NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, April 25, 2022
"Shiri Hadzisi Chaiyo" - dzidziso yekuti shiri dzese madrones - iprank yakagadzirirwa kuseka, kunofungidzirwa kuti kune vanhu vashoma vakavhiringika mupfungwa vachizvitenda. “Costa Rica Haisi Chaiyo” haisati yambotaurwa, asi inobatwa zvakakomba zvikuru navakawanda. Ndinoreva, munhu wose achabvuma kuti Costa Rica yakagara ipapo pamepu, uye chaizvoizvo, pakati peNicaragua nePanama, Pacific neCaribbean. Zvakadaro, kudiwa kwenyika kwemauto anoramba akakura (anonzi kunyangwe nevanorwira runyararo vasina kubhadharwa kana chidimbu chebasa se "dziviriro") kunowanzonzi kunokonzerwa nechinhu chisinganzwisisike chinonzi "hunhu hwevanhu" kunyangwe Costa Rica - vachifungidzira. iripo uye ine vanhu - yakabvisa mauto ayo 74 makore apfuura, uye dzimwe nyika dzese pasi pano pasina kunze dzinopedza pedyo neCosta Rica's $ 0 pauto rayo pane izvo zvinopedzerwa neUnited States pamauto anotsigirwa ne4% yevanhu inosarudza chii. “hunhu hwevanhu” ndizvo.
Iko mukana wekuti Costa Rica yakaita chimwe chinhu chakakosha uye chinobatsira zvikuru nekubvisa mauto ayo kazhinji inobatwa nekuregeredza, asi dzimwe nguva nekuita zvikonzero - nekutaura kuti Costa Rica pachivande ine mauto, kana kutaura kuti mauto eUS anodzivirira. Costa Rica, kana kutaura kuti muenzaniso weCosta Rica hauna kufanana uye haushandi kune chero imwe nyika. Tose taizobatsirwa nekuverenga bhuku raJudith Eve Lipton naDavid P. Barash, Kusimba Kuburikidza NeRunyararo: Kuregeredzwa Kwemauto Kwakaunza Runyararo uye Mufaro muCosta Rica, uye Zvinogona Kudzidzwa Nenyika Yose kubva kuNyika DzekuTropiki. Pano tinodzidza kusafuratira zvinorehwa neCosta Rica, uye tinodzidza kuti Costa Rica haina muchivande mauto, uye kuti mauto eUnited States haashande chero basa reCosta Rica, uye kuti zvakawanda zvezvikonzero zvakakonzera Costa Rica. Kubviswa kweRica kwemauto ayo, pamwe nezvakawanda zvezvibatsiro zvingave zvakakonzera, zvinogona kunge zvichidzokororwa kune imwe nzvimbo, kunyangwe pasina nyika mbiri dzakafanana, nyaya dzevanhu dzakaoma kwazvo, uye nyika dzakaita chaizvo izvo Costa Rica ine. wapedza kugadzira data set ye1.
Costa Rica inogara munzvimbo ine hurombo hwehupfumi hwenyika uye iyo pachayo ine urombo, asi kana zvasvika padanho rekugara zvakanaka, rerufaro, retarisiro yehupenyu, yehutano, yedzidzo, haina kumboverengerwa chero kupi zvako. vavakidzani vayo, uye inowanzoiswa pamusoro penyika yepamusoro yemachati pakati penyika dzakapfuma kwazvo. Ticos, sekudanwa kunoitwa vagari vemuCosta Rica, vanoita chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, chokwadi, vachidada nekubvisa kwavo mauto avo, mutsika dzavo dzinoshamisa dzedemocracy uye zvirongwa zvemagariro, mumazinga avo epamusoro edzidzo uye hutano, mune yavo inogona. yakakura-muzana-ye-yenyika-in-the-nyika kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo dzesango mumapaki nematura, uye mu 99% yavo inogadzirwazve magetsi. Muna 2012 Costa Rica yakarambidza kuvhima kwese kwekunakidzwa. Muna 2017, mumiriri weCosta Rica weUN akatungamira kanzuru yakataurirana nezveChibvumirano cheKurambidzwa kweNuclear Weapons. Pandakanyora bhuku nezve Kurapa Kunze kwekuda, izvi handizvo zvandaifunga. Ndanga ndichinyora nezvenyika inotungamira mukuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza, kusungwa, mauto, uye kuzvidza kwekuzvikudza kune dzimwe nyika. Handina chandinoshoropodza pakudada pakuita zvinhu zvakanaka.
Ehe Costa Rica seyakakwana utopia haina chokwadi. Hachizi chinhu chakadaro, kunyange pedyo. Muchokwadi kana iwe uchigara muUnited States uye uchidzivirira nharaunda dzine hutsinye uye zvigaro zvemauto uye zvidyarwa zvezvombo uye pfungwa dzezvinoitwa nehurumende kutenderera pasirese, uye kana kupfura kwevanhu vakawanda kwakakupotsa, iwe ungangozviona seine runyararo, kuvimba, uye nzvimbo isina mhirizhonga kupfuura Costa Rica. Nehurombo, Costa Rica haina mwero wakaderera wemhirizhonga pakati pevanhu kana humbavha kana kuba mota. Iyi paradhiso yerunyararo yakazadzwa newaya ine minzwa nemaalarm systems. Global Peace Index pamisara Costa Rica 39th uye United States 122nd, pane 1st uye 163rd, nekuisa mukuchengetedza mudzimba, kwete kungoita zvechiuto. Costa Rica inotamburawo nekusvibiswa, hurumende inertia, huwori, kunonoka kusingaperi - kusanganisira zvehutano, kutengesa zvinodhaka, kutengeswa kwevanhu, mhirizhonga yezvikwata, uye yechipiri-class chimiro che "vasiri pamutemo" vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kunyanya kubva kuNicaragua.
Asi veCosta Rican havatumire mumwe wevana vavo kuti vauraye uye vafe kana kudzoka vakuvadzwa kubva kuhondo. Havatyi kuzodzokera shure kubva muhondo dzavo dzisipo. Havatyi kurwiswa nevavengi vavo vemauto nechinangwa chekuvatorera zvombo zvavo zvisipo. Ivo vanorarama nekugumbuka kushoma kwekusarongeka kwehurongwa kana hupfumi hwakawanda kusaenzana kana kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda. Nepo ma indices epasirese achiisa Costa Rica seyakaenzana uye ichiwedzera kusaenzana, tsika dzayo dzinoita sedzinochengetedza kuenzana uye kunyadziswa kwekushandisa zvinoonekwa.
Costa Rica yakanga ine rombo rakanaka rokushayiwa ndarama kana sirivha kana mafuta kana zviteshi zvinokosha kana kuti nzvimbo yakanakisisa yokurima varanda kana nzvimbo yakakodzera yomugero kana mugwagwa unobva kugungwa uchienda kune rimwe gungwa. Yakatambura hondo shomanene zvikuru, asi kungovhozhokera kwechiuto kwakaringanira kuona mauto setyisidziro.
Muna 1824, Costa Rica yakabvisa uranda - zvinonyadzisa kubva pamaonero eUS mukuti yakazviita pasina hondo yekudada nayo. Muna 1825, Mutungamiri weCosta Rica akapokana kuti mauto aivepo aisada chero mauto. Muna 1831 Costa Rica yakasarudza kupa nyika dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kuvarombo uye kumanikidza vagari kurima zvirimwa zvaidiwa muEurope, zvakadai sekofi, shuga, uye cocoa. Izvi zvakabatsira kutanga tsika yemapurazi madiki emhuri.
Muna 1838 Costa Rica yakaparadzana neNicaragua. Vanhu venyika mbiri idzi havanyatso zivikanwi nemajini. Asi mumwe akararama pasina hondo, uye imwe iine hondo dzisingaperi kusvika nhasi. Musiyano ndewetsika, uye wakatangira kubviswa kwa1948 kwemauto eCosta Rica. Costa Rica haina kuvapo kuburikidza nehondo ine mbiri yakapembererwa kusingaperi, asi kuburikidza nekusaina mamwe mapepa.
Costa Rica yakabvisa chirango cherufu muna 1877. Muna 1880, hurumende yeCosta Rica yakazvikudza pamusoro pokuva nenhengo 358 dzinoshingaira dzechiuto. Muna 1890, mushumo wakaitwa neGurukota reHondo reCosta Rican wakawana kuti vaTicos vaive vasina hanya zvachose uye kazhinji vasingazive kuve nemauto, uye pavakazviziva vakazviona ne "kumwe kuzvidzwa."
(Psst: Vamwe vedu vanofunga nenzira imwechete muUnited States asi unogona kufungidzira uchitaura zvinonzwika? - Ssshh!)
Muna 1948, Mutungamiriri weCosta Rica akabvisa mauto - akapembererwa musi waZvita 1 seZuva Rokubvisa Mauto - mushure mekunge Minister of Security (neakaunzi yake yakazotevera) akapokana achitsigira kuita izvi kuitira kupembedza mari yedzidzo yepamusoro.
Mukati mevhiki nehafu, Costa Rica yakanga yarwiswa neNicaragua. Costa Rica yakakwidza kuSangano reAmerica States izvo zvakamanikidza vapambi kuti vadzoke. Maererano ne iyo firimu Rugare Rune Simba, Costa Rica yakamutsawo mauto echinguvana. Zvimwe chetezvo zvakaitika muna 1955, nomugumisiro mumwe chetewo. Sezvineiwo, hurumende yeUS inoita kunge yakafunga kuti yaizoratidzika kunge yakaipa zvichitevera kumukira kwayakaita muGuatemala kuti ikundikane kupikisa kupinda kweimwe nyika isina pfuti uye ine demokrasi muCentral America.
Ehe, United States yangadai isina kufambisa kupidigura muGuatemala dai Guatemala isina mauto.
Costa Rica yakapona muUS-Soviet Cold War uye Ronald Reagan makore kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kusarerekera uye kurambidzwa kwakataurwa kwe "communism" kunyangwe vachiisa mitemo yekusiya. Kusarerekera kwayakaita kwakatoibvumira kuramba kutsigira Iran-Contra uye kutaurirana runyararo muNicaragua, zvakashungurudza hurumende yeUS.
Mumakore ekuma1980, kuratidzira kusina mhirizhonga kwakatenderedza chiyero chemagetsi chinowedzera. Ini ndinofunga uku ndiko chete kutaurwa nezve activism mukati Simba Norugare, izvo zvinosiya muverengi achizvibvunza pamusoro pekusava nechokwadi kwetsika yekuratidzira isati yasvika uye mushure menguva iyoyo, uye kuti ibasa ripi raingave rakaita uye richiri kuita mukugadzira nekuchengetedza nyika isina mauto. Pane imwe mhando yekuratidzira yakabatwa pairi: Muna 2003, hurumende yeCosta Rican yakaedza kupinda muUS "Coalition of the Willing" kurwisa Iraq, asi mudzidzi wezvemitemo akamhan'arira nekuvhara chiitiko ichi sechinopesana nemutemo.
Sei muenzaniso weCosta Rica usiri kupararira? Mhinduro dziri pachena ipurofiti yehondo uye tsika dzehondo, kusaziva dzimwe nzira, uye kutenderera kunotyisa kwehondo uye kutya. Asi zvichida iri kupararira. Muvakidzani wekumaodzanyemba Panama, nepo chidhori cheUS, haana chete mauto ega asi nechisimba akamanikidza US kuti ipe mugero uye kubvisa mauto ayo.
Mbichana mbichana . . . asi zviri nani titange kutsika nekukurumidza!
Simba Norugare ibhuku rine ruzivo rwakakwana, rine nharo, uye rakanyorwa zvakanaka. Kunyange zvichitadza kupikisa kubviswa kwemauto kwese kwese, zvichitadza kukurukura nezveimwe nzira yekuzvidzivirira isina pfuti, uye ichitoti United States ine "chido chechokwadi chekugona mauto," zvakadaro ndiri kuwedzera kune inotevera runyorwa nekuda zvarinotiudza nezveCosta Rica sechiedza chinotungamira nyika yakavharirwa murima rekufunga kwehondo.
CHINHU CHOKWADI CHINHU CHIKAMU CHIKAMU:
Ethics, Chengetedzo, uye Iyo Hondo-Muchina: Iyo Yechokwadi Mutengo Wemauto naNed Dobos, 2020.
Kunzwisisa iyo Hondo indasitiri naChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Kwete Hondo naDan Kovalik, 2020.
Simba Nerunyararo: Kubvisa mauto Kwakaunza Runyararo uye Mufaro muCosta Rica, uye Zvinogona Kudzidzwa Nenyika Yose kubva kuNyika DzekuTropiki, naJudith Eve Lipton naDavid P. Barash, 2019.
Kudzivirirwa Kwemagariro naJørgen Johansen naBrian Martin, 2019.
Muurayi Akabatanidzwa: Bhuku Repiri: America's Favorite Pastime naMumia Abu Jamal naStefano Vittoria, 2018.
Vadzidzisi veKunyararo: Vakapukunyuka Hiroshima neNagasaki Vanotaura naMelinda Clarke, 2018.
Kudzivirira Hondo nekusimudzira Rugare: Mutungamiri weVashandi veUtano rakagadziridzwa naWilliam Wiist naShelley White, 2017.
Bhizinesi reBusiness For Peace: Kuvaka Nyika Isina Hondo neScilla Elworthy, 2017.
Hondo Haisati Yakwana naDavid Swanson, 2016.
A Global Security System: An Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Imwe Nyaya Inopesana Nehondo: IAmerica Yakashaiwe muClass History yeAmerica uye Zvatiri (Zvose) Zvingaita Zvino naKathy Beckwith, 2015.
Hondo: Chimhosva Kuvanhu naRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Kereke yeKaturike uye Kubviswa kweHondo naDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Hondo uye Kuparara: Kuongorora Kunokosha naLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Kutanga Kwehondo, Kupera Kwehondo naJudith Hand, 2013.
Hondo Hakuchinazve: Nyaya Yokubvisa naDavid Swanson, 2013.
Kuguma kweHondo naJohn Horgan, 2012.
Kuchinja kune Rugare naRussell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kubva pahondo kusvikira kune rugare: mutungamiri kusvika kumakore mazana mana apfuura neKent Shifferd, 2011.
Hondo Ndicho Nhema naDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Kunze kweHondo: Munhu Anokwanisa Kuita Rugare naDouglas Fry, 2009.
Kurarama Kupfuura Hondo naWinslow Myers, 2009.
Yakakwana Ropa rakateurwa: Gadziriso zana Dzesimba, Kutyisidzira uye Hondo naMary-Wynne Ashford naGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Pasi: Chidimbu Chapfuura Chehondo naRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Vakomana Vachave Vakomana: Kutyora Mubatanidzwa Pakati peMasculinity uye Mhirizhonga naMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
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