Kufungidzira Mhinduro Yekuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze

April 17, 2020

From Peace Sciences Digest

Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Tony Webster

Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza kutsvagurudza kunotevera: Boyce, GA, Launius, S., Williams, J. & Miller, T. (2020). Alter-geopolitics uye iro rechikadzi dambudziko kune kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze. Gender, Nzvimbo, & Tsika, 27 (3), 394-411.

Kutaura Points

Mune mamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze epasi rese:

• Hurumende dzenyika, kunyanya muGlobal North, dzinosimbisa kuiswa kwemisangano pamiganhu yenyika kudzivirira vapoteri pamamiriro ekunze pamusoro pehurongwa-sekuderedza kubviswa kwemhepo-inokwanisa kugadzirisa kutyisidzira kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
• Mhinduro iyi yehondo inounza kusagadzikana uye kusava nehanya neruzivo rwekugara kwevanhu nenharaunda zvinoratidzwa zvakanyanya kukuvadza.
• Kufambiswa kwemagariro kunotora pfungwa dzakabatana dzekuchengetedza uye nemaune maitiro ekubatana kunogona kunongedza nzira yekumberi kune mamiriro ekunze mamiriro ekunze anopindura zvine mutsindo kunzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekusagadzikana pane kuwedzera kuwedzera kusagadzikana kuburikidza nemaitiro akasarudzika emitauro sekutonga kumuganho.

pfupiso

Mhando dzesarudzo dzakasiyana siyana dziripo kune dzimwe nyika dzekugadzirisa nekupindura shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Kutarisa zvakananga kuUS, vanyori vechidzidzo ichi vanopokana kuti idzi sarudzo dzesarudzo dzinoonekwa kuburikidza nemalesi ye geopopulationism, kutungamira hurumende kubata varwi vehondo pamiganhu yenyika senzira parutivi nekuedza kuderedza kabhoni. Nyika dzakaratidza kusimuka kwemamiriro ekunze (kunyanya kubva kuGlobal South kuenda kuGlobal North) sengozi yakakurumbira yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, vachizviisa sengozi yekuchengetedza inoda madziro emumigwagwa, patroli dzemapurisa uye kusungwa.

Geopopulationism: "Kusarura kunogadzira nzvimbo kuita chinangwa chekuraramisa vanhu, nekudzora kana kudzikamisa kufamba kwavo uye / kana kuwana dzimwe nzvimbo." Vanyori vechinyorwa ichi vanoshandisa iyi sisitimu kune nyika tsika vanoziva kutyisidzira kwavo. Muhurongwa hwepasi rose-hwepasi rose, vanhu vanonzwisiswa kuva vematunhu akatsanangurwa (nyika), uye nyika idzo dzinoonekwa dzichikwikwidzana.

Vanyori vanoshora kuumba uku, kwavanokwikwidza kunobva kuchimiro chezvematongerwo enyika umo vanhu vari mumatunhu akatsanangurwa uye nyika idzi dziri kukwikwidzana kuitira kuchengetedza zvavanofarira. Pane kudaro, ivo vanotsvaga imwe mhinduro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kutora kubva kuhunyanzvi hwechikadzi, vanyori vanotarisa kune mafambisirwo ezvemagariro-iyo North American Sangment Movement uye #BlackLivesMatter-kudzidza maitiro ekufambisa basa rakawanda uye kuwedzera pfungwa dzekuchengetedza.

Vanyori vacho vanotanga nekutevera kuchengetedzwa yezvemamiriro ekunze muU.S. Vanotora humbowo hunobva kuPentagon 2003-yakatemerwa mushumo inoratidza kuti mauto eUS akaongorora sei kutama kwakadai sekutyisidzira kukuru kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichidaro akasimbisa miganhu yekurwisa "vapfumi vasingatize vanofa nenzara kubva Zvitsuwa zveCaribbean, Mexico, uye South America. "[1] Iyi geopopulationist kuumba yakaenderera mukati medzhinji dzakazotevera maU.S.

Kuchengetedza: Inotorwa "seyakanyanya kunyanyisa yezvematongerwo enyika" umo "nyaya [yemutemo] inoratidzirwa sekutyisidzira kuripo, kuchida matanho echimbichimbi nekururamisa zviito zviri kunze kwenzira dzezvematongerwo enyika." Buzan, B., Waever, O., & Wilde, J. (1997). Ongororo yekuchengetedza: Conceptual zvishandiso. Mukati Chengetedzo: Iyo itsva sisitimu yekuongorora, 21-48. Boulder, CO: Lynn Rienner Vaparidzi.

Nekudaro, vanyori vanoona kuti "njodzi dzekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, saka, hazvinzwisisike sekubatanidza kusadzorwa kwemhepo, gungwa reasidhi, kusanaya kwemamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, kukwira kwemhepo yegungwa, kana zvinokanganisa izvi pakugadzikana kwemunhu, pamunhu - asi asi [kutama kwevanhu] kuti izvi zvinofungidzirwa sezvingangove zvichikonzera. ” Pano, vanyori vanodhonza kubva kuhukadzi hwekudzidza pamusoro shanduko-geopolitics kuratidza kuti geopopulationist logic inogadzira sei kusagadzikana uye kusava nehanya kune kwakagara kuitika kwevanhu uye nharaunda. Iyi yambotaurwa marariro ekudyidzana anonetsa iyi geopopulationist pfungwa nekuwedzera tsanangudzo yekuchengetedza nekuita kuti ibatanidze nehupenyu hwepamoyo hweavo zvakananga nenzira yekukuvara-nzira inonongedza kune imwe nzira mberi mukupindura kwedu mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Alter-Geopolitics: Imwe nzira yeku geopolitics iyo "inofumura [s] maitiro ekuchengetedza uye maitiro pamwero [wenyika] nyika inoshinga kuburitsa nekuparadzira kusagadzikana pamagetsi esimba uye musiyano," uye inoratidza maitiro "zviito pamwe nekuunganidzwa kwakavakirwa pane chaiko uye nekufananidza. miganhu inowedzera, kuparadzira, kugovera, nekugadziridza kuchengetedzeka seprojekiti inowedzera uye inobatanidza. Koopman, S. (2011). Alter-geopolitics: Zvimwe zvekuchengetedza zviri kuitika. Geoforum, 42 (3), 274-284.

Chekutanga, North American Sancwele Movement yakatanga senzvimbo yevanoshandira, machechi, masinagogi, mayunivhesiti, masangano evashandi, pamwe nemaguta vachiona kurapwa kwevatsvaki vekubva kuCentral America muma1980 - vazhinji vavo vaitiza mhirizhonga nemaoko eUS. -dzoreredzwe hurumende munyika dzakaita seEl Salvador, Guatemala, uye Honduras. Sangano iri rakatarisana nekuburitsa pachena hukama hwepfungwa hwekudyarwa kweUS — umo iyo US yakadzosera hurumende dzine chisimba senge kutaura kwezvavanofarira kuchengetedza uye ndokuyedza kudzivirira ruzhinji rwakakanganisika kuwana hupoteri muUS-nekuvaka kubatana kwakapfuura pakati pevanhu uye nharaunda dzakavhenekwa. Kubatana uku kwakaratidza kuti kutsvaga kuchengetedzwa kweUS chaiko kwakaunza kusagadzikana kune vanhu vazhinji nenharaunda pavakatiza mhirizhonga yenyika. Sangano iri rakatsigira mhinduro dzemaprimary, sekusikwa kwechisimba chakachengetedzwa Status chikamu mumutemo wevapoteri veUS.

Chechipiri, iyo #blacklivesmatter kufamba kwaratidza kubatana pachena pakati pechisimba rusarura uye kusawoneka pakuratidzika kwezvakakuvadzwa nharaunda dzinonzwa nharaunda dzeruvara. Simba iri rinoitwa chete rakanyanya nekutadza kutungamira kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Sangano renhepfenyuro haridi kungoita “kurwisa mhirizhonga yemapurisa, kusungwa kwevakawanda uye vamwe vatyairi vekusaenzana uye kufa kwekukasira” asi zvakare "kudzikiswa kweruzhinji kubva mumagetsi, pamwe nekudyara kwenzvimbo dzinodzorwa munharaunda nedzidzo, zvehutano pamwe nekusimba simba." Iko kufamba kunotora hukama pakati pekusagadzikana nharaunda dzemavara kumeso nezvekukuvara kwezvakatipotera uye yakakura geopopulationist logic, iyo inotadza kubvuma kusagadzikana kana kugadzirisa iyo midzi yayo inokonzeresa.

Mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze inonzwika kupfuura miganhu yezvematongerwo enyika, ichida kuti rive nekubatanidza tsanangudzo yekuchengetedza iyo inofamba zvakapfuura izvo zvakataurwa mu geopopulationism. Mukuongorora mafambisirwo anoitika munzveri mune chino chidzidzo, vanyori vanotanga kuumba imwe nzira yekuchinja mamiriro ekunze maererano nepfungwa yekuchengetedza. Kutanga, inotorwa kubva pane zvakaitika #blacklivesmatter, ndeye kunzwisisa kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inobatsira kune kusagadzikana nharaunda dzemavara dzakamboitika nekuda kwerusaruraganda. Tevere, kune mikana yekubatana kwekubatana, sekuratidzwa kweSancwele Movement, yekusundira kumashure kutarisana nekuwongorora kushomeka kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uko kunodaidzira kurwirwa kwemiganhu yenyika asi uchisiya hanya nezvimwe zvakaipa zvinokanganisa kugara kwevanhu.

Kuzivisa Kudzidzira

Panguva yakanyorwa izvi, nyika iri kusangana neimwezve njodzi yekuchengetedza nyika - dambudziko renyika. Kupararira kwakakurumidza kwekoronavirus kuri kuburitsa zvikanganiso muhurongwa hwehutano nekuratidzira kusakwana kwekugadzirira munyika dzakawanda, kunyanya US isu tiri pamwe chete tichitsvaga mugariro weizvi. kudzivirirwa kurasikirwa yehupenyu seCOVID-19 inova yechipiri inotungamira chikonzero chekufa muUnited States svondo rapfuura, tisingatauri zvakakomba hupfumi (fungidziro ye kumusoro kwe30% kushaikwa) kuti dambudziko iri richavapo mumwedzi yakawanda uye makore anouya. Iyo iri kutungamira akawanda erunyararo uye chengetedzo nyanzvi ku tora kuenzanisa nehondo asi zvakare kutungamira mazhinji eaya akafanana nyanzvi kumhedziso yakagovaniswa: takachengeteka sei chaizvo?

Kwemakumi emakore, kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeUS kwakatarisana nekuchengetedza hupenyu hweAmerican kubva mukutyisidzira kwehugandanga hwekunze uye kuendesa "zvido zvekuchengetedza" zveUS mukati. Iyi nzira yekuchengetedza yakatungamira kuronga kwekudzivirira bhajeti, yakundikana kupindira mauto, uye kurasikirwa kwehupenyu hwusingaverengeki, vangave varwi vekunze nevarwi kana varwi vehondo yeUS- zvese izvi zvine chikonzero nekutenda kuti zviitwa izvi zvakachengetedza vanhu vekuAmerica. Nekudaro, lenzi yakamanikana iyo iyo US yakanzwisisa uye ndokurondedzera "zvido zvekuchengetedza" yakasimudza kugona kwedu kupindura kumatambudziko makuru, aripo anotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwesedenda repasi rese uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Vanyori vechinyorwa ichi vanobva vatora kubva pachikumbiro chevakadzi uye mafambiro ezvemagariro kuti vataurire dzimwe nzira dzeiyi chiuto yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Saizvozvi, feminist yekune dzimwe nyika tsika iri kubuda iyo, maererano ne Chipangamazano chevakadzi vekunze, "Inokwidziridza ruzivo rwezuva nezuva hwevagari vakasarudzika kumberi uye inopa ongororo yakadzama uye yakadzama yezvinhu zvepasi rese." Pamwe chete neAlter-geopolitics, feminist yekune dzimwe nyika danho inopa kududzira kwakasiyana kwakasiyana kwezvinhu zvinoita kuti tachengeteke. Iyo inoratidza iyo kuchengetedzeka hakuzi kubva pamakwikwi pakati penyika. Asi, isu tinonyanya kuchengetedzeka patinovimbisa kuti vamwe vakachengeteka. Dambudziko rakadai sedenda repasi rese uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inonzwisiswa sekutyisidzira nekuda kwekukanganisa kwavo kwakashata pahupenyu hwevanhu uye nharaunda pasirese, kwete nekuti vanokanganisa nyika '"zvekuchengetedza" Mhinduro inoshanda kwazvo mune mbiri idzi haisi yekukanganisa miganhu yedu kana kuomesera mafambiro ekupfuura asi kuponesa hupenyu nekubatana nevamwe uye kuita mhinduro dzinogadzirisa midzi yedambudziko.

Nehukuru hwematambudziko aya uye nekutyisidzira kwehupenyu hwevanhu hwavari kuratidza, nguva ikozvino ndiyo yekuchinja zvakanyanya izvo zvatinoreva nekuchengetedza. Iyi nguva ikozvino yekuongororazve mabhajeti edu ekutanga uye kushandisa kwekudzivirira. Nguva ikozvino ndeye yekuita neparadigm nyowani inonzwisisika kuti, zvachose, hapana munhu akachengeteka kunze kwekunge isu tese takachengeteka.

Kuenderera Kuverenga

Haberman, C. (2017, Kurume 2). Trump uye kurwa pamusoro penzvimbo tsvene muAmerica. The New York Times. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 1, 2020, kubva  https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/05/us/sanctuary-cities-movement-1980s-political-asylum.html

Mavara Matombo. (2016, Nyamavhuvhu 1). VERENGA: Iyo Movement yeBlack Lives 'mutemo wepuratifomu. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 2, 2020, kubva https://www.colorlines.com/articles/read-movement-black-lives-policy-platform

Chikamu cheFeminist yekune dzimwe nyika. (Nd). Iyo feminist yekune dzimwe nyika kuverenga kuverenga. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 2, 2020, kubva https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org/feminist-foreign-policy

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2019, Kukadzi 14). Kufunga nezve kubatana pakati pevakadzi, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, uye kurwisana. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 2, 2020, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/considering-links-between-gender-climate-change-and-conflict/

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2016, Kubvumbi 4). Kugadzira yakakura-yakavakirwa kufamba kweVatema hupenyu. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 2, 2020, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/creating-broad-based-movement-black-lives/?highlight=black%20lives%20matter%20

American Shamwari Dare reDare. (2013, June 12). Kugoverwa kwekuchengetedza: Chiono cheQuaker cheyunivhesiti yekune dzimwe nyika yakatangwa. Dzoreredzwa Kubvumbi 2, 2020, kubva https://www.afsc.org/story/shared-security-quaker-vision-us-foreign-policy-launched

Misangano

National Farm Worker Ministry, Nyowani yeSystem Movement: http://nfwm.org/new-sanctuary-movement/

Hupenyu Hwakakosha Chinhu: https://blacklivesmatter.com

Chipo cheiyo Feminist Foreign Policy: https://centreforfeministforeignpolicy.org

Keywords: shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, mauto, United States, kufambidzana munharaunda, nhando yeLife Matter, Sungano yeMafaro, feminism

[1] Schwartz, P., & Randall, D. (2003). Mamiriro ekunze ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvazvinoreva kune kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeUS. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Jet Propulsion Lab.