Inouraya Yezvakatipoteredza uye Mamiriro ekunze: United States Mauto uye Hondo Maitiro

NaReiner Braun, Gumiguru 15, 2019

Nei masisitimu ezvipfuti achityisidzira vanhu uye nharaunda panguva imwe chete?

Chirevo che2012 kubva kuUS Congress chakaona kuti US Mauto ndiye mutengi mukuru kune mumwe mutengi wezvigadzirwa zvemafuta muUSA uye nekudaro pasi rese. Maererano neshumo ichangobva kuitika yenyaya yekutsvaga mutsva Neta C. Crawford, Pentagon inoda 350,000 mbiya dzemafuta pazuva. Kuti uwane mamiriro ari nani ekupedzisira kweizvi, iyo Pentagon's greenhouse gesi inoburitsa mu2017 yaive 69 mamirioni kupfuura Sweden kana Denmark. (Sweden inoverenga 50.8 mamirioni matani uye Denmark 33.8 mamirioni matani). Chikamu chikuru cheiyi greenhouse gasi emhepo inofungidzirwa nezvekuita kwekubhururuka kweUS Air Force. 25 inotyisa% yezvese zvekushandisa oiri yeUS zvinongoshandiswa chete nevemauto eUS. Mauto eUS ndiye anouraya mamiriro ekunze. (Neta C. Crawford 2019 - Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, uye Zvinodhura zveHondo)

Kubva kutanga kweanodaidzwa kuti 'Hondo paNotyisa' mu2001 iyo Pentagon yaburitsa matani e1.2 Bhiriyoni emagreenhouse, maererano nemishumo kubva ku Watson Institute.

Kwemakore anodarika makumi maviri, zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zveKyoto neParis zvekudzora kusvibiswa kweCO20 zvakabvumidza mauto kubva pane zvakabvumiranwa pane CO2 mvumo yekuburitsa mvumo yekuiswa muzvinangwa zvekudzikisa, kunyanya neUS, NATO nyika neRussia. Zviripachena kuti mauto epasirese anokwanisa kuburitsa pachena CO2, zvekuti iyo chaiyo CO2 inobuda kubva muchiuto, kugadzirwa kwezvombo, kutengeserana kwezvombo, mashandiro nehondo zvinogona kuramba zvakavanzwa nanhasi. "USA Freedom Act" yeUSA inovanza ruzivo rwakakosha rwemauto; zvichireva kuti Germany ivo havazi ruzivo rwuripo kunyangwe zvikumbiro kubva kuchikamu chekuruboshwe. Zvimwe zvinoratidzwa muchinyorwa.

Zvatinoziva: Iyo Bundeswehr (mauto eGermany) inogadzira matani emamiriyoni e1.7 e CO2 pagore, tangi yeLeopard 2 inoshandisa 340 malita munzira uye ichingofamba-famba mumunda nezve 530 malita (imwe mota inodya anenge 5 malita). A Dutu remhepo jetti inodya pakati pe2,250 ne7,500 marita eparafini pane imwe nguva yekubhururuka, neine chinangwa chekunze kwenyika kune kuwedzera kwemitengo yemagetsi inowedzera zvinopfuura mamirioni 100 mamirioni pagore uye CO2 inosvitswa kune 15 matani. Chidzidzo chakaongororwa neBürgerinitiativen gegen Fluglärm aus Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland (Citizen's Initiatives Against A ndege Noise from Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland) vakawana kuti pazuva rimwe chete raJuly 29^th, 2019 fighter jets kubva kuUS Army neBundeswehr yakabhururuka 15 nguva yekubhururuka, ichipedza 90,000 malita emafuta uye inogadzira 248,400 kilogiramu ye CO2 uye 720kg ye nitrogen oxides.

Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinosvibisa nharaunda uye zvinotyisidzira kuvapo kwevanhu.

Kune masayendisiti mazhinji, yekutanga kuputika bhomba kuputika mu1945 kunoonekwa sekuonekwa sekupinda mune imwe nyowani geology, iyo Anthropocene. Mabhomba eatomu eHiroshima neNagasaki aive ekutanga kuuraya vanhu nekuda kwebhomba rimwe nerimwe, kuuraya vanhu vanopfuura 100,000. Mhedzisiro yenguva yakareba makumi emakore enzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nemhepo dzakaratidza kuti mazana ezviuru zvevamwe vanhu vakafa nekuda kwehurwere hwakaenderana. Kuburitswa kweradioacaction kubva ipapo kunogona kuderedzwa nemasikirwo nehafu-hupenyu hwezvinhu zvinosevenzesa, mune zvimwe zviitiko izvi zvinongoitika mushure memakumi emakumi emakore. Nekuda kwekuyedzwa kwakawanda kwezvombo zvesyukireya mukati mezana re20th, semuenzaniso, pasi pegungwa muPacific hakuna mariri kwete nezvikamu zvepurasitiki chete, asiwo nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa nemagetsi.

Iko kushandiswa kwechikamu chidiki diki chezvombo zvemazuva ano zvombo zvenyukireya, izvo zviri pamutemo zvakagadzirirwa kushanda se "zvinodzivirira", zvinogona kukonzera njodzi yemamiriro ekunze ("yechando cheatomu") uye zvinotungamira mukudonha kwevanhu vese, vesaenzi vanodaro. Nyika yaisazogare nevanhu nemhuka.

Maererano 1987 Brundtland Chirevo, zvombo zvenyukireya uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo mhando mbiri dzekuuraya kuzviuraya kwepasi, nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri 'kunonoka zvombo zvenyukireya'.

Mionzi mionzi ine mhedzisiro inogara.

Uranium munitions dzaishandiswa muhondo dza US-inotungamirwa mubatanidzwa kurwisa Iraq mu1991 uye 2003 uye muhondo yeNATO neYugoslavia mu1998 / 99. Izvi zvaisanganisira tsvina yenyukireya ine masara radioacaction, iyo inomisikidzwa kuita zvidiki-zvidimbu painenge ichirova target pamhepo dzakanyanya kupisa uye zvobva zvaparadzirwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo. Muvanhu, izvi zvimiti zvinopinda muropa uye zvinokonzeresa kukuvara kwakakura kwerudzi uye kenza. Izvi ruzivo uye maitiro kwazviri zvakashumwa, kunyangwe zvichinyorwa zvakanaka. Zvisineyi ichiri yehondo huru uye mhosva dzemhoteredzo yenguva yedu.

Zvombo zvemakemikari - zvakarambidzwa nhasi, asi mhedzisiro yenguva refu mumamiriro ekunze inoenderera mberi.

The kukanganisa kwezvemakemikari zvombo zvakanyorwa zvakanaka, sekushandiswa kwemafuta emasitadhi muHondo yeNyika I kuuraya vanhu ve100,000 uye akapisa chepfu maputi makuru epasi. Hondo yeVietnam mu1960s yaive hondo yekutanga kunongedza zvisikwa uye nharaunda. Mauto eUS akashandisa iyo defoliant Agent Orange kuparadza masango nezvirimwa. Iyi yaive nzira yekudzivirira kushandiswa kwejusiti sec sekuhwanda uye zvekushandisa zveanopikisa. Kune mamirioni avanhu muVietnam, izvi zvakakonzera kurwara uye kufa - kusvika parizvino, vana vanozvarwa muVietnam vane hutachiona hwehutachiona. Nzvimbo huru dzakakura kupfuura Hessen neRhenland-Pfalz kuGermany akatemwa mumiti kusvika nhasi, ivhu rakasiya risina hutongo nekuparadzwa.

Mauto kubhururuka mabasa.

Pollutants mumhepo, ivhu uye pasi pevhu rakagadzirwa nemauto aircrafts ari inoshanda neNATO ndege yekufambisa. Vari yakanyanya carcinogenic nekuda kwekuwedzera kwakakosha kune carcinogenic yemhepo inosvibisa.

Pano, zvakare, iyo mitoro yehutano yakavharwa nechinangwa nevemauto. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemauto ehondo akasvibiswa nekushandiswa kwemakemikari ePFC anoshandiswa kuchenesa moto nemuti. PFC inenge isiri-biodegradable uye pakupedzisira inopinda pasi pevhu nemhedzisiro yenguva refu pahutano hwevanhu. To kugadzirisa nzvimbo dzakasvibiswa nehondo, anosvika mabhiriyoni anoverengeka emadhora ekuAmerica anofungidzirwa pasi rese.

Kushandisa kwemauto kunodzivirira kuchengetedza nharaunda uye kushandura simba.

Pamusoro pemitoro yakanangana nenzvimbo nemamiriro ekunze nevemauto, kushandisa mari yakawandisa pazvombo kunonyima mari zhinji kuzviisa mukuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kudzoreredza zvakatipoteredza uye simba rekushandura. Pasina kupomhodza, hakuzove nemamiriro ekunze ekubatana anova iko kunotarisirwa kuedza kwepasi rose kwekuchengetedza nharaunda / kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze. Mari yemauto eGerman yakaiswa zviri pamutemo kuti ingangoita 50 bhiriyoni ne2019. Nekuwedzera kwakasimba kweiyo Euro, ivo vari kutarisirwa kukwidza nhamba iyi kusvika kune 85 bhiriyoni mukuwirirana neichoyo chavo che2%. Kusiyana neizvi, chete 16 mabhiriyoni eEuro akaiswa mumagetsi anovandudza mu2017. Iyo Haushalt des Umweltministeriums (Dhipatimendi reMamiriro ekunze) bhajeti yakakodzera 2.6 bhiriyoni yeEuro pasi rese, iyi geji yakatopatsanurwa nechero inopfuura 1.700 bhiriyoni US dollars yekushandisa mari muchiuto, neUnited States semutungamiri wakasurukirwa. Kuti uchengetedze mamiriro ekunze uye nekudaro vanhu, inofanira kuita shanduko yakajeka, yekufarira zvinangwa zvekusimudzira yepasi rose kururamisira kwepasirese.

Hondo nemhirizhonga yekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa?

Kudzvinyirirwa kwepasi rese kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa uye kutakurwa kwavo kunoda zvematongerwo enyika simba kuchengetedza kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakasarudzika. Mauto mashandiro ari kushandiswa neUS, NATO uye achiwedzera zvakare neEU kumisikidza masosi avo uye nzira dzekugovera kuburikidza nematangi engarava uye mapaipi. Hondo dzave uye dzichirwiwa (Iraq, Afghanistan, Siria, Mali) Kana kushandiswa kwemafuta epasi kuchitsiviwa neanowedzerwazve simba simba, ayo anogona kugadzirwa zvakanyanya zvine hunyanzvi, inobvisa kudiwa kwemauto kudzorera nemauto ehondo.

Global kutambisa zviwanikwa zvinokwanisika chete neemauto ezvematongerwo enyika. Kugadzirwa uye kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa pamisika yepasirese zvinotungamira mukuparadzwa kwezvinhu, zvakare nekuda kwekukura kuri kuita nzira dzekutakura, izvo zvinotungamira mukuwedzerwa kwekushandiswa kwemafuta ezvirimwa. Kuti avhure nyika misika yezvigadzirwa zvepasi rese, anoiswawo pasi pemanikidzwa.

Izvo zvinokanganisa zvakatipoteredza zvinokuvadza kusvika ku57 bhiriyoni yeEuro (Umweltbundesamt) uye 90% yazvo inosvibisa nharaunda.

Kutiza - mhedzisiro yehondo nekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Pasi rese, vanhu vari kutiza kubva kuhondo, mhirizhonga uye njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze. Vanhu vazhinji uye vari kumhanyisa pasi rese, ikozvino kupfuura 70 mamirioni. Izvo zvinokonzeresa ndeizvi: hondo, udzvanyiriri, kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvakatove zvakanyanya zvakanyanya munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi kupfuura muCentral Europe. Vaya vanhu vanoita nzira inotyisidzira yekupukunyuka nzira kuenda kuEurope vari kudzoserwa kumashure nehondo kumiganhu ekunze uye vashandura iyo yegungwa reMedhiya iguva renyika.

mhedziso

Kudzivirirwa kwenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza, kudzivirira kweimwezve njodzi yemamiriro ekunze iri kuuya, kupera kwenzvimbo dzinonzi dzekukura uye kuchengetedzwa kwerunyararo nekuzvidzivirira mativi maviri emari imwe chete, inonzi ruramisiro repasirese. Ichi chinangwa chinogona chete kuzadzikiswa kuburikidza neshanduko huru (kana kutendeuka) kana, kuisa neimwe nzira, shanduko yemuridzi - shanduko yesystem pachinzvimbo chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze! Izvo zvisingafungidzirwe zvinofanirwa kuve, zvakare zvakare, zvinogoneka mukutarisana nematambudziko.