva kunyora bhuku iwe pachako, sezvandinazvo, zvichiita nyaya yokuti WWII inobata basa rakashata mukushandiswa kwemauto eUnited States ikozvino, haina kurwiwa kuponesa chero ani kubva kumisasa yerufu, yaisafanira kuitika uye yaigona kudziviswa nenzira dzakawanda, inosanganisira kushandiswa kweGermany kwebunk science ye eugenics. iyo yakanga yanyanya kugadzirwa uye yakasimudzirwa muUnited States, yaisanganisira kushandiswa kweGermany kwemitemo yerusarura yakadzidzwa muUnited States, yaisanganisira kuuraya rudzi uye kuchenesa madzinza uye tsika dzemisasa yevasungwa dzakagadzirwa muUnited States nedzimwe nyika dzokuMadokero, dzakaona hondo yeNazi. yakafambiswa nemari yeUS nemaoko, yakaona hurumende yeUS isati yatanga uye kunyangwe panguva yehondo ichiona USSR semuvengi wepamusoro, yakauya mushure mekusatsigirwa kwenguva refu nekushivirira kweNazi Germany asiwo nhangemutange refu yezvombo uye kuvaka kuhondo. neJapan, haisi humbowo hwekukosha kwechisimba, ndicho chinhu chakaipisisa chakaitwa nevanhu munguva pfupi, chiripo mutsika yeUS senge ine njodzi yengano, yaive res. yakaitwa nevakawanda muUnited States panguva iyoyo (uye kwete vatsigiri veNazi chete), yakagadzira mutero wevanhuwo zvavo, uye yakaitika munyika yakasiyana zvikuru neyanhasi, zvino unogona kuverenga bhuku raSamet uchitarisira chimwe chinhu chinobata chero ipi zvayo yemisoro iyoyo. . Waizowana zvakakosha zvishoma.
Mabhuku aya anogadzirira kuburitsa ngano dzinotevera:
“1. United States yakaenda kuhondo kuti isunungure nyika kubva ku fascism uye hudzvinyiriri.
“2. Vese vekuAmerica vaive vakabatana chose mukuzvipira kwavo kuhondo.
“3. Munhu wose aiva pamba apa akazvibaira zvikuru.”
“4. MaAmerican vasununguri vanorwa zvine mutsindo, vasingade, chete kana vachifanira.
“5. Hondo Yenyika II yakanga iri njodzi yekunze ine magumo anofadza eAmerica.
“6. Wese munhu agara achibvumirana pamapoinzi 1-5. "
Zvakawanda kune zvakanaka. Zvinoita zvimwe zveizvi. Asi zvakare inosimbisa dzimwe dzengano idzo, inodzivirira zvimwe zvakakosha, uye inoshandisa huwandu hwemapeji ayo pane zvipfupiso zvemafirimu nemanovhero zvine hukama hwakanyanya kune chero chinhu. Samet, anodzidzisa Chirungu kuWest Point, uye nekudaro anoshandirwa nemauto ane ngano yehwaro yaari kubvisa, anoda kutipa nzira dzakawanda idzo WWII yanga isina kunaka kana hunhu kana chero chinhu chisina maturo chinowanzoonekwa mumafirimu eHollywood. — uye anopa humbowo hwakakwana. Asi anodawo kuti isu titende kuti WWII yaive yakakosha uye kudzivirira kubva mukutyisidzira kuUnited States (nezvikumbiro pamusoro pezvakanaka kuita-zvakanaka kuti vabatsirwe veEurope vachinyepa ngano yechokwadi uye yakarurama yekukurudzira kudzivirira) - uye haapi kana imwe chete. chidimbu cheuchapupu. Ndakamboita mbiri nharo naPurofesa weWest Point “ethics”, uye akataura zvakafanana (kuti kupinda kweUS muWWII kwaidiwa) nehumbowo hwakafanana huri shure kwayo.
Tarisiro dzangu dzakarasika dzebhuku dzinoita nyaya diki. Chinhu chikuru apa ndechekuti kunyangwe mumwe munhu akabhadharwa nemauto eUS kudzidzisa mhondi dzenguva yemberi kuuto reUS, anotenda zvechokwadi (mumashoko ake) "kuti kupindira kweUnited States muhondo kwaidiwa" haakwanise kugumbura kuseka. ngano dzakataurwa nezvazvo, uye anonzwa achisungirwa kuratidza humbowo hwe "kuratidza mwero wekuti kunaka, fungidziro, uye kuwirirana isu nhasi tinoshamwaridzana neHondo Yenyika II zvakanga zvisiri pachena kune vekuAmerica panguva iyoyo." Iye anotobvunza, achidenha, kuti: “Kuyeukwa kuripo kwe‘Hondo Yakanaka,’ kwakaumbwa sezvayave kwave kuchiita nostalgia, mirangariro, uye jingoism, kwakakuvadza zvikuru kupfuura kunaka kundangariro yavaAmerica vamene nenzvimbo yenyika yavo munyika here? ”
Kana vanhu vakakwanisa kubata mhinduro iripachena kumubvunzo iwoyo, kana vakakwanisa kuona kukuvadza kwakapihwa nerudo WWII BS kunyangwe kuhondo dzese dzichangoburwa dzisina anoedza kudzivirira, iro richava danho rakakura kumberi. Chikonzero chega chandine hanya nacho chekuti chero munhu anotenda chero nhema nezve WWII ndiko kukanganisa kwairi kuita iyezvino uye ramangwana. Pamwe Kutsvaga Hondo Yakanaka achasunda vamwe vanhu munzira yakanaka, uye havazogumiri ipapo. Samet anoita basa rakanaka rekufumura vamwe vevaki venhema vakashata sekugadzira ngano. Anonokora mashoko wezvenhau Stephen Ambrose achitsanangura asinganyari kuti iye “munamati ane gamba.” Anonyora kuti vazhinji vemauto eUS panguva yeWWII havana uye vangadai vasina kutaura chero chinangwa chezvematongerwo enyika chavakatemerwa nevanoparadzira. Anoratidzawo kushaikwa kwe "kubatana" pakati peruzhinji rweUS panguva iyoyo - kuvepo kwe20% yenyika yaipokana nehondo muna 1942 (kunyangwe pasina kana izwi rimwe chete nezve kudiwa kwekunyorwa kana kukura kwekupokana nazvo. ) Uye muchidimbu chipfupi, anoona kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga yerusarura muUS panguva yehondo (nendima dzakareba nezve rusarura nzanga yeUS nemauto akapatsanurwa).
Samet zvakare anotora avo panguva yeWWII avo vakachema-chema kusada kweruzhinji rweruzhinji rweUS kuzvipira kana kuita sekunge vaiziva kuti kune hondo irikuitika, kana vakakatyamadzwa nenyaya yekuti mishandirapamwe yeruzhinji yaidiwa kukumbira vanhu kuti vape ropa kuhondo. Zvose zvechokwadi. Zvose zvinoparadza ngano. Asi zvakadaro, zvese zvinogoneka chete munyika umo makanga mune tarisiro dzakakwirira zvikuru dzekuziva uye kuzvipira kupfuura zvingave zvinonzwisisika nhasi. Samet zvakare yakanaka pakubvisa nhema-yakatarisana nemauto emakore achangopfuura nehondo.
Asi zvese zviri mubhuku rino - kusanganisira mazana emapeji eongororo isina kujeka yemafirimu nemanovhero nemabhuku enyambo - zvese zvinouya zvakaputirwa mune isingapokeke uye isina kupokana yekuti pakanga pasina sarudzo. Hapana sarudzo yekuyera maguta, uye hapana sarudzo yekuti ungave nehondo zvachose. “Chokwadi,” anonyora kudaro, “kwave kune manzwi aipesana kubva pakutanga, asi tave tichizengurira kurangarira nembavarira dzokutsoropodza kwavo. Ndiri kutaura pano kwete nezve cranks uye vanorangana, kana nezve avo vanofungidzira kuti tingadai takaita zviri nani kuti tirambe tisina kwatakarerekera, asi pamusoro pevanofunga, vanyori, uye maartist anoita seanogona kuramba mapatya ekunyengerwa uye kutendeka, vanowana mukutonhodza uye nekusanzwisisa nzira yekunzwisisa nyika yavo inoratidza kukosha kwayo kuita zvirinani pane 'kudisa nyika' Tocqueville kare yainzi ndeyevanhu vekuAmerica. "
Hmm. Chii, kunze kwekutendeseka, chinogona kutsanangura fungidziro yekuti sarudzo chete yaive hondo uye kusarerekera uye kuti iyo yekupedzisira yaida feat yekufungidzira iyo yakanyungudika mumwe nemacranks uye vanorangana? Chii, kunze kwehutsvina hunogona kutsanangura kunyora semacranks uye vanorangana avo vane maonero asingagamuchirike zvekuti ari kunze kwenzvimbo yemanzwi anopikisa? Uye chii, kunze kwekupenga uye kurangana, chinogona kutsanangura chirevo chekuti izvo zvinopokana nevanofunga, vanyori, uye maartist vese vanoita ibasa kuratidza kukosha kwechokwadi kwerudzi? Pakati pemarudzi mazana maviri ari Panyika, mumwe anoshamisika kuti vangani vavo Samet vanotenda kuti vanopikisa nyika vanofunga uye maartist vanozvipira kuratidza kukosha chaiko.
Samet mafuremu mune inozvidza mamiriro ekutaura kuti FDR yakashanda kuti United States ipinde muhondo, asi haambofi - hongu - akananga kutaura kuti akaramba chimwe chinhu chakaratidzwa nyore na. hurukuro dzemutungamiri wenyika.
Samet anorondedzera mumwe Bernard Knox so“muverengi akangwara zvikuru zvokusagona kuvhiringidza kukosha kwechisimba nembiri.” Zvinoita sekuti “kukudzwa” kuri kushandiswa pano kureva chimwe chinhu chisiri kurumbidza veruzhinji, sezvo mhirizhonga yakafanira — kana, zvakadaro, mhirizhonga inofungidzirwa kuti yakakosha — dzimwe nguva inogona kuhwina zvikepe zverumbidzo. Ndima dzinotevera dzinoratidza kuti pamwe “kukudzwa” kunoreva chisimba chisina chinhu chinotyisa kana chakashata pachiri (chakachena, chisimba cheHollywood). "Kushamwaridzana kwaKnox naVirgil naHomer kwaifanira kuita zvakanyanya nekuramba kwavo kujekesa chokwadi chakakasha chebasa rekuuraya."
Izvi zvinotungamira Samet yakananga mune refu riff pane tsika yemauto eUS kuunganidza zviyeuchidzo. Mutori wenhau dzehondo Edgar L. Jones akanyora muna February 1946 Atlantic Monthly, “Ihondo rudzii iyo vanhuwo zvavo vanofungidzira kuti takarwa zvakadaro? Takapfura vasungwa muropa rinotonhora, takaparadza zvipatara, takaparadza zvikepe zvekuponesa upenyu, takauraya kana kubata zvisina kufanira vavengi, takapedza muvengi akanga akuvadzwa, tikakandira vanofa mugomba nevakafa, uye muPacific yakabika nyama kubva pamadehenya evavengi kugadzira zvishongo zvepatafura. sweethearts, kana kuti kuveza mapfupa avo kuita zvinovhura mabhii.” Zviyeuchidzo zvehondo zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri wemuvengi, kazhinji nzeve, zvigunwe, mapfupa, uye madehenya. Samet anonyanya kupenya pamusoro peichi chokwadi, kunyangwe Virgil naHomer vangadai vasina.
Anotsanangurawo mauto eUS ari kunyanya kumanikidzana nevakadzi vekuEurope, uye anoti akaverenga rimwe bhuku asi haatomboudza vaverengi vake kuti bhuku iri rinotaura nezvekubatwa chibharo kwakapararira nemauto iwayo. Anopa maFascist ekuUS sekuyedza kuita kuti pfungwa yeNazi yekune dzimwe nyika iite seyeAmerica, asina kumbotaura nezvenyika ipi iyo nhangemutange yeNordic yakatanga. Samet anonyora kuti kusunungura vanhu kubva mumisasa yevasungwa hakuna kumbove chinhu chakakosha. Yakanga isiri chinhu. Anotora ma theorists akasiyana ekuti sei uye sei mademokrasi anokunda hondo, asina kumbotaura kuti kuwanda kwekukunda kweWWII kwakaitwa neSoviet Union (kana kuti Soviet Union ine chekuita nazvo zvachose). Ndedzipi ngano dzisina musoro nezve WWII ingadai yakave nenguva uye inobatsira kudhiza kupfuura iyo yeUS kuikunda nerubatsiro rushoma kubva kumaRuskies?
Kana mumwe munhu anoshandiswa nemauto eUS anorasa veterans - anowanzo kukuvara zvakanyanya uye kushungurudza majaya nevakadzi - senge vanga vasiri masaga emarara ndiye anofanirwa kupa zvimedu zvakakura zvebhuku rinonzi rinoshoropodza ngano dzeWWII kupikisa kusarura kune veterans. , kunyange vachinyora sokunge kuti hondo dzinosiya vatsigiri vadzo vari muchimiro chakanaka? Samet inoshuma pane zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mashoma sei mauto eUS muWWII akapfura muvengi. Asi hapana chaanotaura nezvekudzidziswa uye mamiriro ayo akakunda tsika yekusaponda. Anotiudza maveteran haanyanyi kupara mhosva, kana kuti mauto haana mhosva yemhosva idzodzo, asi haawedzere kana izwi rimwe chete nezveUS. vashambadzi kuve veterans zvakanyanya zvisingaite. Samet anonyora nezve ongororo ya1947 inoratidza kuti ruzhinji rwevarwi veUS vakati hondo "yakavasiya vanyanya kuipa kupfuura kare." Neshoko rinotevera chairo, Samet akachinja nyaya kukuvadziko yakaitwa kune veterans nemasangano evarwi, sekunge anga achangonyora, kwete nezvehondo, asi nezve mushure mehondo.
Paunosvika paChitsauko 4, chakanzi “Hondo, Yakanakira Chii?” unoziva kusatarisira zvakawanda kubva kuzita. Muchokwadi, chitsauko chinokurumidza kutora pamusoro penyaya yemafirimu nezvevadiki tsotsi, ichiteverwa nemabhuku enyambo, nezvimwewo, asi kuti tisvike kune iyo misoro inovhura nekusundidzira imwe yengano idzo bhuku raifanirwa kuburitsa:
"Maonero ehudiki, evatsva uye asina kusungwa, akasimudzira fungidziro yeAmerica kubva pakuvambwa. Bva pashure peHondo yeNyika II, kwakaramba kuchiwedzera kuoma kutsigira nyengedzo, unyengeri kufunga kana kuti kutaura nezvenyika sechiduku apo yakanga yagara nhaka mitoro yakanga isingatarisirwi yokukura.”
Asi pakanga pasati papfuura 1940, sezvakanyorwa muna Stephen Wertheim's Mangwana Nyika, kuti hurumende yeUnited States yakatsunga kurwa nechinangwa chaicho chokutonga nyika. Uye zvakamboitika pakudemba izvi: "4. Vanhu vekuAmerica vasununguri vanorwa zvine hunhu, vasingade, chete kana vachifanira. ”
Kufona Kutsvaga Hondo Yakanaka kutsoropodza pfungwa yehondo yakanaka kunoda kutsanangura "zvakanaka," kwete sezvinodiwa kana kururamiswa (izvo zvinofanira kuva zvose munhu angatarisira - kunyange zvazvo munhu angave asina kururama - nekuda kwekuponda kwevanhu vakawanda), asi seyakanaka uye inoshamisa uye inoshamisa uye inopfuura vanhu. . Kutsoropodza kwakadaro kwakanaka uye kunobatsira, kunze kwekunge kuchisimbisa zvakanyanya kukuvadza, kutaura kuti hondo inogona kururamiswa.
