Alarm yakasimuka ichipindura iyo ichangobva kuburitswa memo kubva kuDhipatimendi reHomeland Security Secretary John Kelly achitsanangura matanho ekuendeswa kwemauto eNational Guard, pamwe nemamwe matanho, munzvimbo dzakakura dzenyika kuvhima nekuchengetedza avo vanofungidzirwa. zvekuva vabvakure vasina magwaro kuUnited States. Hutongi hwaTrump hwakatsvaga kuzvibvisa kubva kumemo, ichiratidza kuti iDhipatimendi reHomeland Security (DHS) uye kwete gwaro reWhite House. Kunyange izvi zvichingomutsa mimwe mibvunzo nezvehukama hweWhite House kune vamwe vese vakuru vemubatanidzwa, zvinotadzawo kudzikamisa kunetsekana nekugona kushandiswa kweNational Guard kurwisa mamirioni enhengo dzenharaunda yedu. Uyezve, zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakadzama pamusoro pekuti ndiyani anoraira Murindi, anoshandirwa neVarindi, uye kupfuura izvi, basa remasangano emauto mukusimbisa kana kukanganisa demokrasi muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe.
Kunetseka kutsva pamusoro penzira dzine njodzi dzinoratidzwa neDHS memo inokwevera pfungwa kune izvo vamwe vedu tave tichikakavadzana kwemakore-kureva, kuti yakadzoreredzwa, yakagadziridzwa, uye yakawedzera yakawedzera National Guard system inofanirwa kutora mabasa ekutanga ekuchengetedza kweAmerica kubva kumauto emazuva ano. kugadzwa. Kuti usvike ikoko, zvichave zvinobatsira kutora kosi yekuparara mumutemo uye nhoroondo yeNational Guard.
"United States haisati yapindirwa kubva 1941, asi gore rapfuura, mauto eNational Guard akaiswa munyika makumi manomwe ..."
Ngatitangei naGavhuna Asa Hutchinson weArkansas, akapindura kune yakaburitswa memo yeDHS nechirevo chinoburitsa: "Ndingave nekunetsekana nekushandiswa kweNational Guard zviwanikwa zvekufambisa kune dzimwe nyika nemabasa ekufambisa aripo nevarindi vedu mhiri kwemakungwa." Mamwe magavhuna akataurawo kushushikana kwakafanana. Kusangana kwakadai kwemhiri kwemakungwa kupesana nekuendeswa kwemukati menyika kunotiudza zvakawanda nezve bumbiro remutemo uye zvemutemo masisitimu anotonga National Guard. Vane tsvina yakaipa.
Bumbiro reUnited States rinorambidza kushandiswa kweNational Guard kupinda nekutora dzimwe nyika. Pane kudaro, Chisungo 1, Chikamu 8 chinopa kushandiswa kweVarindi "kuita mitemo yeMubatanidzwa, kudzvinyirira kupandukira, uye kudzinga kupinda." Mitemo yeFederal yakadzikwa pasi pesimba reBumbiro reMitemo inotsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu ayo Gadhi anogona uye asingashandiswe kuita mutemo wepamba. Kuverengerwa kuzhinji kwezvisungo izvi ndezvekuti haabvumidze kubatanidzwa kwehurumende yevarindi vehurumende kuvhima nekuchengetedza avo vanofungidzirwa kuva vatorwa vasina magwaro. Zvakadaro senyaya yemutemo webumbiro unosanganisira akati wandei ezvinyorwa zvemauto uye Bill of Rights, mubvunzo hauna kujeka.
Izvo zviri pachena ndezvekuti mutemo weNational Guard parizvino wakatyorwa. United States haisati yapindirwa kubvira 1941, asi mugore rapfuura, mauto eNational Guard akaiswa munyika makumi manomwe, zvichiratidza zvakataurwa neaimbova Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld kuti, "Hapana nzira yatingaite hondo yepasi rose yehugandanga pasina Guard. uye Reserve.” Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kungangoita bumbiro remutemo kweVarindi vachipokana nevapoteri kwakasangana nekutsoropodzwa nekukasira kunoratidza vanopikisa kazhinji vasina kugadzirira kuita gakava pamusoro pekuti Gadhi chii, chaaifanira kunge chiri, uye kuti chii. anogona kana anofanira kuva.
Nhoroondo Yevarindi
“Chii Changamire kushandisa mauto? Ndeyekudzivirira kugadzwa kweuto rakamira, nhamo yerusununguko…. Pese Hurumende padzinenge dzichida kupinda nechisimba kodzero nerusununguko rwevanhu, dzinogara dzichiedza kuparadza mauto, kuti vaunganidze uto pamatongo avo. " —Mumiriri weUS Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, Nyamavhuvhu 17, 1789.
VeNational Guard ndivo mauto akarongeka uye akadzorwa eUnited States, uye mabviro eVarindi ane revolutionary state militia ye1770s uye 1780s. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvenhoroondo zvine chekuita nenhoroondo dzeukoloni uye dzepamberi peukoloni hwevashandi veboka repakati nepakati, chizvarwa chechimurenga chakaona mumauto akamira tyisidziro inofa kuhurumende yeRepublican. Nokudaro, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa macheki akawanda pamusoro pekugona kwehurumende yehurumende-uye, kunyanya, yebazi guru-kuita hondo nekushandiswa kwemasimba ehondo. Kuongororwa kwebumbiro remitemo uku kunosanganisira kutsvaga hondo yekuzivisa masimba neCongress, hutungamiriri hwehutungamiriri uye hutongi hwemari hwemauto neCongress, kupihwa kweMutungamiriri wehofisi yeMutungamiriri Mukuru chete munguva dzehondo, uye kuiswa kwepakati kwegwaro redziviriro yenyika kutenderedza. hurongwa hwemauto huripo hwakasiyana neuto guru rine unyanzvi rakamira.
Muzana remakore rokutanga, mauto ainyanya kushanda zvakanaka uye zvakaipa sezvaitarisirwa pakutanga: kudzinga kupindira, kudzvinyirira kumukira, uye kusimbisa mutemo. Uko mauto asina kushanda zvakanaka kwaive mukupinda nekutorwa kwemamwe marudzi nenyika. Izvi zvaive zvechokwadi muhondo dzekurwisa zvizvarwa zveNorth America, uye zvakanyanya kuoneka mukuedza kwakakundikana mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe kukurumidza kushandura mauto kuita mauto emabasa ePhilippines, Guam, neCuba. Pashure pacho, neimwe yehondo dzezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, kubva muHondo yeSpain yeAmerica zvichienda neHondo Yenyika, Hondo Yemashoko, kutorwa kweUS kweIraq neAfghanistan, uye inonzi Hondo Yenyika Yose pamusoro peKutyisa, vanhu vekuAmerica vakaona kuwedzera kwenyika. mauto ehurumende eUnited States kupinda muNational Guard and Reserves.
Shanduko iyi haina kungoperekedza kusimuka kwehondo yemazuva ano yeUS, yanga iri gadziriro inodiwa pazviri. Apo Abraham Lincoln aigara achitaura chiitiko chake chekutanga muhofisi yeruzhinji musarudzo yake yekuve kaputeni muuto reI Illinois, kusarudzwa kwevakuru kwakapera kubva mukuita kwemauto eUS. Uko mauto akasiana-siana akaramba kutora rutivi mukuvhozhokera nokutorwa kweCanada, Mexico, nyika yeIndia, uye Philippines, nhasi kuramba kwakadaro kwaizoparira dambudziko rebumbiro remitemo. Ikoko muna 1898 kwaive nevarume vasere vari pasi pezvombo muuto reUS kune mumwe nemumwe muUS Army, nhasi National Guard yakapetwa munzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzeUS Armed Forces. Kuparadzwa uye kubatanidzwa kwechinyakare mauto system chaive chinhu chekutanga kuti pave nekubuda kwemakumi maviri emakore eUS imperialism.
Sechishandiso chekusimbisa mutemo wepamba, shanduko yeGuard yanga isati yakwana. Muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, mauto eSouthern militia akadzvinyirira kumukira kwevaranda uye Northern zvikamu zvakaramba vavhimi vevaranda; mamwe mauto akavhundutsa vatema vakasununguka uye mamwe mauto akarongwa nevaimbova varanda vakachengetedzwa Reconstruction; mamwe mayunitsi akauraya vashandi vairamwa mabasa uye mamwe akapindawo mukuramwa mabasa. Uku kusimba kwakaenderera mberi mumazana emakore makumi maviri nerimwe, sezvo Guard akashandiswa zvose kuramba uye kusimbisa kodzero dzevanhu muLittle Rock neMontgomery; kudzvinyirira mhirizhonga yemumaguta uye kuratidzira kwevadzidzi kubva kuLos Angeles kuenda kuMilwaukee; kumisa mutemo wemauto kuSeattle WTO kuratidzira kwa1999-uye kuramba kuita izvi panguva yekumukira kweWisconsin muna 2011. Vatungamiri George W. Bush naBarack Obama vakashanda nemagavhuna ematunhu emuganhu kuendesa mauto evarindi kukudzora muganhu, asi se takaona svondo rapfuura, tarisiro yekushandiswa kweVarindi kubata zvakananga vatorwa vasina magwaro yakasangana nekuramba kwakapararira.
Kuenda kuDemocratized System yeDziviriro
Hapana mubvunzo kuti chinhu chakanaka kuti, pane zvese zvakaitwa kuNational Guard, iyo Guard inoramba iine nzvimbo inopikiswa. Izvi zvanga zviri zvechokwadi kwete chete mukuita kune memo yeDHS, asi zvakatonyanya mukuedza kwakarongeka kweavo vanoshanda muchiuto, veterans, mhuri dzemauto neshamwari, magweta uye vamiriri vedemokrasi kutarisana nekushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo kweVarindi. Mumakore ekuma1980, magavhuna ematunhu akawanda akapikisa kushandiswa kweVarindi kudzidzisa maNicaragua Contras. Kubva 2007-2009, Liberty Tree Foundation yakaronga makumi maviri-nyika "Hunza Varindi Kumba!" mushandirapamwe wekuda kuti magavhuna aongorore maodha emubatanidzwa maererano nemutemo wavo uye kuramba zvisiri pamutemo kuedza kutumira mauto ehurumende mhiri kwemakungwa. Kuedza uku kwakatadza kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo, asi vakavhura nhaurirano dzakakosha dzeruzhinji dzinogona kuratidza nzira yekuenda mberi kwedemocratization yechengetedzo yenyika.
Mukuongorora nhoroondo yeNational Guard, tinoona mienzaniso yakawanda yezvinodzidziswa nemutemo mukuita tsika mudzidziso yemutemo: kuti mutemo uye mutemo wemutemo zvinoshanda kwete muzvinyorwa chete kana mumasangano emutemo asi zvakanyanya munzira uyo mutemo unoitwa uye unowanikwa muhupamhi nekudzika kwehupenyu hwemagariro. Kana zvinyorwa zveBumbiro reUnited States zvichigovera masimba ehondo kunyanya kuCongress uye kune mauto ehurumende, asi chimiro chemauto chinoumbwa nenzira inopa simba rebazi guru, zvino zvisarudzo pamusoro pehondo nerunyararo, pamwe nekurongeka kwevanhu. kodzero dzevanhu, dzichaitwa neMutungamiriri weNyika. Kuti nzanga ine hutongi hwejekerere ibude uye ibudirire, zvakakosha kuti bumbiro chairo remasimba rishande nenzira ine gutsaruzhinji. Kwandiri, kucherechedzwa kwakadaro kunoratidza huwandu hwekuchinja kune yedu system yekudzivirira yenyika, kusanganisira:
- Kuwedzera kwebasa reNational Guard kuti rinyatso ziva mabasa ayo aripo mukuyamura njodzi, masevhisi ekubatsira vanhu, pamwe nemabasa matsva mukuchengetedza, shanduko yesimba, kuvakwa kwemaguta nekumaruwa, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha;
- Kugadziridzwa patsva kweVarindi sechikamu chehurongwa hwesevhisi yepasirese umo mugari wese uye mugari wemuUnited States anotora chikamu mukati mekukura kwechidiki-uye izvo, zvakare, chikamu chegwaro rinopa veruzhinji dzidzo yepamusoro uye mamwe mabasa eruzhinji;
- Kudzoreredzwa kwekuvhota, kusanganisira kusarudzwa kwevakuru, kuNational Guard system;
- Kugadziridzwa kwemari uye kudzorwa kweVarindi kuitira kuti masangano ehurumende apinde mumabasa ehondo chete nekuda kwekupinda, sekupihwa kweBumbiro reMitemo;
- Kugadziridzwa kwakafanana kweUS Armed Forces mukuzviisa pasi uye sevhisi kune Guard system;
- Kugamuchirwa kwekugadziriswa kwereferendamu yehondo, sezvakarongwa muma1920 mushure meHondo Yenyika I uye muma1970 pakupera kweHondo yeVietnam, zvinoda referendamu yenyika isati yapinda mukurwisana kusina kudzivirira; uye
- Kuwedzera kwakasimba mukuita runyararo senyaya yehurongwa hweAmerica, muchikamu kuburikidza neUnited Nations yakasimbiswa uye ine demokrasi, zvekuti US inoshandisa kanenge kagumi pakugadzira mamiriro erunyararo sezvainoita mukugadzirira mukana wehondo. .
Kune avo vanoti hapana chimwe cheizvi chinoenda kure zvakakwana, zvichiratidza kuti hondo yakatove yakarambidzwa nezvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana izvo United States inosaina, kunyanya Kellogg-Briand Pact ye 1928. Izvo, zvechokwadi, yakarurama. Asi zvibvumirano zvakadaro, seBumbiro reMitemo rinozviita “mutemo Mukurusa weNyika,” zvinongofarikanya simba rapamutemo mubumbiro chairo resimba. Democratized system yedziviriro ndiyo inochengetedza runyararo uye democracy. Kushamiswa kwakapararira neveruzhinji pakuendeswa kweNational Guard nekuda kwezvinangwa zvekufambisa kune dzimwe nyika kunofanirwa kuve nzvimbo yekusvetuka yekuongorora kwakakosha uye gakava pamusoro pekuti tinozviita sei sevanhu vekudzivirira nekudzivirira kodzero dzedu nerusununguko. .
