Kuratidzira kwevadzidzi muRome musi waZvita 12, 1990, zuva rekurangarira kupondwa kwePazza Fontana. Banner inoverenga Gladio = Nyika inotsigirwa nehugandanga. Kunobva: Il Post.
naCym Gomery, Montreal kune a World BEYOND War, May 24, 2023
Yakatanga kuburitswa ne Iyo Canada Files.
Musi waApril 21, 2023, Dare reFrance reAssize akazivisa purofesa wePalestine-Canada Hassan Diab ane mhosva ye1980 rue Copernic bhomba muParis, kunyangwe humbowo hwekuti akange asiri muFrance panguva iyoyo, asi muLebanon achitora bvunzo dzesocialology.
Zvekare, munyoro Muzvinafundo Hassan Diab anomira kuti adzoserwe kuFrance. Nhepfenyuro dzinoita kunge dzakapokana nezvenyaya iyi - vatori venhau vazhinji vezvenhau vari kupopota - Bvisa musoro wake! - sevezvenhau vanofambira mberi zvakatsiga dzokorora chokwadi chenyaya iyi, sokunge kuti zvokwadi, inodzokororwa kazhinji kazhinji, inogona neimwe nzira kupesvedzera matare.
ichi drama rave munhau kubvira 2007, Diab paakaziva kuti aipomerwa mhosva yekubhomba Copernic kubva kumutori wenhau weLe Figaro. Akasungwa munaNovember 2008, akatarisana neEvidentiary Hearings mukupera kwa2009 uye akazvipira kuendeswa kunze kwenyika muna Chikumi 2011, kunyangwe paine "nyaya isina simba." Dambudziko rakaenderera mberi:
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November 14, 2014: Diab akaendeswa kuFrance ndokuiswa mujeri;
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Mbudzi 12, 2016: Mutongi weFrench Investigative anowana "Consistent Evidence" inotsigira kusava nemhosva kwaDiab;
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Mbudzi 15, 2017: Kunyange zvazvo Vatongi veFrench Investigative vakanga varayira kuti Diab asunungurwe kasere, Appeal Court yakapidigura Mutemo wokupedzisira (wechisere) Wokusunungurwa;
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Ndira 12, 2018: Vatongi veFrench Investigative vakarasa zvaipomerwa; Diab akabudiswa mujeri muFrance;
Zvino, muna 2023, vachuchisi veFrance vakaita sarudzo inokatyamadza yekuyedza Diab asipo. Mutongo unokatyamadza wakaenzana wemhosva wakamutsa fungidziro yekudzosera uye yatiyeuchidza kuti kune mibvunzo yakawanda isina kupindurwa. Dhiabhi agara achizivisa kusava nemhosva kwake. Humbowo hwese hwakapihwa nevachuchisi veFrance hwakarambwa, nguva nenguva.
Nei hurumende yeFrance ichida kuti nyaya iyi ivharwe, uye mufungidziro wayo mumwe chete ari kuseri kwemabhawa? Sei pasina kumboitwa ongororo yekutsvaga muparidzi chaiye wekubhomba?
Ongororo yedzimwe mhosva dzakatenderedza nguva yerue Copernic bhomba inoratidza kuti hurumende yeFrance nevamwe vatambi vanogona kunge vaine vavariro dzakasviba dzekutevera mbudzi.
Iyo rue Copernic bhomba
Panguva yekubhomba kweCopernic sinagogi (Gumiguru 3, 1980), mapepanhau. waiti kuti munhu asingazivikanwe akafona akapomera kurwiswa kweboka rinozivikanwa rinopikisa Semitic, Faisceaux nationalistes Européans. Zvakadaro, FNE (yaimbozivikanwa seFANE) yakaramba basa kwamaawa gare gare.
Nyaya yekubhomba yakakonzera kutsamwa kukuru muFrance, asi kunyangwe mushure memwedzi yekuferefeta, Le Monde yakashuma kuti pakanga pasina vaifungira.
Iyo rue Copernic bhomba yaive chikamu chemaitiro ekurwiswa kwakafanana panguva iyoyo muEurope:
Mwedzi miviri chete izvi zvisati zvaitika, musi waAugust 2, 1980, bhomba raiva musutukezi muBologna, Italy rakaputika, richiuraya vanhu 85 uye richikuvadza vanopfuura 200 [1]. Bhomba remauto eUS rakashandiswa raive rakafanana nezvinoputika zvakawanikwa nemapurisa ekuItaly mune imwe yenzvimbo dzekuraswa maoko kwaGladio pedyo neTrieste. Nhengo dzeNuclei Armati Rivoluzionary (NAR), boka reNeo-fascist rine chisimba, rakanga riripo pakuputika uye vaiva pakati pevakakuvadzwa. Nhengo makumi maviri nenhanhatu dzeNAR dzakasungwa asi dzakazoregedzwa nekuda kwekupindira kweSISMI, sangano remauto reItaly.
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Musi waSeptember 26, 1980, bhomba rakaputika paMunich Oktoberfest, kuuraya vanhu 13 uye kukuvadza vanopfuura 200. [2]
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Musi waNovember 9, 1985, pfuti dzakarira pachitoro cheDelhaize muBelgium, chimwe chezviitiko zvakatevedzana pakati pa1982 na1985 zvichizivikanwa se Brabant kuuraya izvo zvakasiya vanhu makumi maviri nevasere vafa. [28]
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Mhondi idzi hadzina kumbobvira dzazivikanwa mukurwiswa kwehugandanga uku, uye humbowo hwakaparadzwa mune dzimwe nguva. Kutarisa nhoroondo yeGladio kugara-kumashure kwemauto kunotibatsira kubatanidza madotsi.
Maitiro eGladio anogara-kumashure kwemauto akauya kuEurope
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, maCommunist akanga achizivikanwa zvikuru muWestern Europe, kunyanya muFrance neItaly [4]. Izvi zvakasimudza mireza mitsvuku yeCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) muUS, uye zvisingaite kuhurumende dzeItaly neFrance. Mutungamiriri weFrance Charles De Gaulle neBato rake reSocialist vaifanira kushanda pamwe neUS kana njodzi yekurasikirwa nehurongwa hwehupfumi hweMarshall.
De Gaulle pakutanga akavimbisa nhengo dzebato reCommunist (PCF) kubatwa zvakanaka muhurumende yake, asi kurudziro yenhengo dzeparamende yePCF yezvirongwa “zvakanyanya” zvakaita sekudimburwa kwebhajeti remauto zvakakonzera kusawirirana pakati pavo neFrench Socialist yaDe Gaulle.
Nyaya yekutanga (1947)
Muna 1946, PCF yakazvirumbidza nhengo dzinosvika miriyoni imwe, kuverenga kwakakura kwemapepanhau ayo maviri ezuva nezuva, pamwe nekutonga kwemasangano evechidiki nemasangano evashandi. Iyo ine hasha inopokana nemakomunisti US nebasa rayo repachivande rakafunga kutanga hondo yakavanzika paPCF, kodhi-yakanzi "Plan Bleu." Vakabudirira kudzinga PCF kubva kuFrench cabinet. Nekudaro, iyo Plan Bleu anti-communist plot yakaburitswa neSocialist Minister weInterior Edouard Depreux mukupera kwa1946 uye yakavharwa muna 1947.
Sezvineiwo, hondo yepachivande nevaKomonisiti haina kugumira ipapo. Mutungamiriri weFrench Socialist Paul Ramadier akaronga uto idzva rakavanzika pasi pekutarisirwa kweSevhisi de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage (SDECE) [5]. Mauto epachivande akatumidzwa zita rekuti 'Rose des Vents'- chirevo chechiratidzo cheNATO chakaita senyeredzi-uye kudzidziswa kuita mhirizhonga, mhirizhonga uye kuunganidza njere.
Hondo yakavanzika inoenda kunotyisa (1960s)
Nehondo yerusununguko rweAlgeria mukutanga kwema1960, hurumende yeFrance yakatanga kusavimba nemauto ayo epachivande. Kunyange zvazvo De Gaulle pachake akatsigira rusununguko rweAlgeria, muna 1961, mauto epachivande haana [6]. Vakasiya chero kunyepedzera kubatana nehurumende, vachitora zita rekuti l'Organisation de l'armée secret (OAS), vakatanga kuuraya vakuru vehurumende vane mukurumbira muAlgiers, vachiuraya maMuslim, uye nechisimba mabhanga [7].
Iyo OAS inogona kunge yakashandisa dambudziko reAlgeria se "dzidziso inokatyamadza" mukana wekuita mhosva dzechisimba dzisina kumbobvira dzave chikamu chezvayakarairwa: kudzivirira pakurwiswa kweSoviet. Masangano eDemocratics akaita separamende yeFrance uye hurumende yakanga yarasikirwa nekutonga kwemauto akavanzika.
SDECE uye iyo SAC yakashorwa, asi inonzvenga kururamisira (1981-82)
Muna 1981, SAC, mauto epachivande akagadzwa pasi peDe Gaulle, yakanga iri pamusoro pemasimba ayo, iine nhengo 10,000 dzinosanganisira mapurisa, maopportunist, matsotsi, uye vanhu vane maonero ekurudyi. Zvakadaro, kuponda kunotyisa kweaimbove mukuru wemapurisa eSAC Jacques Massif nemhuri yake yese muna Chikunguru 1981, kwakakurudzira Mutungamiriri achangosarudzwa Francois Mitterand kuti vatange ongororo yeparamende yeSAC [8].
Mwedzi mitanhatu yehuchapupu yakaratidza kuti zviito zveSDEC, SAC uye OAS network muAfrica 'zvakabatana zvakanyanya' uye kuti SAC yakanga yawana mari kuburikidza nemari yeSDEC uye kutengesa zvinodhaka [9].
Komiti yaMitterand inoongorora yakagumisa kuti mauto eSAC apinda muhurumende uye akaita mhirizhonga. Vazivi, “vachisundwa nekutya kweCold War” vakanga vatyora mutemo uye vakanga vaunganidza hutsotsi hwakawanda.
Hurumende yaFrancois Mitterand yakaraira kuti basa rekuvanzika remauto reSDCE ribviswe, asi izvi hazvina kuitika. Iyo SDECE yakangopihwa zita rekuti Direction Generale de la Securité Extérieure (DGSE), uye Admiral Pierre Lacoste akave Director wayo mutsva. Lacoste yakaramba ichimhanyisa uto rakavanzika reDGSE mukubatana pamwe neNATO [10].
Zvichida chiito chakashata zvikuru cheDGSE chaiva icho chainzi “Operation Satanique:” Musi waChikunguru 10, 1985, masoja emauto epachivande akabhomba ngarava yeGreenpeace Rainbow Warrior iyo yakanga yaratidzira murunyararo ichirwisana nokuedzwa kweatomu yeFrance muPacific [11] . Admiral Lacoste akamanikidzwa kusiya chigaro mushure mekunge mhosva yadzoserwa kuDGSE, Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa, Charles Hernu uye Mutungamiri Francois Mitterand pachake.
Muna Kurume 1986, kodzero yezvematongerwo enyika yakakunda sarudzo dzeparamende muFrance, uye Mutungamiriri weGaulist, Jacques Chirac, akabatana neMutungamiri Mitterrand semukuru wenyika.
1990: The Gladio scandal
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 3, 1990, mutungamiriri weItaly Giulio Andreotti akasimbisa kuvapo kwekodhi yemauto epachivande-inonzi "Gladio" - izwi rechiLatin rinoreva "munondo" - mukati mehurumende. Uchapupu hwake pamberi pedare reSeneti raiongorora hugandanga muItaly rakakatyamadza paramende yeItaly pamwe neveruzhinji.
Pepanhau reFrance rakazivisa ipapo kuti mauto eFrance epachivande emauto akanga adzidziswa kushandisa zvombo, kushandisa zvinoputika, uye kushandiswa kwezvinotakura vanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dziri kure muFrance.
Nekudaro, Chirac angangove asina shungu dzekuda kuona nhoroondo yeuto reFrance rakavanzika richiferefetwa, iye pachake aive purezidhendi weSAC kumashure muna 1975 [12]. Pakanga pasina kuferefetwa kwepamutemo kweparamende, uye nepo Gurukota reZviviriro Jean Pierre Chevenement akatsigira nenhevedzano kune vezvenhau kuti mauto epachivande akanga aripo, akakarakadza kuti akanga ari chinhu chekare. Zvisinei, Mutungamiriri weItaly Giulio Andreotti gare gare akaudza vezvenhau kuti vamiriri veuto rakavanzika reFrance vakanga vatora rutivi mumusangano weGladio Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) muBrussels nguva pfupi yapfuura saOctober 24, 1990—chizaruro chinonyadzisa chevezvematongerwe enyika veFrance.
1990 kusvika 2007-NATO uye CIA mukukuvara kwekudzora maitiro
Hurumende yeItaly yakatora makore gumi, kubva ku1990 kusvika 2000, kuti ipedze kuferefeta kwayo uye kuburitsa chirevo chakanyatso yakabatana neUS neCIA mukuponda kwakasiyana-siyana, kubhomba uye zvimwe zviito zvechiuto.
NATO neCIA vakaramba kutaura pamusoro pezvipomerwa izvi, pakutanga vachiramba kuti vakamboita mabasa echihwande, vobva vadzora kuramba uye vachiramba kutaurazve, vachidaidza "nyaya dzekuvanzika kwemauto". Nekudaro, aimbova director weCIA William Colby kutyora chinzvimbo mundangariro dzake, achireurura kuti kumisa mauto akavanzika muWestern Europe kwanga kuri “chirongwa chikuru” cheCIA.
Vavariro uye muenzaniso
Kana ivo vakapihwa simba rekurwisa communism chete, nei Gladio akasara-kumashure kwemauto aizoita kurwisa kwakawanda kwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vasina mhosva, sePiazza Fontana bank massacre (Milan), Munich Octoberfest kuuraya (1980), supermarket yeBelgium. kupfura (1985)? Muvhidhiyo "mauto akavanzika eNATO", vemukati vanoratidza kuti kurwiswa uku kunoitirwa kugadzira mvumo yeruzhinji yekuwedzera kuchengetedzeka uye kuenderera mberi nehondo inotonhora. Kuuraya kweBrabant, semuenzaniso, kwakabatana nekuratidzira kwaipokana neNATO muBelgium panguva iyoyo, uye Greenpeace Rainbow Warrior yakabhombwa apo yairatidzira kuedzwa kweatomu yeFrance muPacific.
Kubhomba kweCopernic sinagogi, kunyangwe kusiri kwekupedza kupokana kwehondo yenyukireya, kwaienderana neCIA "hurongwa hwekunetsana" hugandanga hwenguva yerunyararo.
Vapari vekurwisa vakaita sePiazza Fontana kuuraya muMilan 1980, bhomba reMunich Oktoberfest muna 1980, uye kupfura kweDelhaize supermarket muBelgium muna 1985, havasati vawanikwa. Iyo rue Copernic Synagogue bhomba inoratidza yakafanana modus operandi, mutsauko chete ndewekuti hurumende yeFrance yakaomerera zvine hungwaru kutsvaga mhosva yeiyi mhosva.
Kudyidzana kwehurumende yeFrance nemauto akavanzika eGladio kungave chikonzero nei, kunyange nhasi, hurumende ingada kudzivirira veruzhinji kuti vasanyanyoda kuziva nezvekurwiswa kwemagandanga kusati kwagadziriswa muEurope.
NATO neCIA, semasangano ane chisimba ane hupenyu hwake hunoenderana nehondo, haafariri kuona nyika yakawanda umo mapoka akasiyana anonakidzwa nekugarisana. Ivo, pamwe nevakuru vakasiyana-siyana vehurumende yeFrance, vane chinangwa chakajeka chekutevera mbudzi yekuvabatsira kuviga nyaya yerue Copernic.
Nehondo yenyukireya ingangoitika chaiyo, kugadzirisa mhosva iyi kunogona kuva nezvainoita pasi rose nemigumisiro. Nokuti, sechapupu chimwe mune documentary Operation Gladio-NATO Yakavanzika Mauto akati, "Kana ukawana mhondi, unogona kuwanawo zvimwe zvinhu."
References
[1] Nato's Secret Mauto, peji 5
[2] Nato's Secret Mauto, peji 206
[3] Ibid, peji
[4] Ibid, peji 85
[5] NATO Chakavanzika Mauto, peji 90
[6] Ibid, peji 94
[7] Ibid, peji 96
[8] Ibid, peji 100
[9] Ibid, peji 100
[10] Ibid, peji 101
[11] Ibid, peji 101
[12] Ibid, peji 101
Mupepeti wekunyora: Iyo Canada Files ndiyo yega nhau yenhau yakatarisana neCanada mutemo wekunze. Takapa kuferefeta kwakasimba & kuomarara-kurova ongororo paCanada mutemo wekunze kubva 2019, uye tinoda rutsigiro rwako.
