Zvibvumirano, Mitemo, uye Mitemo Inorwisa Hondo

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 10, 2022

Iwe haungambozvifungidzire kubva mukugamuchirwa kwese kwakanyarara kwehondo sebhizinesi repamutemo uye kutaura kwese nezve nzira dzekuti uchengete hondo zviri pamutemo kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwehutsinye hwakati, asi kune zvibvumirano zvepasirese zvinoita hondo uye kunyangwe kutyisidzira kwehondo zvisiri pamutemo. , mabumbiro emitemo enyika anoita kuti hondo nemabasa akasiyana-siyana aite kuti hondo dzive dzisiri pamutemo, uye mitemo inoita kuti kuuraya kuve kusiri pamutemo pasina kunze kwekushandisa zvombo zvinokandwa kana chiyero chekuuraya.

Ehe, izvo zvinoonekwa sezviri pamutemo hazvisi izvo zvakanyorwa pasi, asiwo izvo zvinobatwa sezviri pamutemo, izvo zvisingambopomerwa mhosva. Asi ndiyo chaiyo pfungwa yekuziva nekuita kuti izivikanwe zvakanyanya mamiriro ehondo asiri pamutemo: kufambisira mberi chikonzero chekubata hondo semhosva iyo, maererano nemutemo wakanyorwa, ndizvo. Kubata chinhu semhosva kunoreva zvinopfuura kungochipa mhosva. Panogona kunge paine masangano ari nani mune dzimwe nyaya kupfuura matare emutemo kuti awane kuyananiswa kana kudzoreredza, asi maitiro akadaro haabatsirwe nekuchengetedza kunyepedzera kwechokwadi kwehondo, kugamuchirwa kwehondo.

Zvibvumirano

kubva 1899, mapato ose ku Musangano wePacific Settlement of International Disputes vakazvipira kuti “vanobvuma kushandisa zvavanogona kuita kuti vagadzirise misiyano yepasi rose. Kutyorwa kwechibvumirano ichi kwaive Charge I muna 1945 Nuremberg Kupomerwa veNazi. Mapato kugungano sanganisira nyika dzakakwana kuti dzibvise zvachose hondo kana ikateererwa.

kubva 1907, mapato ose ku Hague Convention ye1907 vakasungirwa "kushandisa nhamburiko dzavo dzakanakisisa kuti vave nechokwadi chekugadzirisa runyararo rwemisiyano yenyika dzakawanda," kukumbira kune dzimwe nyika kuti dziyananisire, kugamuchira zvipo zvekuyananisa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kugadzira kana zvichidiwa "International Commission of Inquiry, kuti ifambise kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kuburikidza nekujekesa chokwadi kuburikidza nekuferefeta kusina divi uye kwehana” uye kukwidza nyaya yacho kudare redzimhosva reHague kuti rigadziriswe. Kutyora chibvumirano ichi kwaive Charge II muna 1945 Nuremberg Kupomerwa veNazi. Mapato kugungano sanganisira nyika dzakakwana kuti dzibvise zvachose hondo kana ikateererwa.

kubva 1928, mapato ose ku Kellogg-Briand Pact (KBP) vave vachidiwa zviri pamutemo kuti "vatongere kurwa hondo kuti vagadzirise gakava repasi rose, uye voramba, sechishandiso chemutemo wenyika muhukama hwavo pakati pehukama hwavo," uye "kubvumirana kuti kugadzirisa kana kugadzirisa kwegakava rose. kana kuti kukakavara kworudzi rwupi norwupi kana kuti kwebviro ipi neipi yavangave, ingamuka pakati pavo, haizombotsvakwa kunze kwokungoshandisa runyararo.” Kutyora chibvumirano ichi kwaive Charge XIII muna 1945 Nuremberg Kupomerwa veNazi. Mhosva imwe cheteyo haina kuitirwa vakundi. Pomero yakagadzira iyi mhosva yaimbova isina kunyorwa: “MHOSVA DZOKUPEDZA RUGARE: ndiko kuti, kuronga, kugadzirira, kutanga kana kuti kurwa kwehondo yechisimba, kana kuti hondo inotyora zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda, zvibvumirano kana vimbiso, kana kuti kubatanidzwa muchirongwa chakafanana kana kurangana nokuda kwehurumende. kuitwa kwezvose zvataurwa.” Ichi chigadzirwa chakasimbisa ruzhinji kusanzwisisa yeKellogg-Briand Pact sechirambidzo pahondo ine hutsinye asi isiri yekudzivirira. Zvisinei, chibvumirano cheKellogg-Briand chakarambidza zvakajeka kwete hondo ine utsinye chete asiwo hondo yekudzivirira - mune mamwe mazwi, hondo yose. Mapato eChibvumirano sanganisira nyika dzakakwana kuti dzibvise hondo nenzira kwayo nekuitevedzera.

kubva 1945, mapato ose ku UN Charter vakagombedzerwa “kupedza gakava ravo renyika dzakawanda nenzira ine rugare nenzira yokuti rugare rwamarudzi ose nechengeteko, uye ruramisiro, zvisaiswa mungozi,” uye “kudzivisa muukama hwavo hwenyika yose pakutyisidzirwa kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba mukurwisana neperero yenyika kana kuti. rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika chero ipi zvayo nyika, "zvisinei nemapopo akawedzerwa ehondo dzakatenderwa neUN uye hondo dze "kuzvidzivirira," (asi kwete yekutyisidzira hondo) - maburi asingashande kuhondo dzichangobva kuitika, asi zvinokanganisa kuvepo kwehondo. izvo zvinoumba mupfungwa dzakawanda pfungwa isina kujeka yokuti hondo ndedzemutemo. Chinodiwa cherunyararo uye kurambidzwa kwehondo chakatsanangurwa mumakore apfuura muzvisarudzo zvakasiyana-siyana zveUN, senge 2625 uye 3314. The mapato kuChata aizogumisa hondo nokuita maererano nayo.

kubva 1949, mapato ose ku NATO, vakabvumirana kudzokororwa kwekurambidza kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba rinowanikwa muUN Charter, kunyange vachibvumirana kugadzirira hondo uye kupinda muhondo dzekudzivirira dzakarwiwa nedzimwe nhengo dzeNATO. Huzhinji hwezvombo zvePasi zvinobata uye kushandisa mauto, uye chikamu chikuru chekugadzira kwayo hondo, kunoitwa ne Nhengo dzeNATO.

kubva 1949, mapato kune Gungano rechina reGeneva vakarambidzwa kuita mhirizhonga chero ipi zvayo kune vanhu vasina kubatanidzwa muhondo, uye vakarambidzwa kubva kushandiswa kwese "[c] chirango chemhosva uye saizvozvowo zviyero zvose zvekutyisidzira kana zvehugandanga," ukuwo ruzhinji rwevakaurayiwa muhondo vanga vasiri varwi. Vese vakuru vehondo vanogadzira bato kuGeneva Kokorodzano.

kubva 1952, US, Australia, neNew Zealand vanga vari mapato kuChibvumirano che ANZUS, umo "Mapato anoita, sezvakarongwa muChata yeUnited Nations, kugadzirisa kukakavara kupi zvako kwepasi pose kwavanogona kubatanidzwa nenzira dzerunyararo. mutoo wakadaro wokuti rugare rwamarudzi ose nechengeteko nokururamisira zvisaiswa mungozi uye kudzivisa muukama hwavo hwenyika yose kutyisidzirwa kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba munzira ipi neipi isingaenderani nezvinangwa zveChibatanwa chaMarudzi.”

kubva 1970, ivo Chibvumirano pane Asiri-Kuwedzera kweNyukireya Zvombo inoda kuti mapato ayo "aite nhaurirano nekutenda kwakanaka pamatanho anoshanda ane chekuita nekumisa nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya panguva yekutanga uye nekudzivirira zvombo zvenyukireya, uye pachibvumirano chezvese uye. kubvisa zvombo zvakakwana [!!] pasi pekutonga kwakasimba uye kunoshanda kwepasirese. Mapato echibvumirano sanganisira vashanu vakuru (asi kwete vanotevera 5) vane zvombo zvenyukireya.

kubva 1976, ivo Chibvumirano chepasi rose nezve Kodzero dzeVanhu neZvematongerwo enyika (ICCPR) uye Chibvumirano chepasi rose cheKodzero dzeupfumi, Zvemagariro, neTsika vakasungira mapato avo kumashoko ekutanga eChinyorwa I chezvibvumirano zvese zviri zviviri: "Vanhu vese vane kodzero yekuzvisarudzira." Izwi rekuti "zvose" ringaite serisingasanganisire Kosovo chete uye aimbove zvikamu zveYugoslavia, South Sudan, Balkan, Czechia neSlovakia, asiwo Crimea, Okinawa, Scotland, Diego Garcia, Nagorno Karabagh, Western Sahara, Palestine, Southern Ossetia. , Abkhazia, Kurdistan, nezvimwewo. Mapato eZvibvumirano zvinosanganisira nyika zhinji.

Iyo ICCPR yakafanana inoda kuti "Chero propaganda yehondo inorambidzwa nemutemo." (Asi majeri haabudiswi kuitira kuti vakuru vezvenhau vawaniswe nzvimbo. Kutaura zvazviri, vanoridza muridzo vanosungwa vachiburitsa nhema dzehondo.)

kubva 1976 (kana nguva yekujoinha kune yega yega bato) the Chibvumirano cheAmity uye Kubatana muSoutheast Asia (iyo China uye dzakasiyana marudzi kunze kweSoutheast Asia, seUnited States, Russia, neIran, vari bato) yaida kuti:

"Muhukama hwavo pakati pevamwe, Mapato Akakwirira Ane Kondirakiti achatungamirirwa nemitemo inokosha inotevera:
a. Ruremekedzo rwekuzvimirira, kuzvitonga, kuenzana, kuvimbika kwenzvimbo uye kuzivikanwa kwenyika kwemarudzi ese;
b. Kodzero yeNyika yega yega yekutungamira hupenyu hwayo hwenyika pasina kupindira kwekunze, kupandukira kana kumanikidzwa;
c. Kusapindira mune zvemukati zveumwe neumwe;
d. Kugadzirisa kusawirirana kana kusawirirana nenzira dzerunyararo;
e. Kuramba kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba;
f. Kubatira pamwe kunobudirira pakati pavo vamene. . . .
"Bato rega rega reChibvumirano Chepamusoro harizopindi mune chero nzira kana chimiro mune chero chiitiko chinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, kuzvitonga, kana nharaunda yerimwe High Contracting Party. . . .

“Mapato eHigh Contracting Parties achave nekutsunga uye nekutenda kwakanaka kudzivirira kusawirirana kusamuka. Kana kukakavara pamusoro penyaya dzine chekuita navo kuchimuka, kunyanya kusawirirana kungangokanganisa runyararo nekugarisana kwematunhu, havazotyityidzira kana kushandisa chisimba uye vachagadzirisa gakava iri pakati pavo nenhaurirano dzine hushamwari nguva dzese. . . .

"Kugadzirisa kusawirirana kuburikidza nehurongwa hwematunhu, High Contracting Parties ichaumba, sedare rinoenderera mberi, High Council ine Mumiriri padanho remakurukota kubva kune rimwe nerimwe reHigh Contracting Parties kuti richerechedze kuvepo kwemakakatanwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukanganisa dunhu. rugare nokunzwanana. . . .

"Kana pasina mhinduro inosvika kuburikidza nenhaurirano dzakananga, Dare Repamusoro richaona gakava kana mamiriro acho uye richakurudzira kune mapato ari kupokana nzira dzakakodzera dzekugadzirisa senge mahofisi akanaka, kuyananisira, kubvunza kana kuyananisa. Dare repamusoro rinogona kupa zvinzvimbo zvaro zvakanaka, kana kuti pakatenderana nevemapato ari kunetsana, rigozviumba kuva komiti yekuyananisa, yekubvunza kana kuyananisa. Kana zvikaonekwa zvakakodzera, Dare Repamusoro richakurudzira matanho akakodzera ekudzivirira kuipa kwekupokana kana mamiriro ezvinhu. . . .”

kubva 2014, ivo Arms Trade Chibvumirano inoda kuti mapato ayo "arege kubvumidza kutamiswa kwemaoko akajairwa pasi peChikamu 2 (1) kana zvinhu zvakafukidzwa pasi peChikamu 3 kana Chisungo chechina, kana aine ruzivo panguva yekupihwa mvumo yekuti zvombo kana zvinhu zvaizoshandiswa mu komisheni yekuuraya rudzi, kuparwa kwemhosva kuvanhu, kutyora kwakakura kweGeneva Kokorodzano dza4, kurwiswa kwakanangana nezvinhu zvisiri zvechiuto kana vanhuwo zvavo vakachengetedzwa saizvozvo, kana dzimwe mhosva dzehondo sezvinotsanangurwa nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvaari Bato. Inopfuura hafu yenyika dzepasi rose Mapoka.

Kubva 2014, idzo dzinopfuura makumi matatu enhengo dzeCommunity yeLatin America neCaribbean States (CELAC) dzakasungwa neizvi. Kuziviswa Kwenzvimbo Yerugare:

“1. Latin America neCaribbean seNzvimbo yeRunyararo yakavakirwa pakuremekedza misimboti nemitemo yeMitemo Yepasi Pose, kusanganisira zviridzwa zvepasi rose izvo Nyika dzenhengo dziri bato pazviri, Misimboti neZvinangwa zveChata yeUnited Nations;

“2. Kuzvipira kwedu kwechigarire kugadzirisa kusawirirana nenzira dzine runyararo nechinangwa chekudzura zvachose kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba mudunhu redu;

“3. Kuzvipira kweNyika dzedunhu nechisungo chavo chakasimba chekusapindira, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, mune zvemukati meimwe Nyika uye nekucherekedza misimboti yekuzvitonga kwenyika, kodzero dzakaenzana uye kuzvisarudzira kwevanhu;

“4. Kuzvipira kwevanhu veLatin America neCaribbean kukurudzira kushanda pamwe nehukama hwehushamwari pakati pavo uye nedzimwe nyika zvisinei nekusiyana kwezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, uye magariro evanhu kana mazinga ebudiriro; kuti tiitirane moyo murefu, nekugara nerugare umwe neumwe sevavakidzani vakanaka;

“5. Kuzvipira kweNyika dzeLatin America neCaribbean kuremekedza zvizere kodzero isingadzivisiki yeNyika imwe neimwe yekusarudza hurongwa hwayo hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwehupfumi, hwemagariro evanhu, uye hwetsika, semamiriro ezvinhu anokosha ekuona kugarisana kune runyararo pakati pemarudzi;

“6. Kusimudzirwa munharaunda yetsika yerunyararo yakavakirwa, pakati pezvimwewo, pamisimboti yeUnited Nations Declaration on a Culture of Peace;

“7. Kuzvipira kweNyika dziri mudunhu kuti dzizvitungamirire neChiziviso ichi mumaitiro adzo epasi rose;

“8. Kuzvipira kweNyika dzedunhu kuenderera mberi nekusimudzira zvombo zvenyukireya sechinangwa chakakosha uye kubatsira nekubvisa zvombo zvakazara uye zvakakwana, kukurudzira kusimba kwekuvimba pakati pemarudzi. "

kubva 2017, painotonga, International Criminal Court (ICC) yakave nekwanisi yekupomera mhosva yechisimba, muzukuru weNuremberg shanduko yeKBP. Inopfuura hafu yenyika dzepasi rose Mapoka.

kubva 2021, mapato kune Chibvumirano Chekudziviswa kweNyukliya Weapons vakabvumirana nazvo

"Bato rega rega reNyika harimboiti chero mamiriro ezvinhu ku:

“(a) Gadzira, edza, gadzira, gadzira, tenga, tora kana kuunganidza zvombo zvenyukireya kana zvimwe zvinoputika;

"(b) Kuendesa kune chero anogamuchira chero zvombo zvenyukireya kana zvimwe zvinoputika zvenyukireya kana kutonga pamusoro pezvombo zvakadaro kana zvinoputika zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga;

“(c) Kugashira kutamiswa kana kutonga pamusoro pezvombo zvenyukireya kana zvimwe zvinoputika zvenyukireya zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga;

(d) Kushandisa kana kutyisidzira kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kana zvimwe zvinoputika zvenyukireya;

“(e) Kubatsira, kukurudzira kana kukurudzira, munzira ipi neipi, chero ani zvake kuti aite chiito chipi nechipi chinorambidzwa neBato reNyika pasi peChibvumirano ichi;

“(f) Kutsvaga kana kugashira rubatsiro chero rupi zvarwo, chero nzira, kubva kune chero ani zvake kuti aite chero chinhu chinorambidzwa neHurumende pasi peChibvumirano ichi;

"(g) Bvumira chero kumira, kuisa kana kutumira chero zvombo zvenyukireya kana zvimwe zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoputika munharaunda yayo kana chero nzvimbo iri pasi pesimba rayo."

Mapato eChibvumirano dziri kuwedzerwa nokukurumidza.

MAZANO

Mazhinji emitemo yenyika aripo anogona kuverengwa zvizere pa https://constituteproject.org

Vazhinji vavo vanotaura zvakajeka kutsigira kwavo zvibvumirano izvo nyika dzinobatanidzwa. Vazhinji vanotsigira zvakajeka UN Charter, kunyangwe vachiipikisawo. Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda emuEurope anoganhura simba renyika pachena mukuremekedza mutemo wepasi rose. Vanoverengeka vanotora mamwe matanho erunyararo uye kurwisa hondo.

Bumbiro reCosta Rica harirambidze hondo, asi rinorambidza kuchengetedzwa kwemauto akamira: "Hondo senzvimbo yekusingaperi inobviswa." IUS nemamwe mabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa sekunge, kana kuti zvinopindirana nepfungwa yekuti, mauto anozosikwa kwenguva pfupi kana kwave nehondo, sezvakaita Costa Rica asi pasina kubviswa kwemauto akamira. Kazhinji, aya mabumbiro anodzika nguva yenguva (kusvika gore rimwe kana makore maviri) iyo mauto anogona kupihwa mari. Kazhinji, hurumende idzi dzakangoita tsika yekuenderera mberi nekutsigira mauto adzo patsva gore rega rega.

Bumbiro rePhilippine rinoenderana neKellogg-Briand Pact nekuramba "hondo sechishandiso chemutemo wenyika."

Mutauro mumwechetewo unogona kuwanikwa muBumbiro reMitemo reJapan. Sumo inoti, “Isu, vanhu vokuJapan, tichishandisa vamiririri vedu vakasarudzwa zvakafanira muNational Diet, takasarudza kuti tichazvichengetera isu nezvizvarwa zvedu zvibereko zvokubatana kune rugare nemarudzi ose uye zvikomborero zvorusununguko munyika ino yose, uye takasarudza kuti hatizombofi takashanyirwazve nekutyisa kwehondo kuburikidza nechiito chehurumende. " Uye Chikamu 9 chinorava, kuti: “Vachishuva zvapachokwadi kurugare rwamarudzi ose rwakavakirwa paruramisiro nenhevedzano, vanhu veJapan vanoramba nokusingaperi hondo sekodzero youchangamire yenyika uye tyisidziro kana kuti kushandiswa kwesimba senzira yokupedza nayo kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda. Kuti azadzise chinangwa chendima yapfuura, nyika, gungwa, nemauto emuchadenga, pamwe chete nemamwe masimba ehondo, hazvimbofa zvakachengetwa. Kodzero yekurwa nehurumende haisi kuzocherechedzwa. "

Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, mumiriri weJapan kwenguva refu uye muratidziri werunyararo uye mutungamiriri mutsva Kijuro Shidehara akakumbira Mukuru weUS Douglas MacArthur kuti abvise hondo mubumbiro idzva reJapan. Muna 1950, hurumende yeUS yakakumbira Japan kuti ityore Chisungo chechipfumbamwe uye kupinda muhondo itsva yekurwisa North Korea. Japan yakaramba. Chikumbiro chimwe chetecho nokuramba zvakadzokororwa nokuda kwehondo yeVietnam. Japan yakaita, zvisinei, yakabvumira US kushandisa mabhesi muJapan, kunyangwe kuratidzira kukuru kwevanhu veJapan. Kukukurwa kweChikamu chepfumbamwe kwakanga kwatanga. Japan yakaramba kupinda muHondo Yekutanga Gulf, asi yakapa tsigiro, kuwedzera ngarava, kuhondo yeAfghanistan (iyo iyo mutungamiriri weJapan akataura pachena yaive nyaya yekumisikidza vanhu veJapan kuti vazogadzira hondo mune ramangwana). Japan yakagadzirisa ngarava nendege dzeUS muJapan panguva yehondo ye9 kuIraq, kunyangwe nei ngarava kana ndege yaigona kubva kuIraq kuenda kuJapan uye kumashure inoda kugadziriswa haina kumbotsanangurwa. Nguva pfupi yadarika, Mutungamiriri weJapan Shinzo Abe akatungamira "kududzirwazve" kweChinyorwa 9 kureva zvakapesana nezvainotaura. Pasinei nekududzirwa patsva kwakadaro, kune mafambiro ari kuitika muJapan kuti achinje mazwi eBumbiro remutemo kuti abvumire hondo.

Mitemo yeGermany neItaly inosvika panguva imwecheteyo mushure meWWII seyeJapan. Germany inosanganisira izvi:

"(1) Zviitiko zvinoda kukanganisa kana kuitwa nechinangwa chekukanganisa hukama hune runyararo pakati pemarudzi, uye kunyanya kugadzirira hondo yehasha, zvichave zvisiri pamutemo. Vanofanira kurangwa.

"(2) Zvombo zvakagadzirirwa kurwa zvinogona kugadzirwa, kutakurwa kana kutengeswa chete nemvumo yeHurumende yeHurumende. Details ichadzorwa nemutemo wemubatanidzwa. "

Uye, kuwedzera:

"(1) The Federation inogona, nemutemo, kuendesa masimba ekutonga kumasangano epasi rose.

“(2 ) Kuitira kuchengetedza runyararo, Federation inogona kupinda muhurongwa hwekuchengetedzana pamwe chete; mukuita kudaro ichabvumira ganhuriro idzodzo dzamasimba masimba ayo achaunza ndokuwana nhevedzano ine rugare neinogarisa muEurope napakati pamarudzi enyika.

"(3) Kugadziriswa kwemakakatanwa epasi rose, iyo Federation ichabatana neyakajairwa, yakazara, inosungirwa hurongwa hwekupokana kwenyika."

Kuramba kuita zvehana kuri muBumbiro reMitemo reGermany:

“Hapana munhu achamanikidzwa kupikisa hana yake kuti aite basa rechiuto rinosanganisira kushandisa zvombo. Details ichadzorwa nemutemo wemubatanidzwa. "

Bumbiro remutemo reItaly rinosanganisira mutauro wakajairika: "Italy inoramba hondo sechishandiso chekurwisa rusununguko rwevamwe vanhu uye senzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda. Italy inobvumirana, pamamiriro ekuenzana nedzimwe Nyika, kumiganho yehuchangamire iyo ingave yakakosha kuhurongwa hwepasirese hunovimbisa rugare nekururamisira pakati peMarudzi. Italy inokurudzira uye inokurudzira masangano epasi rese anofambisira mberi zvinangwa zvakadaro. "

Izvi zvinoratidzika kunge zvakanyanya kusimba, asi zviri pachena kuti zvine chinangwa chekuti zvive zvisina zvazvinoreva, nekuti bumbiro rimwe chetero rinotiwo, "Paramende ine mvumo yekuzivisa mamiriro ehondo uye kupa masimba anodiwa muHurumende. . . . Mutungamiriri weNyika ndiye mukuru mukuru wemauto, achatungamira Dare Repamusorosoro reDziviriro rakagadzwa nemutemo, uye achazivisa hondo sezvakabvumiranwa neParamende. . . . Matare echiuto munguva dzehondo ane masimba akagadzwa nemutemo. Munguva dzerunyararo vane simba chete remhosva dzechiuto dzinoparwa nenhengo dzemauto. Tose tinoziva vezvematongerwo enyika “vanoramba” kana “kupikisa” zvisina zvazvinoreva chinhu chavanoshanda nesimba kuti vagamuchire nekutsigira. Mabumbiro emitemo anogona kuita zvimwe chetezvo.

Mutauro mune zvese zveItaly neGerman mabumbiro ekupa simba kune (asina kudomwa zita) United Nations inonyadzisa munzeve dzeUS, asi kwete chete. Mutauro wakafanana unowanikwa mubumbiro reDenmark, Norway, France, nemamwe akati wandei eEuropean.

Tichibva kuEurope tichienda kuTurkmenistan, tinowana bumbiro remutemo rakazvipira kurunyararo kuburikidza nenzira dzine runyararo: “Turkmenistan, sezvo iri nyika yakazara pasi rose, ichatevedzera mutemo wayo wokune dzimwe nyika kunheyo dzekusatora rutivi zvachose, kusapindira mune zvemukati mezvimwe zvinhu. nyika, dzinorega kushandisa chisimba uye kutora chikamu muzvikwata zvemauto nemibatanidzwa, dzinokurudzira hukama hune runyararo, hushamwari uye hunobatsira pamwe nenyika dziri mudunhu nematunhu ese epasi.

Tichienda kuAmericas, tinowana muEcuador bumbiro remitemo rakazvipira kune runyararo neEcuador uye kurambidzwa kwechiuto nemumwe munhu muEcuador: "Ecuador inharaunda yerunyararo. Kumiswa kwenzvimbo dzemauto ekunze kwenyika kana nzvimbo dzekune dzimwe nyika nechinangwa chehondo hazvibvumidzwe. Zvinorambidzwa kuendesa zvigaro zvemauto enyika kune dzimwe nyika dzine zvombo kana mauto ekuchengetedza. . . . Inokurudzira runyararo uye kuderedza zvombo pasi rose; inoshora kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvinoparadza vanhu vakawanda uye kuiswa kwezvigadziko kana kuti zvivako zvezvinangwa zvehondo nedzimwe Nyika munharaunda yedzimwe.”

Mamwe mabumbiro anorambidza zvigaro zvemauto ekunze, pamwe neEcuador, anosanganisira aya eAngola, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Lithuania, Malta, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Ukraine, neVenezuela.

Mabumbiro akati wandei pasi rose anoshandisa izwi rekuti “kusarerekera divi rimwe chete” kuratidza kuzvipira kusapinda muhondo. Semuyenzaniso, muBelarus, chikamu chebumbiro chiri panjodzi yekushandurwa kuti chienderane nezvombo zvenyukireya zvekuRussia chinoti, "Republic of Belarus ine chinangwa chekuita kuti nharaunda yayo ive isina nyukireya, uye nyika isina kwayakarerekera."

MuCambodia, bumbiro remutemo rinoti, “Humambo hweCambodia hunotora [mutemo] wekusarerekera zvachose uye kusarerekera. Humambo hweCambodia hunotevera mutemo wekugarisana murunyararo nevavakidzani vayo uye nedzimwe nyika dzese pasirese. . . . Humambo hweCambodia hauzojoinha chero mubatanidzwa wemauto kana chibvumirano chemauto chisingaenderane nemutemo wekusarerekera. . . . Chero chibvumirano uye chibvumirano chisingaenderane nekuzvimirira, hutongi, kuvimbika kwenzvimbo, kusarerekera uye kubatana kwenyika kweHumambo hweCambodia, zvichabviswa. . . . Humambo hweCambodia huchava nyika yakazvimiririra, inozvitonga, ine runyararo, isina kwayakarerekera zvachose uye isina kubatana. "

Malta: "Malta inyika isina kwayakarerekera ichitsvaga runyararo, chengetedzo uye kufambira mberi kwevanhu pakati pemarudzi ese nekutevedzera mutemo wekusawirirana uye kuramba kutora chikamu mune chero mubatanidzwa wemauto."

Moldova: “Republic of Moldova inozivisa kusarerekera kwayo zvachose.”

Switzerland: Switzerland "inotora matanho ekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwekunze, rusununguko uye kusarerekera kweSwitzerland."

Turkmenistan: “Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose kuburikidza neGeneral Assembly Resolutions 'Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan' yomusi wa12 December 1995 na3 June 2015: Inobvuma uye inotsigira zvakaziviswa kuti Turkmenistan haina kwayakarerekera zvachose; Inodaidza nyika dziri nhengo dzeUnited Nations kuti dziremekedze uye dzitsigire chinzvimbo ichi cheTurkmenistan uye zvakare kuremekedza rusununguko rwayo, kuzvitonga uye kuvimbika kwenzvimbo. . . . Kusarerekera zvachose kweTurkmenistan, ndiko kuchava hwaro hwemutemo wayo wenyika nedzekunze. . . .”

Dzimwe nyika, dzakaita seIreland, dzine tsika dzekusarerekera kwadzinoti uye dzisina kukwana, uye mishandirapamwe yevagari vemo kuwedzera kusarerekera kumabumbiro.

Mabumbiro akati wandei enyika anoti anobvumidza hondo, kunyangwe vachiti vanotsigira zvibvumirano zvakatenderwa nehurumende dzavo, asi zvinoda kuti chero hondo ive yekupindura "kurwiswa" kana "kurwiswa chaiko kana kwave pedyo." Mune zvimwe zviitiko, aya mabumbiro anobvumira chete "hondo yekudzivirira," kana kuti anorambidza "hondo dzinotyisa" kana "hondo dzekukunda." Izvi zvinosanganisira mabumbiro eAlgeria, Bahrain, Brazil, France, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, Qatar, neUAE.

Mabumbiro emitemo anorambidza hondo yehasha nemasimba ekoloni asi achipira nyika yavo kutsigira hondo dze "rusununguko rwenyika" dzinosanganisira idzo dzeBangladesh neCuba.

Mamwe mabumbiro anoda kuti hondo ive mhinduro ku "hutsinye" kana "chaiyo kana hutsinye hwava pedyo" kana "chisungo chekudzivirira" (sekusungirwa kwenhengo dzeNATO kupinda muhondo nedzimwe nhengo dzeNATO). Mabumbiro aya anosanganisira eAlbania, China, Czechia, Poland, neUzbekistan.

Bumbiro reMitemo reHaiti rinoda kuti pave nehondo iyo "kuedza kwese kwekuyananisa kwakundikana."

Mamwe mabumbiro emarudzi asina mauto akamira kana asina kana, uye pasina hondo dzichangoburwa, haataure nezvehondo kana rugare chero: Iceland, Monaco, Nauru. Bumbiro remutemo reAndorra rinongotaura nezvechishuwo cherunyararo, kwete kusiyana nerunogona kuwanikwa mubumbiro revamwe vevanonyanya kupisa.

Kunyange hurumende zhinji dzepasi rose dziri mapato ezvibvumirano zvinorambidza zvombo zvenyukireya, dzimwe dzinorambidzawo zvombo zvenyukireya mubumbiro radzo: Belarus, Bolivia, Cambodia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Iraq, Lithuania, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Philippines, uye Venezuela. Bumbiro remutemo reMozambique rinotsigira kugadzira nzvimbo isina nyukireya.

Chile iri mushishi rekunyora patsva bumbiro rayo, uye vamwe vekuChile vari kutsvaka kuve nekurambidzwa kwehondo kusanganisirwa.

Mabumbiro mazhinji anosanganisira zvirevo zvisina kujeka nezverunyararo, asi kugamuchirwa kwehondo kwakajeka. Vamwe, vakadai seUkraine, kunyange kurambidza mapato ezvematongerwo enyika anokurudzira hondo (kurambidzwa kuri pachena hakuna kutsigirwa).

Mubumbiro reBangladesh, tinogona kuverenga zvese izvi:

“Hurumende ichasimbisa hukama hwayo nenyika dzepasi rose pamisimboti yekuremekedza kuzvitonga kwenyika nekuenzana, kusapindira munyaya dzemukati medzimwe nyika, kugadzirisana kune mhirizhonga nedzimwe nyika, uye kuremekedzwa kwemitemo yenyika nemisimboti yakaburitswa muChata yeUnited Nations. , uye pahwaro hwemisimboti iyoyo - a. edza kurega kushandiswa kwechisimba muhukama hwepasirese uye kubvisa zvombo zvachose. "

Uye izvi: "Hondo haizoziviswa uye Republic haizotora chikamu muhondo chero ipi zvayo kunze kwekunge yabvumirwa neParamende."

Mabumbiro mazhinji anoti anobvumira hondo kunyangwe pasina zvipingaidzo zvataurwa pamusoro apa (kuti inodzivirira kana mhedzisiro yechisungo chechibvumirano [kunyangwe zvakare kutyora chibvumirano]). Mumwe nemumwe wavo anotsanangura kuti ndeipi hofisi kana mutumbi unofanirwa kutanga hondo. Vamwe nokudaro vanoita kuti hondo dzinyanye kuoma kutanga kupfuura dzimwe. Hapana chinoda vhoti yeruzhinji. Australia yairambidza kutumira chero nhengo yemauto mhiri kwemakungwa "kunze kwekunge vabvuma kuzviita." Sekuziva kwangu kunyange nyika dzinochema zvikuru pamusoro pekurwira demokrasi hadziite izvozvi. Mamwe emarudzi anobvumira kunyange hondo dzehasha, anorambidza mvumo yavo kuhondo dzekudzivirira kana bato rakati (semutungamiri kwete paramende) richitanga hondo. Mabumbiro emitemo yehondo ndeenyika idzi: Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, DRC, Congo. , Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Gabon, Gambia, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia , Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malawi, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzan ia, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, neZimbabwe.

MITEMO

Sezvinodiwa nezvibvumirano zvakawanda, nyika dzakabatanidza zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvadzinobatanidzwa mumitemo yenyika. Asi kune mimwe, isiri-yakavakirwa-mitemo mitemo inogona kuve yakakosha kuhondo, kunyanya mitemo inopikisa kuponda.

Mumwe muzvinafundo wezvemitemo akamboudza Congress yeUnited States kuti kupfutidza munhu nechombo kune imwe nyika imhosva yekuponda kunze kwekunge iri hondo, apa zvaive zviri pamutemo. Hapana akabvunza kuti chii chaizoita kuti hondo ive pamutemo. Muzvinafundo uyu akabva abvuma kuti haazive kana zviito zvakadaro kwaive kuponda kana kutenderwa zvakakwana, nekuti mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti vaive chikamu chehondo yaive yakavanzwa muchivande memo naPresident Barack Obama panguva iyoyo. Hapana akabvunza kuti nei chimwe chinhu chiri chikamu chehondo kana kwete chaive chakakosha kana pasina munhu anoona chiitiko ichi aigona kuona kuti yaive hondo here kana kuti isiriyo. Asi ngatifungei, nekuda kwekupokana, kuti mumwe munhu akatsanangura kuti hondo chii uye akaita kuti ive pachena uye isingapokane kuti ndezvipi zviito uye hazvisi chikamu chehondo. Mubvunzo hausati wasara wekuti sei mhondi isingaenderere mberi iri mhosva yekuponda? Pane kubvumirana kwakawanda kuti kurwadzisa kunoramba kuri mhosva yekurwadzisa kana iri chikamu chehondo, uye kuti zvimwe zvikamu zvehondo zvisingaverengeki zvinochengetedza chimiro chavo chemhosva. Iyo Geneva Kokorodzano inogadzira akawanda emhosva kubva muzviitiko zvenguva dzose muhondo. Mhando dzese dzekushungurudzwa kwevanhu, midziyo, uye nepasirese dzimwe nguva dzinoramba dziri mhosva kunyangwe zvichinzi zvikamu zvehondo. Zvimwe zviito zvinotenderwa kunze kwehondo, sekushandiswa kwegasi rinobvarura, zvinova mhosva nekuva zvikamu zvehondo. Hondo hadzipi rezinesi rekuita utsotsi. Nei tichifanira kubvuma kuti kuponda kwakasiyana? Mitemo inorambidza kuponda mumarudzi kupota nyika haipi musiyano wehondo. Vakakuvadzwa muPakistan vakatsvaga kupomera humhondi hweUS drone semhondi. Hapana nyaya yakanaka yemutemo yakapihwa yekuti nei vasingafanire kudaro.

Mitemo inogonawo kupa dzimwe nzira dzokutsiva hondo. Lithuania yakagadzira hurongwa hwekupokana kwevanhu vakawanda vachipokana nekutorwa kwedzimwe nyika. Ndiyo pfungwa inogona kuvandudzwa uye kuparadzirwa.

Kuvandudzwa kwegwaro iri kuchaitwa pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/constitutions

Ndokumbira utumire chero mazano pano semacomments.

Ndinokutendai nemhinduro dzinobatsira kuna Kathy Kelly, Jeff Cohen, Yurii Sheliazhenko, Joseph Essertier,. . . uye newe?