NePat Mukuru, April 25, 2019
Nhau yeminhenga, wax, zvishuwo zvisingatauriki, uye zvinotyisa zvemazuva ano makemikari engineering
Muzvinyorwa zvechiGiriki, nyaya yaDaedalus naIcarus inopa chidzidzo icho vanhu vasina kumbobvira vadzidza. Daedalus nemwanakomana wake, Icarus vakasungwa mushongwe. Kutiza, Daedalus akaita mapapiro kubva kumapapiro nemakisi. Daedalus akanyevera mwanakomana wake kuti arege kubhururuka pedyo nezuva nokuti anotya kuti wax ingasungunuka. Icarus yakabvisa, yakashamiswa nehutano, uye ikasimudza zvinyararire kumazuva. Mapapiro ake akawira pasi, uye Icarus akawira kurufu rwake.
Mishonga inoshamisa inopukunyuka kutonga kwedu uye imperil vanhu. Zvinhu zviviri zvinoshamisa zvinowanikwa mu1938 zvakafanana neDaedalus 'kuomesa mapapiro kunaya: kuparadzaniswa kweatomu yeuranium neNazi Germany, uye kuwanikwa kwepuro uye poly fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) neDupont chemist muNew Jersey.
Albert Einstein akaziva kuti maNazi aigona kukura zvombo zvenyukireya uye zvakamuita kuti atsigire pakusika zvombo zvenyukireya zveAmerica. Apo pakanga pasina nguva, akachema basa rake pakuumba simba rakadaro rakaparadza. "Simba rakasununguka reatomu rakashandura zvinhu zvose zvichengetedze mafungiro edu ekufunga, uye isu tinokwira kumatambudziko asina kufanana," akadaro.
Izvo zvinoenderana nemazuva ano emakemikari engineering.
Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika yakaona netsaona kuwanikwa kwePFAS komponi inozivikanwa se polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Kufanana nekuparadzanisa atomu yeuranium, ichi chaive chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvesainzi munhoroondo yevanhu. PTFE yakawanikwa naRoy J. Plunkett kuDupont Kambani yeJackson Laborator muDepwater, New Jersey.
Inyanzvi iyi inonyanya kuoma kupfuura yakisi neminhenga Daedalus akasika, asi zvinoguma, sekuparadzanisa atomu. vane mikana yekushandira nekuparadza vanhu.
Plunkett yakanga yakabudisa mapaundi zana e tetrafluoroethylene gesi (TFE) uye yakaichengeta muzvigadziri zviduku paanenge yakaoma-yechando kusati yachitsvaira. Apo paaigadzira cyilinder kuti ishandiswe, hapana gesi yakabuda-asi cyilinda yakayera zvakafanana neyekare. Plunkett yakazarurwa Pandora's cylinder ndokuwana poda chena iyo inert kune angangoita ese makemikari uye inoonekwa seyinotsvedza kwazvo zvinhu zviripo - uye inonyanya kupisa kupisa.
Yakanga ichishandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zveTeflon uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakave chinhu chinoshingairira mumhepo-inorwisa furo panguva yekudzidzira moto pamasosi emauto nendege. Iwo makomponi anoshamisa anoshandiswa mumachira e-stain- uye mvura-anodzinga, polishes, waxes, pendi, kurongedza chikafu, mazino floss, zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa, chrome yakanamirwa, kugadzira zvemagetsi, uye kupora kwemafuta, kutumidza mamwe mafomu. Idzi nzira - kunyanya kushandiswa kwePFAS sefuro inorwisa moto inodonhera mumvura yepasi - inobvumira izvo zvinokonzeresa kupinda mumuviri wemunhu unozvichengeta zvachose. Chidzidzo che2015 neUS National Health uye Nutrition Examination Survey yakawana PFASs mu97 muzana yesampula yeropa revanhu. Dzinosvika zviuru zvishanu zvemunhu akasvinwa makemikari zvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva pakawanikwa yekutanga. PFAS chiratidzo chemazuva ano chebhokisi raPandora, imwe ngano yechiGiriki.
Sezviri pachena, Zeus achiri kutora kutsiva kuna Prometheus nevese vanhu nekuda kwekuba moto kubva kudenga. Zeus akapa Pandora kuna mukoma waPrometheus Epimetheus. Pandora akatakura bhokisi iro vanamwari vakati raive nezvipo zvakakosha kubva kwavari, asi iye aisatenderwa kuvhura iro bhokisi. Kunyangwe yambiro, Pandora akavhura bhokisi riine hurwere, rufu uye nehuipi hwakawanda hwakazoburitswa mupasi rose. Pandora akatya, nekuti akaona mweya yese yakaipa ichibuda uye akaedza kuvhara bhokisi nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, achivhara Tariro mukati!
Zvinhu zvose zve 5,000 PFAS zvinotendwa kuti zvine chepfu.
Ihutano hwehutano hwekutsvaga kune aya makemikari unosanganisira kazhinji kupererwa uye zvimwe zvakakomba kubata pamuviri. Zvinoshatisa mukaka wemunhu uye vanorwara vana vanoyamwisa. Per uye poly fluoroalkyls inobatsira kukuvara kwechiropa, kenza yeitsvo, cholesterol yakawanda, njodzi yekuwedzera yechirwere chetachiona, pamwe nekenza yemachende, micro-penis, uye pasi mbeu yepamusoro muvarume.
Panguva iyi, EPA inoramba kutonga zvinhu. Ndiyo mhuka yekumavirira uye sheriff haina nzvimbo inowanikwa. Sangano risina basa rakasarudza kutanga 70 ppt Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) yemvura yekunwa. Mazano haasi ekumanikidzwa.
Iyo LHA iko kusanganisa kwekemikari mumvura yekunwa iyo isingatarisirwe kukonzeresa chero akasarudzika noncarcinogenic mhedzisiro yehupenyu hwese hwekuratidzira. Iyo LHA inoenderana nekuratidzwa kweye 70-kg munhu mukuru anonwa 2 litita emvura pazuva.
Mukusabatwa kweEPA yakashanda zvakanaka, New Jersey, nzvimbo yekuberekwa kweperi uye poly fluoroalkyl substances, ichangobva kushandisa iyo yakanyanya kunetseka kunwa uye kuisa mvura mitemo ye10 ppt yePFAS uye 10 ppt yePFOA. Mapoka ezvezvakatipoteredza akange adaidzira muganho we5 ppt yekemikari imwe neimwe. Philippe Grandjean nevamwe vaanoshanda navo paHarvard TH Chan Chikoro cheHuzhinji Hutano vanoti kuburitswa kwe1 ppt mumvura yekunwa kunokanganisa hutano hwevanhu.
Mitemo mitsva yeNew Jersey haizoshandi kumisangano yeDoD senge yaimbove Trenton Naval Air Warfare Center iyo yakavharwa mu1997. Kuongororwa kuchangobva kuitika uko kunoratidza kuti Navy yakasvibisa mvura yepasi ne27,800 ppt yePFAS nepo Joint Base McGuireDix-Lakehurst yaisa chepfu pasi pevhu ne1,688. ppt yezvinhu. Kune zvakawanda zvivakwa zvekudzivirira mudunhu izvo zvisina kuverengerwa mu DoD report pane kupararira kwePPAS, kunyange zvazvo vanozivikanwa kushandisa zvinhu.
England Air Force Base muAlexandria Louisiana, nzvimbo yakavharwa muna 1992, yakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura iine 10,900,000 ppt yemakemikari mumvura yayo yepasi. Vamwe vagari padyo nechigadziko vanopihwa nemvura yemutsime. Kusiyana neNew Jersey, Louisiana yanga isingashande mukuchengetedza vagari vayo. Louisiana iri pachena inogutsikana nehurumende kusaita basa paPFAS.
IEPA ichangobva kusunungurwa Per- uye Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Chirongwa cheNhanho inokundikana kuita zviyero kudzora PFAS uye kurerutsa zvinogona kuitika hutano hwevanhu makemikari anouraya. Iwo mauto neanosvibisa makambani anogona kufema kugomera pavanenge vachiramba vachipa chepfu kuruzhinji.
Zvinotyisa. PFAS inogona kuchinja kuti vanhu vanokwanisa sei kupindura kune zvirwere zvinotapukira. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti kusvibiswa kwePPAS kunogona kugadzirisa maitiro ekudzivirira zvirwere zvemuviri uye kuwedzerwa kunzwisisika kune zvirwere zvinotapukira. Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti PFAS inoshandiswa inoshandiswa nekushandurwa kwekutaura kwemajeni e52 anobatanidzwa mukudzivirira muviri uye kubudirira. Muchidimbu, PFAS ine simba rekudzivisa zvirwere zvemuviri. Uye nevevanhu vose vakatakura zvinokonzera izvi, isu tinofanira kufunganya zvikuru.
Kunyange zvazvo EPA isingatauri, masayendisiti akanyatsobatanidza hutano hwePPAS muropa revakadzi vane pamuviri kuti vaite izvi kuvana vavo:
- Kupera kwechirwere chechirwere chinokonzerwa nemishonga uye kugadziriswa kwehutano hwehutano hwehutachiwana hunenge huri muhuduku.
- Maviri mashoma anorwisana ne rubella muvana vachirwere.
- Nhamba yezvinotonhora zvevana,
- Gastroenteritis muvana.
- Nhamba inowedzera yekuputika maitiro mukati mekutanga kwemakore 10 ehupenyu.
Icarus akawira kurufu rwake, asinganzwisise njodzi dzetekinoroji yababa vake. Isu tave Icarus. Kufambira mberi kukuru kwevanhu kunofanirwa kuongororwa neavo vane vavariro dzakanakisa dzekuchengetedza hutano hwedu uye kuchengetedzeka. Zvinosuruvarisa, ichi hachisi chokwadi chedu.
"Kana tichizogara zvakanyanya padhuze nemakemikari aya, tichidya nekumwa, tichiapinza mumongo chaiwo wemapfupa edu - zvirinani kuti tizive chimwe chinhu nezvehunhu hwavo nesimba ravo."
- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
