Iyi inguva yakarongedzwa yekero yakapihwa naJohn Pilger kuBritish Library musi wa9 Zvita 2017 sechikamu chemutambo wekudzoka shure, 'Simba reGwaro', rakaitirwa kuratidza kuwanikwa kweLibhurari kwePilger yakanyorwa.
naJohn Pilger, Zvita 11, 2017, JohnPilger.com. RSN.
Ndakatanga kunzwisisa simba reiyo documentary panguva yekugadziriswa kwefirimu rangu rekutanga, The Quiet Mutiny. Mutsanangudzo iyi, ndinotaura nezvehuku, iyo ini nevashandi vangu takasangana nayo tichirinda nemasoja eAmerica muVietnam.
"Inofanira kunge iri huku yeVietcong - huku yemakominisiti," akadaro sajeni. Akanyora mumushumo wake: "muvengi anoona".
Nguva yehuku yaiita seinoisa pasi face yehondo - saka ndakaiisa mufirimu. Ikoko kungave kwaiva kusachenjera. Mutongi weterevhizheni yekutengeserana muBritain - ipapo Independent Television Authority kana ITA - akanga akumbira kuona script yangu. Ko ini ndaive ndabva nepi pahuku zvematongerwo enyika? ndakabvunzwa. Yakanga iri huku yechikomunisti, kana kuti ingave iri huku yepro-America?
Chokwadi, upenzi uhwu hwaiva nechinangwa chakakomba; apo The Quiet Mutiny yakatepfenyurwa neITV muna 1970, mumiriri weAmerica kuBritain, Walter Annenberg, sahwira waPresident Richard Nixon, akanyunyuta kuITA. Akanyunyuta kwete nezvehuku asi nezvefirimu rose. "Ndinoda kuzivisa White House," mumiriri akanyora. Gosh.
The Quiet Mutiny yakanga yaratidza kuti mauto eUS muVietnam aizvibvarura. Pakanga pane kumukira pachena: varume vakanyorerwa vairamba mirairo uye kupfura vakuru vakuru vavo kumusana kana "kuvapwanya" nemagirinedhi pavakanga vakarara.
Hapana chimwe cheizvi chakanga chave nhau. Zvazvaireva ndezvekuti hondo yakarasika; uye mutumwa haana kufarirwa.
Mutungamiriri Mukuru weITA aive Sir Robert Fraser. Akadaidza Denis Foreman, ipapo Director weZvirongwa paGranada TV, uye akapinda muchimiro cheapoplexy. Vachipfapfaidza zvitubu, Sir Robert vakandirondedzera se "mupanduki ane ngozi".
Chii chainetsa mutongi uye mumiriri raiva simba refirimu rimwe chete rezvinyorwa: simba rechokwadi charo uye zvapupu: kunyanya mauto maduku anotaura chokwadi uye akabatwa netsitsi nemuiti wefirimu.
Ndaive mutori wenhau wepepanhau. Ndakanga ndisati ndamboita firimu kare uye ndaiva nechikwereti kuna Charles Denton, mugadziri akapanduka kubva kuBBC, uyo akandidzidzisa kuti chokwadi noumboo hwakataurirwa kamera uye kuvateereri zvechokwadi zvinogona kupandukira.
Uku kupidigurwa kwemanyepo ehurumende isimba rezvinyorwa. Ikozvino ndagadzira mafirimu makumi matanhatu uye ndinotenda kuti hapana chakafanana nesimba iri mune chero imwe nzira.
Mumakore ekuma1960, mugadziri wemufirimu wechidiki akangwara, Peter Watkins, akagadzirwa Iyo Hondo Mutambo zveBBC. Watkins akagadzirazve mushure mekurwisa kwenyukireya kuLondon.
Mutambo Wehondo wakarambidzwa. "Maitiro efirimu iri," akadaro BBC, "anofungidzirwa kuti anotyisa kwazvo kune nzira yekutepfenyura." Aimbova sachigaro weBBC's Board of Governors vaive Lord Normanbrook, vanga vari Secretary kuCabinet. Akanyorera mutsivi wake muKhabhineti, Sir Burke Trend: "Mutambo weHondo hauna kugadzirwa separaganda: unoitirwa sekutaura kwechokwadi uye unobva mukutsvagisa kwakadzama mune zvepamutemo ... asi nyaya yacho inotyisa, uye kuratidzwa yefirimu iri paterevhizheni inogona kuita kuti vanhu vafunge nezvegwara rekudzivirira kwenyukireya.”
Mune mamwe mazwi, simba reiyi documentary raive rekuti rinogona kuzivisa vanhu nezve chokwadi chinotyisa chehondo yenyukireya uye kuvaita kuti vabvunze kuvepo chaiko kwezvombo zvenyukireya.
Mapepa eCabinet anoratidza kuti BBC yakabatana nehurumende muchivande kurambidza firimu raWatkins. Nyaya yekuvhara yaive yekuti BBC yaive nebasa rekuchengetedza "vakweguru vanogara vega uye vanhu vane hungwaru hwepfungwa".
Vazhinji vemapepanhau vakamedza izvi. Kurambidzwa kweMutambo Wehondo kwakagumisa basa raPeter Watkins muterevhizheni yeBritain pazera ramakore 30. Uyu mugadziri wamabhaisikopo anoshamisa akasiya BBC neBritain, uye nehasha akatanga nhimbe yenyika yose yokudzivisa kunzvera.
Kutaura chokwadi, uye kuramba chokwadi chepamutemo, zvinogona kuva nengozi kumugadziri wemafirimu.
Muna 1988, Thames Television yakatepfenyura Rufu padombo, chinyorwa chehondo muNorthern Ireland. Yakanga iri njodzi uye yakashinga. Censorship yekutaurwa kweanonzi maIrish Troubles aive akatekeshera, uye vazhinji vedu mumadocumentary takaodzwa mwoyo nekuita mafirimu kuchamhembe kwemuganhu. Kana tikaedza, taikweverwa mumatope okuteerera.
Mutori wenhau Liz Curtis akaverenga kuti BBC yakanga yarambidza, chiremba kana kunonoka mamwe mapurogiramu makuru eTV paIreland. Kwaive, hongu, kunze kwekuremekedzwa, saJohn Ware. Roger Bolton, mugadziri weRufu padombo, aive mumwe. Rufu paDombo rwakaratidza kuti Hurumende yeBritain yakaendesa mauto eSAS mhiri kwemakungwa achipokana neIRA, achiuraya vanhu vana vasina zvombo muGibraltar.
Mushandirapamwe wakashata wekutsvinyira wakaitwa uchipokana nefirimu, ichitungamirwa nehurumende yaMargaret Thatcher neMurdoch press, kunyanya Sunday Times, yakapepetwa naAndrew Neil.
Ndiro chete gwaro rakambobvunzwa zviri pamutemo - uye chokwadi chayo chakasimbiswa. Murdoch aifanira kubhadhara kusvibisa zita remumwe wezvapupu zvikuru zvemufirimu uyu.
Asi kwakanga kusiri kuguma kwazvo. Thames Television, imwe yevatepfenyuri vane hunyanzvi pasi rose, yakazotorerwa mvumo yayo kuUnited Kingdom.
Ko mutungamiriri wehurumende akamutsiva paITV nevagadziri vemafirimu, sezvaakaita kuvacheri? Hatizivi. Chatinoziva ndechekuti simba reiyi gwaro rakamira pachokwadi uye, seMutambo weHondo, wakaratidza nzvimbo yepamusoro mukutora nhau.
Ndinotenda kuti madocumentari makuru anoratidza manyepo ehunyanzvi. Iwo akaoma kuisa mumapoka. Havana kufanana nengano huru. Havana kufanana nemafirimu makuru. Asi, vanogona kubatanidza simba rose rezvose zviri zviviri.
Hondo yeChile: kurwa kwevanhu vasina zvombo, igwaro rakanaka rakanyorwa naPatricio Guzman. Iri firimu rinoshamisa: chaizvo trilogy yemafirimu. Payakabudiswa muma1970, New Yorker yakabvunza kuti: “Ko boka revanhu vashanu, vamwe vasina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwekare, vaishanda nekamera imwe yeÉclair, rekodha renzwi reNagra, uye pasuru yefirimu dema nechena, kuita basa rakakura kudaro?"
Gwaro raGuzman riri pamusoro pekupidigura demokrasi muChile muna 1973 nemafascist vachitungamirwa naGeneral Pinochet uye vachitungamirwa neCIA. Zvinenge zvese zvinotorwa nemaoko, pabendekete. Uye rangarira iyi ikhamera yefirimu, kwete vhidhiyo. Unofanira kuchinja magazini maminitsi gumi oga oga, kana kuti kamera inomira; uye kufamba kuduku uye kuchinja kwechiedza kunokanganisa mufananidzo.
MuHondo yeChile, pane chiitiko pamariro emukuru wemauto, akavimbika kuna Mutungamiri Salvador Allende, akapondwa nevaya vaironga kuparadza hurumende yeAllende yekuchinja. Iyo kamera inofamba pakati pezviso zvemauto: totems dzevanhu vane menduru dzavo uye maribhoni, bvudzi ravo rakagadzirwa uye maziso akajeka. Kutyisidzira kwezviso kunoti uri kuona mariro enzanga yese: yedemocracy pachayo.
Pane mutengo wekubhadhara wekutora mafirimu wakashinga zvakadaro. Mutori wemifananidzo, Jorge Muller, akasungwa ndokuendeswa kumusasa wokutambudzira, uko iye “akanyangarika” kutozosvikira guva rake rawanikwa makore akawanda gare gare. Aiva nemakore 27. Ndinokwazisa ndangariro yake.
MuBritain, basa rekupayona raJohn Grierson, Denis Mitchell, Norman Swallow, Richard Cawston nevamwe vagadziri vemafirimu mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 vakayambuka kupatsanura kukuru kwekirasi ndokupa imwe nyika. Vakashinga kuisa makamera nemamaikorofoni pamberi pevaBritishwo zvavo ndokuvabvumira kutaura nemutauro wavo.
John Grierson anonzi nevamwe ndiye akatanga izwi rekuti "documentary". “Mutambo uri pasuo rako,” akadaro muma 1920, “kupi kana kupi kune zvitangwena, kupi nokupi uko kune kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kupi nokupi kune kushandiswa noutsinye.
Ava vekutanga veBritish vaigadzira mafirimu vaitenda kuti iyo documentary inofanira kutaura kubva pasi, kwete kubva kumusoro: inofanira kunge iri svikiro revanhu, kwete masimba. Nemamwe mashoko, rakanga riri ropa, dikita nemisodzi yevanhuwo zvavo zvakatipa documentary.
Denis Mitchell aive nemukurumbira nekuda kwemifananidzo yake yemugwagwa webasa. “Mubasa rangu rose,” akadaro, “ndanga ndichishamiswa zvikuru nounhu hwesimba uye chiremera chevanhu”. Pandinoverenga mashoko iwayo, ndinofunga nezvevakasara veGrenfell Tower, vazhinji vavo vachakamirira kugariswa patsva, vose vachiri vakamirira kururamisira, sezvo makamera anofamba achienda kusekisi inodzokororwa yemuchato wamambo.
The late David Munro neni takagadzira Gore Zero: Rufu Rwakanyarara rweCambodia muna 1979. Iyi firimu yakaputsa runyararo pamusoro penyika yakanga iri pasi pemakore anopfuura gumi ekubhomba nekupondwa kwemarudzi, uye simba rayo rakabatanidza mamiriyoni evanhuwo zvavo, vakadzi nevana mukununura nzanga kune rumwe rutivi rwepasi. Kunyangwe iyezvino, Year Zero inoisa manyepo kungano yekuti veruzhinji havana hanya, kana kuti avo vane hanya vanopedzisira vabatwa nechinhu chinodaidzwa kuti "tsitsi kuneta".
Gore Zero rakatariswa nevateereri vakawanda kudarika vateereri vechirongwa chazvino, chakakurumbira cheBritish "reality" chirongwa Bake Off. Yakaratidzwa paTV yakakurumbira munyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu, asi kwete muUnited States, apo PBS yakaramba zvachose, ichitya, maererano nemukuru, pamusoro pekuita kwekutonga kweReagan. MuBritain neAustralia, yakatepfenyurwa pasina kushambadzira - nguva chete, pakuziva kwangu, izvi zvakaitika paterevhizheni yekutengeserana.
Kutevera kutepfenyura kweBritish, masaga anopfuura makumi mana eposvo akasvika pamahofisi eATV muBirmingham, zviuru makumi maviri nezvitanhatu zvemabhii ekutanga mutsamba yekutanga chete. Rangarira iyi yaive nguva isati yasvika email neFacebook. Mutsamba maiva ne£40 miriyoni - yakawanda yacho iri shoma kubva kune avo vaisakwanisa kupa. “Izvi ndezveCambodia,” akanyora kudaro mumwe mutyairi webhazi, achibatanidza muhoro wake wevhiki. Vemudyandigere vakatumira penjeni yavo. Vamwe amai vasina murume vakatumira mari yavo yavakachengeta ye£26,000. Vanhu vaiuya kumba kwangu vaine matoyi nemari, uye zvikumbiro zvaThatcher nenhetembo dzeshungu nokuda kwaPol Pot nomushandi wake, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon, ane mabhomba akanga aita kuti mupenyi wacho awedzere.
Kekutanga, BBC yakatsigira ITV firimu. Chirongwa cheBlue Peter chakakumbira vana kuti "vauye nekutenga" matoyi pazvitoro zveOxfam munyika yose. Pakazosvika Kisimusi, vana vakanga vakwidza mari inoshamisa ye£3,500,000. Munyika yose, Year Zero yakaunganidza mari inodarika mamiriyoni makumi mashanu neshanu emadhora, zvikuru isina kukumbirwa, uye zvakaunza rubatsiro zvakananga kuCambodia: mishonga, majekiseni uye kuiswa kwefekitari yose yembatya zvaibvumira vanhu kurasa yunifomu nhema dzavakamanikidzwa kupfeka. Pol Pot. Zvaiita sokuti vateereri vakanga varega kuva vaoni uye vakanga vava vatori vechikamu.
Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chakaitika muUnited States apo CBS Television yakatepfenyura firimu raEdward R. Murrow, Kukohwa Kwenyadzi, muna 1960. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga iyo vanhu vokuAmerica vakawanda veboka rapakati vakaratidza mwero wourombo pakati pavo.
Harvest of Shame inyaya yevashandi vekurima vanotama vaibatwa zviri nani kupfuura varanda. Nhasi, kurwisana kwavo kune simba rakadai sevanotamira kune dzimwe nyika nevapoteri vanorwira basa nekuchengeteka kune dzimwe nyika. Chinoita sechinoshamisa ndechekuti vana nevazukuru vevamwe vanhu vari mufirimu iri vachange vakatakura kushungurudzwa nekuomerwa nemutungamiri wenyika VaTrump.
MuUnited States nhasi, hapana anoenzana naEdward R. Murrow. Hurukuro hwake, husingazungunuke rudzi rwekuAmerica utori venhau rwakabviswa mune inonzi mainstream uye akapotera painternet.
Britain inoramba iri imwe yenyika shoma umo zvinyorwa zvichiri kuratidzwa paterevhizheni huru mumaawa apo vanhu vazhinji vachiri vakamuka. Asi zvinyorwa zvinopesana nehuchenjeri hwakagamuchirwa huri kuve mhuka iri mungozi, panguva yatinoda ivo pamwe kupfuura nakare kose.
Muongororo yakaitwa pashure peongororo, vanhu pavanobvunzwa zvavanoda zvakanyanya paterevhizheni, vanoti zvinyorwa. Handitendi kuti vanoreva rudzi rwechirongwa chemazuva ano chiri chikuva chevezvematongerwo enyika uye "nyanzvi" dzinokanganisa kuenzanisa pakati pesimba guru nevaya varo.
Observational zvinyorwa zvakakurumbira; asi mafirimu pamusoro penhandare dzendege nemapurisa emumigwagwa haana musoro wenyika. Vanovaraidza.
Zvirongwa zvaDavid Attenborough zvine hungwaru pane zvakasikwa zviri kuita pfungwa yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze - munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Iyo BBC Panorama iri kuita pfungwa yekutsigira kwakavanzika kweBritain kwejihadism muSyria - munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Asi nei VaTrump vachitungidza moto kuMiddle East? Sei West ichidzika pedyo nehondo neRussia neChina?
Maka mashoko emunyori muMutambo weHondo waPeter Watkins: “Panyaya dzinenge dzose dzezvombo zvenyukireya, pari zvino pane kunyarara kuzere mumapepanhau, uye paTV. Pane tariro mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu asina kugadziriswa kana kuti asingatarisirwi. Asi pane tariro yechokwadi here inowanwa mukunyarara uku?”
Muna 2017, kunyarara ikoko kwakadzoka.
Hadzisi nhau kuti dziviriro pazvombo zvenyukireya dzakabviswa chinyararire uye kuti United States zvino yava kushandisa mamiriyoni 46 emadhora paawa pazvombo zvenyukireya: iyo madhora mamiriyoni 4.6 awa imwe neimwe, maawa 24 pazuva, zuva riri rose. Ndiani anoziva izvozvo?
Kuuya Hondo kuChina, iyo yandakapedza gore rapera, yakatepfenyurwa muUK asi kwete muUnited States - uko 90 muzana yehuwandu haigone kudoma kana kutsvaga guta guru reNorth Korea kana kutsanangura kuti nei Trump achida kuiparadza. China iri pedyo neNorth Korea.
Maererano nemumwe mutepfenyuri wemafirimu “ari kufambira mberi” muUS, vanhu vekuAmerica vanongofarira zvaanodaidza kuti “zvinofambiswa nehunhu”. Iyi ikodhi ye "nditarise ini" kapoka yevatengi iyo ikozvino inodya nekutyisidzira nekushandisa yakawanda yetsika yedu yakakurumbira, uku ichirasa vagadziri vemafirimu kubva pachidzidzo chekukurumidzira sechero mazuva ano.
“Apo chokwadi chinotsiviwa nokunyarara,” akanyora kudaro mudetembi wokuRussia Yevgeny Yevtushenko, “kunyarara inhema.”
Pese kana vadiki vanoita zvemafirimu vandibvunza kuti vangaite sei “mutsauko”, ndinopindura kuti zviri nyore chaizvo. Vanoda kuputsa runyararo.
Tevera John Pilger pa twitter @johnpilger
