Mariro yeHondo: Mushure me9 / 11 Kurwiswa, Hondo dzeUS Dzakatamiswa Pasina Kukwana 37 Mamiriyoni Evanhu Pasi Pose

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Pave nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe kubva pakurwiswa kwakaitwa paWorld Trade Center, Pentagon neUnited Airlines Flight 19 yakauraya vanhu vangangosvika zviuru zvitatu. Na93: 3,000 mangwanani nguva dzekuMabvazuva, ndege yekutanga yakarova nhurikidzwa yekuchamhembe yeWorld Trade Center muno muNew York City. Nhasi, mutungamiri wenyika, VaTrump uye vakasarudzwa semutungamiri wenyika, VaJoe Biden, vachashanyira Flight 8 National Memorial padhuze neShanksville, Pennsylvania panguva dzakasiyana. Biden achabhadharawo rukudzo mushure mekuenda kumhemberero dze46 / 93 dzekuNew York, iyo Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Pence achaendawo.

Nhasi, United States yakatarisana nekutya kwerumwe rudzi, sezvo vanhu vanopfuura 191,000 vakafa kubva ku Covid-19 denda, uye nyowani ripoti mapurojekiti huwandu hwekufa kweUS ungakwira kusvika kumusoro sevanhu zviuru zvitatu pazuva muna Zvita. Paive nevanhu vanopfuura 3,000 vatsva vakafa muUS mumaawa makumi maviri nemana apfuura. nguva iri kuronga kuisa mucherechedzo wechiitiko chiri kuuya che200,000 Covid-nehukama kufa muUS nevhavha inoverengwa "An American Failure" uye ine muganho mutema kwechipiri chete munhoroondo yayo. Kekutanga yaive mushure me9 / 11.

Izvi zvinouya sechitsva ripoti inowana iyo inotungamirwa neUS inonzi hondo yepasi rose nezvehugandanga yakasiya vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe munyika sere kubva 37. Mari yeCar War paBrown University yakafungidzirawo vanhu vanopfuura zviuru mazana masere [vakafa] muhondo dzinotungamirwa neUS kubvira 2001 pamutengo we $ 800,000 trillion kune vateresi veUS. Chirevo chitsva chakanzi "Kugadzira Vapoteri: Kutamiswa Kwakakonzerwa neUnited States 'Post-2001/6.4 Hondo."

Kune zvimwe, isu takabatana neyayo co-munyori, David Vine, purofesa weanthropology kuAmerican University. Bhuku rake idzva riri kubuda mwedzi unouya, unonzi United States yeHondo: A Global Nhoroondo yeAmerica Kusingaperi Kukonana, kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslamic State. Iye zvakare munyori we Base Nation: Sei US Military Bases Kune Dzimwe Nyika Inokuvadza America uye Nyika.

David Vine, unogamuchirwa ku Dememocracy Zvino! Zvakanaka kuti iwe udzoke nesu, kunyangwe iri riri zuva rinosuruvarisa, pane ino ye19th yekuyeuka kwe9 / 11 kurwiswa. Unogona here kutaura nezve zvakawanikwa mushumo wako?

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Chokwadi. Ndatenda, Amy, nekuve neni. Zvakanaka kudzoka.

Zvakawanikwa mumushumo wedu zviri kubvunza - United States yanga ichirwa hondo nguva dzose, sezvawataura, kwemakore 19. Tiri kutarisa izvo zvakakonzerwa nehondo idzi. Iyo Mari yeHondo Chirongwa yave ichiita izvi kweanenge makore gumi. Isu taida kutarisa zvakananga kuti vangani vanhu vakanga vasiiwa dzimba nehondo idzi. Chaizvoizvo, takaona kuti hapana munhu akambozvinetsa nekuongorora kuti vanhu vangani vakadzingwa nehondo mune izvo zvirizvo, chaizvo, zvirinani nyika makumi maviri neshanu dzakabatanidzwa neUnited States.

Uye takaona kuti, muhuwandu, vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe vakasiyiwa misha muhondo sere dzechisimba idzo dzakatangwa neUnited States kana kutora chikamu kubva 37. Ndiyo Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, Siriya nePhilippines. Uye ndiko kufungidzira kwakanyanya. Isu takaona kuti chaiyo chaiyo inogona kusvika pamamirioni makumi mana nemasere kusvika makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe.

Uye ndinofunga tinofanirwa kumbomira pane idzi nhamba, nekuti isu - munzira dzakawanda, hupenyu hwedu huri kunyura muhuwandu, Covid, nezve zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha kuteedzera zvakawandisa, asi kuputira pfungwa dzako pane izvo - vangangosvika mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe vanhu vakasiya misha yavo zvakaoma, uye ndinofunga zvinoda kushanda nesimba, zvandiitira.

Mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe, kuti vaise munhoroondo, ndivo vanhu vazhinji vakasiya misha nehondo ipi neipi kubvira pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri, kusara kweHondo Yenyika II. Uye kana nzira yedu yakakura isinganyanyochengeteki iri pachokwadi, fungidziro yemamirioni makumi mana nesere kusvika makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe, izvo zvinofananidzwa nekutamisa kwavakaona muHondo Yenyika II. Imwe nzira yekuyedza kuputira pfungwa dzako kutenderedza huwandu hwemamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe chete, mamirioni makumi matatu nenhanhatu padunhu reCalifornia. Chimbofungidzira iyo nyika yese yeCalifornia ichinyangarika, ichifanira kutiza dzimba dzavo. Zviri nezve saizi yeCanada yese, kana Texas neVirginia zvakabatanidzwa.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Uye kune avo vakaringana vane rombo rakanaka rekuva nedzimba panguva yedenda iri, ndinofunga vanhu vanonyanya kukoshesa - ndinoreva, izwi rekuti "vapoteri" rinokandirwa, asi zvazvinoreva kutamiswa. Unogona kutaura nezve nei nyika sere idzo? Uye iwe unokwanisa here kuenzanisa izvozvo neUS hondo kunze kwenyika?

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Chokwadi. Zvekare, isu taida kutarisa kuhondo dzine mhirizhonga idzo dzakabatanidzwa neUnited States, hondo dzakaburitswa zvakanyanya neUnited States mari, uyezve, iro ropa, hupenyu hwevarwi veUS, uye, na kuwedzerwa, hupenyu hwave kukanganiswa, nhengo dzemhuri dzevashandi vemauto eU.S. nevamwe. Isu taida kutarisa chaiko kuhondo dzakatangwa neUnited States, saka hondo inopindirana muAfghanistan nePakistan, Hondo muIraq, hongu; hondo idzo United States yakawedzera zvakanyanya, Libya neSyria, Libya pamwe ne - neSyria, pamwe neEuropean nevamwe vabatsiri; uyezve hondo idzo United States dzakatora chikamu chakakosha, munzira dzinosanganisira kupa vanachipangamazano munhandare, kupa mafuta, maoko nevamwe, muYemen, Somalia nePhilippines.

Mune imwe neimwe yehondo idzi, takawana kutamiswa kunosvika mumamirioni. Uye zvirokwazvo, ndinofunga, iwe unoziva, isu tinofanirwa kuziva kuti kutama, kukosha kwekutiza imba yako, kutizirira hupenyu hwako, i - munzira dzakawanda, hapana nzira yekuverenga kuti zvinorevei kune mumwe munhu, imwechete mhuri, nharaunda imwe chete, asi isu tainzwa kuti zvakakosha kuti titarise huwandu hwekushandurwa kwevanhu hwakakonzerwa nehondo idzi.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive, isu hatisi kuti United States ndiyo chete ine mhosva yeiyi nhanho yekutama. Zviripachena, kune vamwe vatambi, dzimwe hurumende, vamwe varwi, avo vakakosha mumutoro wavanotakura wekuenda kune dzimwe nyika muhondo idzi: Assad muSyria, maSunni nemaShia mauto muIraq, maTaliban, hongu, al-Qaeda, veIslam. State, vamwe. Vabatsiri veUS, kusanganisira Britain, vanewo rimwe basa.

Asi United States yakaita chinzvimbo chisingaenzaniswi mukuita hondo, mukutanga hondo uye mukusimudzira hondo pamusoro pemakore 19 apfuura. Uye sekutaura kwawakaita, izvi zvabhadhara vateresi vekuUS, vagari vemuUS, vagari vemuUS mune dzimwe nzira, kusanganisira iyo $ 6.4 trillion - uye ndiwo matiririyoni ane T, $ 6.4 trillion - iyo iyo Mari dzeHondo Project yakafungidzira kuti United States yakashandisa kana kusungirwa kare. Uye iyo yakazara ndeye, chokwadika, kuwedzera nezuva.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Uye, David Vine, iyo nhamba yevapoteri iyo US inogamuchira kubva kuhondo idzi, kutamiswa kwavo kuri kukonzerwa neUS?

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Ehe, uye isu tinogona kutarisa pamoto muLesbos wawakataura nezvake pakutanga, uyo wakadzinga vamwe vanhu zviuru gumi nezvitatu, musasa wevapoteri paLesbos wakaparadzwa zvachose. Uye ini ndaizotarisira kuti vanhu vakatarisa pamoto muCalifornia neOregon neWashington vanogona kunzwira tsitsi vapoteri muLesbos nevapoteri mukati meGreater Middle East, kunyanya, uko moto - kunyanya, moto mumwe muhombe wanga uchitsva kubvira Gumiguru 13,000, apo iyo US yakatanga Hondo yayo muAfghanistan.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Ini ndaida kutendeukira kuna Mutungamiri Trump kutanga svondo rino ndichiudza vatori venhau vakuru vePentagon havamudi nekuti anoda kuburitsa US kubva kuhondo dzisingaperi dzinobatsira vagadziri vezvombo.

PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: Biden akatakura basa redu, akavhura miganhu yedu ndokutumira vechidiki vedu kunorwa muhondo idzi dzinopenga, dzisingaperi. Uye ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei mauto - handisi kuti mauto anodanana neni. Varwi ndivo. Vanhu vepamusoro muPentagon pamwe havasi, nekuti hapana chavanoda kuita kunze kwekurwa hondo kuitira kuti iwo ese makambani anoshamisa anoita mabhomba uye kugadzira ndege uye kuita kuti zvimwe zvese zvigare zvichifara. Asi isu tiri kubuda muhondo dzisingaperi.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Zvinonzwika sezvidiki, hazvo, dai Howard Zinn aive mupenyu, aiti chii. Asi kushoropodza kwaTrump kwemauto-eindasitiri kunopesana neyakaitika yake yekuona kuwedzera uku mukushandisa mari muhondo, mubhajeti redziviriro, mukushandisa pamidziyo yechiuto, kutengesa zvombo mhiri kwemakungwa. Politico nguva pfupi yadarika yakadaidza VaTrump kuti "booster-in-chief wevashandi vezvekudzivirira." Gore rapfuura, VaTrump vakapfuura Congress kuti vatengese madhora zviuru zvisere zvemadhora kuSaudi Arabia neUnited Arab Emirates. Pakutanga gore rino, manejimendi ake akaraira kushandurwazve kwechibvumirano chenguva dzeCold War kuitira kuvhura nzira yekutengesa kwedrone kuenda kuhurumende dzakamborambidzwa kutenga kwakadai. Unogona here kupindura kune zvaakataura?

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Nenzira dzakawanda, zvakataurwa naTrump zvakapfuma, sekutaura. Chokwadi, akaruramisa kuti vagadziri vezvombo vakabatsirwa zvikuru, kusvika kumakumi emakumi emabhiriyoni emadhora, kuwedzera kune mamwe makondirakiti emakambani, makambani anogadzira mabhesheni emauto izvo zvino zvine Middle Middle. Asi, iwe unoziva, Trump, zvirokwazvo, sekutaura kwaPolitico, ndiye booster-in-chief. Akaona uye akasundira bhajeti remauto iro rinopfuura iro pakukwirira kweCold War.

Uye ini ndinofunga isu tinofanirwa kubvunza: Ndeapi vavengi vakatarisana neUnited States nhasi izvo zvinoda bhajeti remauto rehukuru uhwu? United States inofanirwa kunge ichishandisa inopfuura madhora zviuru mazana manomwe nemakumi mana pagore kuzvidzivirira? Tingave tiri kushandisa mari iyi munzira dziri nani kuti tizvidzivirire? Uye ndezvipi zvinodiwa, zvakanyanya, zvinoshamisa, zvinodzvinyirira, zvinodiwa nevanhu, zviri kuregeredzwa nekuti tiri kudurura makumi emabhiriyoni, mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora muchina wehondo uyu pagore?

Uye ndinofunga Covid, hongu, inonongedza kune izvi, ichisimbisa, kupfuura nakare kose. United States yakanga isina kugadzirira denda. Uye izvi hazvisi muchikamu chidiki nekuti United States yanga ichidurura mari muchina wehondo uku ichisiya hanya nezvido zvevanhu muUnited States nepasirese - zvido zvehutano, kugadzirira kwedenda, dzimba dzinodhura, nharaunda. Iyi mari yatave tichidurura muchina wehondo, hongu, ingadai yakave ichitaura nezve kudziya kwepasirese kunoonekwa nemunhu, kunotamba chinhanho mumoto munhu arikuona mhiri kweWest Coast, pakati pezvimwe zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya zvinoitwa nenyika zviso nhasi.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Ichi ichokwadi chinoshamisa chawakaratidza, David Vine: Mauto eUS akarwa hondo, akaita zvehondo kana akapinda dzimwe nyika mune ese asi makore gumi nerimwe ekuvapo.

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Ndizvozvo. Makore 19 apfuura ehondo, vanhu vazhinji vanowanzozviona seakasarudzika, sekushamisa kuti vanhu vanopinda kukoreji nhasi kana vanhu vazhinji vanopinda muchiuto cheUS nhasi havazove vaona zuva rehupenyu hwavo kana havazo - havana ndangariro yezuva. yehupenyu hwavo apo United States yanga isiri muhondo.

Muchokwadi, izvi ndizvo zvakajairwa munhoroondo yeUS. Uye iyo Congressional Research Service inoratidza izvi pagore pagore mu ripoti kuti iwe unogona kuwana online. Izvi hazvisi zvangu chete, kunyange ini ndine runyorwa rwehondo, kuwedzera paCongressal Research Service rondedzero. Idzi ihondo nedzimwe nzira dzehondo dzakabatanidzwa neUnited States kubva parusununguko. Uye zvirokwazvo, mu95% yemakore munhoroondo yeUS, zvese asi makore gumi nerimwe chete munhoroondo yeUS, United States yakabatanidzwa mune imwe nzira yehondo kana kumwe kurwisana.

Uye mumwe anofanirwa kutarisa iyi yakareba-kwenguva maitiro, iyi yakareba-temu pateni inowedzera kupfuura yehondo, iyo inonzi hondo yekutyisa iyo George W. Bush yakatanga muna 2001, kuti vanzwisise kuti nei United States yadurura zvakanyanya mari muhondo idzi uye nei mhedzisiro yehondo idzi dzave kutyisa kwazvo kune vanhu vanobatanidzwa.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: David Vine, iwe unotaura mubhuku rako rinouya, United States yeHondo: A Global Nhoroondo yeAmerica Kusingaperi Kukonana, kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslamic State, iyo mabheseni eU.S.kunze anobvumira kurwa munyika makumi maviri neshanu: quote, "Zviuru zvemauto eU.S. mune dzinosvika zana nyika dzekunze nenzvimbo - dzinopfuura hafu yadzo dzakavakwa kubvira 24 - zvakaita kuti mauto eU.S. apinde muhondo nekumwe kurwa mhiri dzinosvika makumi maviri nemaviri nyika kubva pakatanga hurumende yaGeorge W. Bush kurwisa hugandanga, ”zvinonzi, zvichitevera kurwisa kwaSeptember 100, 2001.

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Chokwadi. IUnited States parizvino ine vangangoita mazana masere emauto munzvimbo dzinosvika makumi masere nyika dzekunze nenharaunda. Aya ndiwo mabhesi akawanda kupfuura chero nyika munhoroondo yenyika. United States ine, sekutaura kwako, yaive nenhamba zhinji dzezvigadziko. Pakukwirira kwehondo muIraq neAfghanistan, paive nepamusoro pezviuru zviviri zvezviuru kunze kwenyika.

Uye chikamu cheicho bhuku rangu, United States yeHondo, inoratidza ndeyekuti iyi zvakare iri refu-refu pateni. United States yave ichivaka zvigaro zvemauto kunze kwenyika kubva parusununguko, kutanga kune nyika dzevanhu vekuAmerican vanhu, zvobva zvawedzera kunze kweNorth America, uye zvichizopota zvichitenderedza nyika, kunyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika II.

Uye izvo zvandiri kuratidza ndezvekuti mabheseni aya haana kugonesa chete hondo, ivo havana kungoita chete kuti hondo ivepo, asi ivo vakaita kuti hondo inyanye. Yakaitwa hondo kure---nyore-sarudzo sarudzo sarudzo kune vane simba vanoita sarudzo, vatungamiriri, vezvematongerwo enyika, vatungamiriri vemakambani nevamwe.

Uye isu tinofanirwa kumbobvisa izvi zvigadzirwa zvehondo zvakavakwa neUnited States. Nei United States iine akawanda emabhesi emauto kuMiddle East, mune dzinenge nyika dzese dziri kunze kweYemen neIran? Aya mabhesi, ehe, ari munyika dzinotungamirwa nehutongi hwehutongi, kusaparadzira democracy - kure nazvo - muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvichitadzisa kupararira kwedemokrasi, uye kuita kuti idzi hondo dzivepo, izvo - ini ndinofunga zvakakosha kudzora zvakare - pamusoro pekutamisa vanhu mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe, zvirinani, uye pamwe kusvika vanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe, idzi hondo dzakatora hupenyu hwe, sekuratidzira kweMitengo yeHondo Chirongwa, vakatenderedza vanhu zviuru mazana masere. Uye izvi zviri muzvishanu zvehondo - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya neYemen - United States ine - Hondo yeUS yatora hupenyu hwevanhu vangangoita zviuru mazana masere.

Asi kunewo kufa zvisina kunangana, kufa kwave kukonzerwa nekuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzemunharaunda, mabasa ehutano, zvipatara, zvekudya. Uye avo vakafa vese vanogona kusvika kumusoro kwemamirioni matatu vanhu. Uye ndinofunga vanhu vazhinji muUnited States, zvakare, ini pachangu ndakabatanidzwa, havana kunyatso tarisa pamwe nekukanganisa kwakazara kwakaitwa nehondo idzi. Hatina kana kutanga kuputira pfungwa dzedu pane zvazvinoreva kuva neiyi nhanho yekuparadza muhupenyu hwedu.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: Uye iwe une, semuenzaniso, zvinokonzereswa nemasoja pazvigadziko, sezvakaitika muPhilippines, uko mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika, Mutungamiri Duterte, akangoregerera musoja weUS akawanikwa aine mhosva yekuponda mukadzi we trans kubva pachigadziko.

DAVIDHI MUVHINI: Hongu, uyu mumwe mutengo wehondo. Tinofanirwa kutarisa mutengo wehondo tichidaro - mari dzevanhu maererano nekufa kurwa, kukuvara muhondo idzi, "hondo dzekutyisa," dzinosvika makumi emamirioni, asi isu zvakare tinofanirwa kutarisa kufa uye kukuvara kunokonzerwa zuva nezuva kutenderedza mauto eUS kutenderera pasirese. Aya mabheseni ane - pamusoro pekugonesa hondo idzo United States yanga ichirwa, vane kukuvadza kwakanyanya kwavanokanganisa vanhu vemuno, kusanganisira muPhilippines uye, sezvandambotaura, kutenderera nyika makumi masere nematunhu pasi rese, kukuvara kunharaunda dzavanogara, nharaunda dzavanogara, munzira dzakasiyana siyana.

AMY MURUME AKANAKA: David Vine, ndinoda kukutenda zvakanyanya nekuve nesu, purofesa weanthropology kuAmerican University, munyori-mutsva wenyaya ripoti paMitengo yeHondo Project yakanzi "Kugadzira Vapoteri: Kutamiswa Kunokonzereswa neUnited States 'Post-9/11 Hondo." Bhuku rako idzva, rinobuda, United States yeHondo.