NaDavid Vine, Patterson Deppen, naLeah Bolger, World BEYOND War, September 20, 2021
Executive Summary
Kunyangwe kubviswa kwemauto eUS nemauto kubva kuAfghanistan, United States iri kuenderera mberi nekuchengetedza zvakatenderedza mazana manomwe mazana manomwe emasoja ekunze kunze kwenyika makumi masere nenyika dzekunze (matunhu). Aya mabheseni anodhura munzira dzinoverengeka: mune zvemari, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, uye nharaunda. Mabheseni eUS mune dzimwe nyika anowanzo simudza kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kutsigira hutongi husina kusununguka, uye kushanda sechishandiso chekutora mapoka emapoka anopikisa kuvapo kweUS nehurumende kuvapo kwayo kunosimbisa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mabhesheni ekunze ari kushandiswa uye akaita kuti zvive nyore kuti United States itange nekuita hondo dzine njodzi, kusanganisira idzo dziri muAfghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, neLibya. Pakati pezvematongerwo enyika uye kunyangwe mukati memasoja eUS pane kukura kwekuziva kuti mabheseni mazhinji ekumhiri kwemakungwa aifanirwa kunge akavharwa makumi emakore apfuura, asi hutongi hwehutongi uye zvisirizvo zvido zvematongerwo enyika zvakazvichengeta zvakavhurika.
Pakati pekuenderera mberi kwe "Global Posture Ongororo," manejimendi weBiden ane mukana wenhoroondo wekuvhara mazana ezvisingadiwe zvechiuto zvigaro kunze kwenyika nekuvandudza kuchengetedzeka kwenyika nerekunze mukuita.
Pentagon, kubva paGore Rezvemari 2018, yakundikana kuburitsa runyorwa rwayo rwegore rweUS mabhesari kunze kwenyika. Sekuziva kwedu, ichi chipfupi chinopa chizere chizere chizvidavirire cheveruzhinji cheUS zvigadziko uye nzvimbo dzemauto pasirese. Iwo rondedzero uye mepu inosanganisirwa mushumo uyu inoratidza matambudziko mazhinji anoenderana neaya mabheseni ekumhiri kwemakungwa, ichipa chishandiso chinogona kubatsira vagadziri vemitemo kuronga nekukurumidza kunodiwa kuvharwa kwenzvimbo.
Chokwadi chiriporipo pane mhiri kwemakungwa mauto eUS
• Kune nzvimbo dzinosvika mazana manomwe nemazana manomwe emauto eU.S.kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwenyika makumi masere nenyika dzekunze.
• United States ine zvigadziko zvakapetwa katatu zvakapetwa kunze kwenyika (750) semamiriri eU.S., vamiriri, uye mamishinari pasirese (276).
Kunyange hazvo paine zvimisikidzo zvingangoita hafu sekumagumo kweCold War, mabheseni eU.S. akapararira kune nyika nemakoloni zvakapetwa kaviri (kubva makumi mana kusvika makumi masere) panguva imwe chete, zviine nzvimbo hombe kuMiddle East, East Asia , zvikamu zveEurope, uye Africa.
• United States ine kanokwana katatu zvakapetwa nemabheseti emhiri kwemakungwa sedzimwe nyika dzese dzakabatana.
• Bheseni reUS kunze kwenyika rinobhadhara vateresi inofungidzirwa $ 55 bhiriyoni pagore.
• Kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvemauto kunze kwenyika kwakabhadhara vateresi vanosvika mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe emadhora kubvira 70, uye zvinogona kukwana zvinopfuura mabhiriyoni zana emadhora.
Mabhesi ekunze akabatsira United States kutanga hondo pamwe nekumwe kurwisa mune dzinosvika makumi maviri nemashanu nyika kubvira 25.
Kuiswa kweUS kunowanikwa mune dzinosvika makumi matatu nemasere nyika dzisiri dzegutsaruzhinji nemakoloni.
Dambudziko remauto eUS kune dzimwe nyika
Mukati meHondo Yenyika II uye mumazuva ekutanga eHondo Yemashoko, United States yakavaka gadziriro yakanga isati yamboitika yenzvimbo dzemauto munyika dzokumwe. Makumi matatu emakore mushure mekupera kweCold War, kuchine 119 base nzvimbo muGermany uye imwe 119 muJapan, maererano nePentagon. MuSouth Korea mune makumi manomwe nenhatu. Mamwe mabhesi eUS ane nyika kubva kuAruba kuenda kuAustralia, Kenya kuenda kuQatar, Romania kuenda kuSingapore, nekumhiri.
Isu tinofungidzira kuti United States parizvino inochengetedza zvingangoita 750 nzvimbo dzepasi mu80 nyika dzekunze nemakoloni (matunhu). Iyi fungidziro inobva pane zvatinotenda kuti ndiwo mazita akazara ezvigaro zvemauto eUS kune dzimwe nyika aripo (ona Appendikisi). Pakati pemakore emari 1976 na2018, Pentagon yakaburitsa rondedzero yegore negore yemabhesi ayo aizivikanwa nekukanganisa kwayo uye kusiiwa; kubvira 2018, Pentagon yatadza kuburitsa runyorwa. Isu takavaka zvinyorwa zvedu zvakatenderedza mushumo we2018, David Vine's 2021 inowanikwa pachena runyorwa rwemabhesi kunze kwenyika, uye nhau dzakavimbika nemimwe mishumo.1
Pakati pezvematongerwo enyika uye kunyangwe mukati memauto eUS mune kukura kucherechedzwa kuti mabhesi mazhinji eUS kunze kwenyika aifanira kunge akavhara makumi emakore apfuura. "Ini ndinofunga tine zvivakwa zvakawandisa mhiri kwemakungwa," mukuru wepamusoro-soro muuto reUS, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Mark Milley, akabvuma panguva yekutaura kwevanhu muna Zvita 2020. kudzivirira kweUnited States?” Milley akadana "kutarisisa kwakaoma, kwakaoma" kune zvigaro zvekune dzimwe nyika, achicherechedza kuti dzakawanda "dzinobva kune kwakaguma Hondo Yenyika II."2
Kuisa mabhesi emauto e750 ekunze kwenyika mumaonero, kune nzvimbo dzinosvika katatu dzakapetwa katatu senzvimbo dzevamiriri veUS, consulates, uye mamishini pasi rese - 276.3 Uye dzinosanganisira kanopfuura katatu nhamba yezvigadziko zvemhiri kwemakungwa zvakabatwa nevamwe vese. mauto akabatanidzwa. United Kingdom inonzi ine 145 nzvimbo dzekune dzimwe nyika.4 Mamwe mauto enyika akasanganiswa angangodzora mamwe 50–75, kusanganisira mabhesi ekuRussia gumi nemaviri ekunze kwenyika uye mashanu eChina (pamwe nemabhesi muTibet).5
Mutengo wekuvaka, kushanda, uye kuchengetedza mabhesi emauto eUS kunze kwenyika unofungidzirwa kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu nemashanu pagore (gore rezvemari 55) . munhu pagore paavhareji.2021 Kuwedzera mutengo wevashandi vanoshandira kunze kwenyika kunoita kuti mari yese yezvigadziko zvemhiri kwemakungwa isvike madhora mabhiriyoni makumi masere kana kudarika.6 Aya ndiwo fungidziro yehungwaru, zvichipiwa kuomerwa kwekubatanidza mari yakavanzika.
Panyaya yekushandiswa kwemauto ekuvaka ega - mari yakagoverwa kuvaka nekuwedzera mabhesi mhiri kwemakungwa - hurumende yeUS yakashandisa pakati pemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi manomwe nemadhora zana nemakumi masere nemaviri pakati pemakore emari 70 kusvika 182. Kushandiswa kwemari kwakakura kwazvo nekuti Congress yakagovera madhora bhiriyoni zana nemakumi matatu nemaviri mumakore aya kuvakwa pa“nzvimbo dzisina kutaurwa” munyika yose, kuwedzera kumadhora mabhiriyoni 2000 emadhora akashandiswa zvakajeka mhiri kwemakungwa. Iyi bhajeti yekuita bhajeti inoita kuti zvisakwanise kuongorora kuti yakawanda sei mari yakarongwa iyi yakaenda pakuvaka nekuwedzera mabhesi mhiri kwemakungwa. Imwe fungidziro yakangwarira yezvikamu gumi neshanu kubva muzana ingapa imwezve mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora, kunyangwe ruzhinji rwe "nzvimbo dzisina kutaurwa" dzingave mhiri kwemakungwa. $2021 bhiriyoni yakawanda yakaonekwa mune "emergency" mari yehondo.132
Kupfuura mari yavo yezvemari, uye neimwe nzira inopesana, mabhesi ekunze anokanganisa kuchengetedzeka munzira dzakati wandei. Kuvapo kwezvigadziko zveUS mhiri kwemakungwa kunowanzo simudza kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kukonzeresa kusafarira kuUnited States kwakapararira, uye kunoshanda sechishandiso chekutsvagira mapoka emauto akaita se al Qaeda.10
Nheyo dzekune dzimwe nyika dzakaitawo kuti zvive nyore kuUnited States kupinda muhondo dzakawanda dzine hasha dzesarudzo, kubva kuhondo dzeVietnam neSoutheast Asia kusvika kumakore makumi maviri e "hondo yekusingaperi" kubva pakapinda 20 kuAfghanistan. Kubva 2001, zvigadziko zveUS muMiddle East yakakura zvakashandiswa kanokwana ka1980 kutanga hondo kana zvimwe zviito zvekurwa munyika dzinenge gumi neshanu mudunhu iroro chete. Kubva 25, mauto eUnited States akabatanidzwa muhondo munyika dzinenge makumi maviri neshanu pasi rose.15
Nepo vamwe vakati kubva muCold War kuti zvigadziko zvemhiri kwemakungwa zvinobatsira kuparadzira democracy, zvinopesana zvinowanzoita sezviri kuitika. Kumisikidzwa kweUS kunowanikwa munyika dzinenge gumi nepfumbamwe dzine hutongi, nyika sere dzine masimba, uye gumi neimwe makoroni (ona Appendikisi). Muzviitiko izvi, zvigadziko zveUS zvinopa rutsigiro rwechokwadi kune hutongi husina hutongi hwejekerere uye kazhinji hudzvanyiriri hwakadai sehuya hunotonga muTurkey, Niger, Honduras, nePersian Gulf states. Zvichienderana, zvigadziko mumakoroni asara eUS - "nzvimbo" dzeUS dzePuerto Rico, Guam, Commonwealth yeNorthern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, uye US Virgin Islands - vakabatsira kuenderera mberi nehukama hwavo hwekoloni nedzimwe nyika dzeUnited States. uye chizvarwa chechipiri chevanhu vekuUS.19
Sezvinoratidzwa nechikamu che "Kukuvadzwa Kwenzvimbo Yakakosha" muTafura 1 yeAppendikisi, nzvimbo zhinji dzepasi dziri kunze dzine rekodhi yekukuvadza nharaunda kuburikidza nemhepo ine muchetura, tsaona, kuraswa kwemarara ane njodzi, kuvaka nheyo, uye kudzidziswa kunosanganisira zvinhu zvine njodzi. Pazvigadziko izvi zvemhiri kwemakungwa, Pentagon kazhinji haitevedzeri zviyero zvezvakatipoteredza zveU.S.
Tichifunga nezvekukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwega uye chokwadi chiri nyore chemauto ekunze anotora nyika yekutonga, hazvishamise kuti mabhesi kunze kwenyika anounza kushorwa kwese kwaanowanikwa (ona "Kupikisa" koramu muTebhurari 1). Tsaona dzinouraya uye mhosva dzakaparwa nemauto eUS munzvimbo dzakaiswa mhiri kwemakungwa, kusanganisira kubata chibharo nekuponda, kazhinji pasina hutongi hwenzvimbo kana kuzvidavirira, zvinounzawo kuratidzira kunonzwisisika uye kukuvadza mukurumbira weUnited States.
Kunyora mabhesi
Pentagon yagara ichitadza kupa ruzivo rwakakwana kuCongress uye veruzhinji kuti vaongorore zvigadziko zvemhiri kwemakungwa uye kuendeswa kwemauto - chikamu chikuru chemutemo wekunze weUS. Nzira dzekutarisa dziripo iye zvino hadzina kukwana kuti Kongiresi uye veruzhinji vatore hutongi hwakafanira pamusoro pekuisa mauto nemabasa mhiri kwemakungwa. Semuenzaniso, pakafa masoja mana muhondo muNiger muna 2017, nhengo zhinji dzeCongress dzakashamiswa kuziva kuti munyika iyoyo maiva nevarwi vangangosvika chiuru chimwe chete. 1,000 Chimiro chekutadza nevakuru vemauto chinoita sechokuti kana nzvimbo yemhiri kwemakungwa iripo, inofanira kubatsira. Kongiresi haiwanzomanikidza mauto kuti aongorore kana kuratidza mabhenefiti ekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kwemabhesi kunze kwenyika.
Kutanga mune inokwana 1976, Congress yakatanga kuda kuti Pentagon ibudise accounting yegore re "mabhesi ehondo, kuiswa, uye zvivakwa," kusanganisira nhamba yavo nehukuru. zvinoenderana nemutemo weUS.16 Kunyangwe payakaburitsa rondedzero iyi, Pentagon yakapa ruzivo rusina kukwana kana kuti rusina chokwadi, ichitadza kunyora makumi ezvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa. . Asi tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti ikozvino kwave neanosvika makumi mana ekumisikidzwa kwehukuru hwakasiyana mukondinendi; mumwe mukuru wemauto akabvuma kuiswa makumi mana nematanhatu muna 2018
Zvinogoneka kuti Pentagon haizive nhamba yechokwadi yekumisikidzwa kunze kwenyika. Sezvineiwo, ichangoburwa US Army-inowana mari yekufunda yemabhesi eUS yakatsamira pane yaDavid Vine's 2015 runyorwa rwemabhesi, kwete runyorwa rwePentagon.20
Ichi chipfupi chikamu chekuedza kuwedzera kujeka uye kugonesa kutarisisa kuri nani kwezviitiko zvePentagon uye mashandisirwo emari, zvichibatsira mukuedza kwakasimba kubvisa kupambadza kushandiswa kwemauto uye kugadzirisa kunze kwakashata kwezvigadziko zveUS kunze kwenyika. Nhamba yakawanda yezvigadziko uye kuvanzika uye kushayikwa kwekujeka kweiyo base network inoita kuti runyoro rwakakwana rusagoneke; iyo Pentagon ichangobva kutadza kuburitsa Base Structure Report inoita runyoro rwakanyanya kuoma kupfuura makore apfuura. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, maitiro edu anovimba ne2018 Base Structure Report uye yakavimbika yekutanga uye yechipiri masosi; izvi zvinounganidzwa muna David Vine's 2021 data yakaiswa pa "US Military Bases Abroad, 1776-2021."
Chii chinonzi "base"?
Nhanho yekutanga mukugadzira rondedzero yezvigadziko kunze kwenyika kutsanangura zvinoumba "base." Tsanangudzo dzinopedzisira dzave zvematongerwo enyika uye dzinowanzoita zvematongerwo enyika. Kazhinji Pentagon nehurumende yeUS, pamwe nenyika dzinotambira, dzinotsvaga kuratidza kuvepo kweUS se "kwete hwaro hweUS" kudzivirira pfungwa yekuti United States iri kukanganisa hutongi hwenyika inotambira (izvo, ndizvo zvazviri) . Kuti tidzivise nharo idzi zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, tinoshandisa Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) uye izwi rayo rekuti "base saiti" senzvimbo yekutanga yezvinyorwa zvedu. Kushandiswa kweizwi iri kunoreva kuti mune dzimwe nguva kuisirwa kunowanzo kunzi chigadziko chimwe chete, senge Aviano Air Base muItari, chaizvoizvo ine akati wandei masaiti - mune yaAviano, angangoita masere. Kuverenga yega yega saiti zvine musoro nekuti masaiti ane zita rimwe chete anowanzo munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo sere dzeAviano dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta reAviano. Kazhinji, zvakare, yega yega saiti inoratidza yakasarudzika mari yevateresi mari. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei mamwe mazita ekutanga kana nzvimbo dzichionekwa kakawanda parondedzero yezvinyorwa zvakabatanidzwa muAppendikisi.
Mabhesi anokura muhukuru kubva pakumisikidzwa kweguta-nemakumi ezviuru zvevarwi uye nhengo dzemhuri kusvika kudiki radar nekuisa kwekutarisa, nhandare dzendege, uye kunyange mashoma emarinda emauto. Pentagon's BSR inotaura kuti inongova makumi matatu "makuru ekuisa" kunze kwenyika. Vamwe vanogona kuratidza kuti kuverenga kwedu kwe30 basesaiti kunze kwenyika ndiko kuwedzeredza kwehukuru hweUS mhiri kwemakungwa zvivakwa. Nekudaro, iyo BSR's kudhinda kwakanaka kunoratidza kuti Pentagon inotsanangura "diki" seine kukosha kwakashumwa kusvika kumadhora 750 bhiriyoni. kunze kwenyika. Nekudaro, isu tinotsanangura yedu yakazara "inenge 1.015" seyakanyanya fungidziro.
Isu tinosanganisira mabhesi mumakoloni eUS (matunhu) mukuverenga mabhesi kunze kwenyika nekuti nzvimbo idzi hadzina kuzara kwedemocracy kuUnited States. Pentagon inorongawo nzvimbo idzi se "mhiri kwemakungwa." (Washington, DC haina kodzero dzakakwana dzedemokrasi, asi tichifunga kuti ndiro guta guru renyika, isu tinoona Washington mabhesi epamba.)
Ongorora: Iyi mepu ye2020 inoratidza zvingangoita mazana masere mabhesi eUS pasi rese. Nekuda kwekuvharwa kwazvino, kusanganisira kuAfghanistan, takaverenga nekudzokorora fungidziro yedu kusvika pa800 yeichi pfupi.
Kuvhara mabhesi
Kuvhara mabhesi ekumhiri kwemakungwa zviri nyore mune zvematongerwo enyika kana zvichienzaniswa nekuvhara zvimisikidzo zvemumba. Kusiyana neBase Realignment uye Kuvhara maitiro ezvivakwa muUnited States, Congress haidi kubatanidzwa mukuvharwa kwekunze. MaPresident George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, naGeorge W. Bush vakavhara mazana emabhesi asina kufanira muEurope neAsia muma1990 nema2000. Hutongi hwaTrump hwakavhara mamwe mabhesi muAfghanistan, Iraq, neSyria. Mutungamiri Biden vatanga zvakanaka nekubvisa mauto eUS kubva kumabhesi muAfghanistan. fungidziro dzedu dzakapfuura, munguva pfupi yapfuura sa2020, dzaive dzekuti United States yakabata mabhesi mazana masere kunze kwenyika (ona Mepu 800). Nekuda kwekuvharwa kwazvino, isu takaverenga uye nekudzokorora kudzika kusvika pa1.
Mutungamiri Biden vazivisa kuenderera mberi kwe "Global Posture Ongororo" uye vakazvipira hutungamiriri hwavo kuona kuti kutumirwa kwemauto eUS pasi rose "kunoenderana negwara redu rekunze pamwe nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika."22 Nekudaro, hutongi hweBiden hune nhoroondo ine nhoroondo mukana wekuvhara mazana emamwe mabhesi echiuto asina kufanira kunze kwenyika nekuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwenyika nepasirese mukuita izvi. Kusiyana neaimbova Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, nekukasira kubvisa mabhesi nemauto kubva kuSyria uye kuyedza kuranga Germany nekubvisa zvimisikidzo ipapo, Mutungamiri Biden vanogona kuvhara mabhesi nemazvo uye zvine hungwaru, vachisimbisa vanobatana navo vachichengetedza mazakwatira emari yemutero.
Nekuda kwezvikonzero zveparochi chete, nhengo dzeCongress dzinofanirwa kutsigira kuvhara kuisirwa mhiri kwemakungwa kudzosera zviuru zvevashandi nenhengo dzemhuri - uye mihoro yavo - kumatunhu nematunhu. Pane zvakanyorwa zvakanaka zvakawandisa zvekukwanisa kudzoka mauto nemhuri pazvigaro zvepamba.23
Hutongi hweBiden hunofanirwa kuteerera zvirikudiwa mumatunhu ese ezvematongerwo enyika kuti vavhare zvigadziko zvemhiri kwemakungwa uye kutevera zano rekudhonzera mauto eUS kunze kwenyika, kuunza mauto kumba, uye kuvaka chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika uye mibatanidzwa.
chinamatidzwa
| Tafura 1. Nyika dzine US Military Bases (yakazara dataset pano) | ||||||
| Zita renyika | Yese # yeBase Sites | Rudzi rweHurumende | Vashandi Est. | Mari Yekuvaka Kwemauto (FY2000-19) | Protestest | Kukuvadza Kwezvakatipoteredza Kunokosha |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | US koloni | 309 | $ Miriyoni 19.5 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| ARUBHA | 1 | Dutch colony | 225 | $ Miriyoni 27.124 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| ASCENSON ISLAND | 1 | British colony | 800 | $ Miriyoni 2.2 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| OSITIRERIYA | 7 | Democracy yakazara | 1,736 | $ Miriyoni 116 | Ehe | Ehe |
| BAHAMS, THE | 6 | Democracy yakazara | 56 | $ Miriyoni 31.1 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| BHAHARENI | 12 | Mutongi | 4,603 | $ Miriyoni 732.3 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| BHERUJIYAMU | 11 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 1,869 | $ Miriyoni 430.1 | Ehe | Ehe |
| BOTSWANA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 16 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| BHARUGERIYA | 4 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 2,500 | $ Miriyoni 80.2 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| BHAKINA FASO | 1 | Mutongi | 16 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KAMBODHIYA | 1 | Mutongi | 15 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KAMERUNI | 2 | Mutongi | 10 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KANADHA | 3 | Democracy yakazara | 161 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Ehe |
| CHADHI | 1 | Mutongi | 20 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| CHIRE | 1 | Democracy yakazara | 35 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| KOROMBIYA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 84 | $ Miriyoni 43 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KOSITA RIKA | 1 | Democracy yakazara | 16 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KIYUBA | 1 | Mutongi25 | 1,004 | $ Miriyoni 538 | Ehe | Ehe |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Democracy yakazara26 | 225 | $ Miriyoni 27.1 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SAIPURASI | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 10 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | British colony | 3,000 | $ Miriyoni 210.4 | Ehe | Ehe |
| JIBHUTI | 2 | Mutongi | 126 | $ Miriyoni 480.5 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| IJIPITA | 1 | Mutongi | 259 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| E SAVHADHO | 1 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 70 | $ Miriyoni 22.7 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| ESITONIYA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 17 | $ Miriyoni 60.8 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| GABHONI | 1 | Mutongi | 10 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| JOJIYA | 1 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 29 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| JERIMANI | 119 | Democracy yakazara | 46,562 | $ 5.8 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| GHANA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 19 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| GIRISI | 8 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 446 | $ Miriyoni 179.1 | Ehe | Ehe |
| GIRINIRENDI | 1 | Danish colony | 147 | $ Miriyoni 168.9 | Ehe | Ehe |
| GUWAMU | 54 | US koloni | 11,295 | $ 2 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| HONDURASI | 2 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 371 | $ Miriyoni 39.1 | Ehe | Ehe |
| HANGARI | 2 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 82 | $ Miriyoni 55.4 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| AISIRENDI | 2 | Democracy yakazara | 3 | $ Miriyoni 51.5 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| IRAKI | 6 | Mutongi | 2,500 | $ Miriyoni 895.4 | Ehe | Ehe |
| AYARENDI | 1 | Democracy yakazara | 8 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| IZIRAYERI | 6 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 127 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| ITARI | 44 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 14,756 | $ 1.7 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| JAPANI | 119 | Democracy yakazara | 63,690 | $ 2.1 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| JOHNSTON ATOLL | 1 | US koloni | 0 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Ehe |
| JODHANI | 2 | Mutongi | 211 | $ Miriyoni 255 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KENYA | 3 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 59 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| KOREA, REPUBLIC YA | 76 | Democracy yakazara | 28,503 | $ 2.3 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere* | 18 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Ehe |
| KUWETI | 10 | Mutongi | 2,054 | $ Miriyoni 156 | Ehe | Ehe |
| RATIVHIYA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 14 | $ Miriyoni 14.6 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| RUKUZEMUBHOGU | 1 | Democracy yakazara | 21 | $ Miriyoni 67.4 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| MARI | 1 | Mutongi | 20 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| ZVITSUWA MASHARO | 12 | Democracy yakazara* | 96 | $ Miriyoni 230.3 | Ehe | Ehe |
| NETHARENZI | 6 | Democracy yakazara | 641 | $ Miriyoni 11.4 | Ehe | Ehe |
| NAIJA | 8 | Mutongi | 21 | $ Miriyoni 50 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| N. MARIANA ISLANDS | 5 | US koloni | 45 | $ 2.1 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| NOWEYI | 7 | Democracy yakazara | 167 | $ Miriyoni 24.1 | Ehe | Aihwa |
| OMANI | 6 | Mutongi | 25 | $ Miriyoni 39.2 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| PALAU, REPUBLIC OF | 3 | Democracy yakazara* | 12 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| PANAMA | 11 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 35 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| PERU | 2 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 51 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| FIRIPAINI | 8 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 155 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| PORENDI | 4 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 226 | $ Miriyoni 395.4 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| PUTUGARO | 21 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 256 | $ Miriyoni 87.2 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| POTA RIKO | 34 | US koloni | 13,571 | $ Miriyoni 788.8 | Ehe | Ehe |
| KWATA | 3 | Mutongi | 501 | $ Miriyoni 559.5 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| ROMANIYA | 6 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 165 | $ Miriyoni 363.7 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SAUDHI ARABHIYA | 11 | Mutongi | 693 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Ehe |
| SENEGARO | 1 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 15 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SINGAPOWO | 2 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 374 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SIROVHAKIYA | 2 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 12 | $ Miriyoni 118.7 | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SOMARIA | 5 | Hurongwa hweHybrid* | 71 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| SPEINI | 4 | Democracy yakazara | 3,353 | $ Miriyoni 292.2 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| SURINAME | 2 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 2 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| SIRIYA | 4 | Mutongi | 900 | KUDZIDZISWA | Ehe | Aihwa |
| TAIRENDI | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 115 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| TUNISIYA | 1 | Hutongi hwejekerere | 26 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| TEKI | 13 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 1,758 | $ Miriyoni 63.8 | Ehe | Ehe |
| UGANDA | 1 | Hutongi hweHybrid | 14 | KUDZIDZISWA | Aihwa | Aihwa |
| MUBATANIDZWA ARABHU EMERETSI | 3 | Mutongi | 215 | $ Miriyoni 35.4 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| NYIKA DZAKABATANA | 25 | Democracy yakazara | 10,770 | $ 1.9 bhiriyoni | Ehe | Ehe |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | US koloni | 787 | $ Miriyoni 72.3 | Aihwa | Ehe |
| WAKE CHIRWA | 1 | US koloni | 5 | $ Miriyoni 70.1 | Aihwa | Ehe |
Zvinyorwa paTafura 1
Nzvimbo dzekutanga: Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report inotsanangura hwaro "saiti" se "nzvimbo chaiyo yenzvimbo ine pasuru yepasi kana zvivakwa zvakapihwa kwairi [...] izvo, kana yaive yake, yakarenda, kana neimwe nzira pasi pesimba reDoD. Chikamu chakamiririra United States."27
Rudzi rwehurumende: Marudzi ehurumende yenyika anotsanangurwa se "democracy yakazara," "democracy isina kukwana," "hurumende yakasanganiswa," kana "chiremera." Izvi zvinounganidzwa kubva kuEconomist Intelligence Unit's 2020 "Democracy Index" kunze kwekunge zvaratidzwa neimwe asterisk (mataundi ayo anogona kuwanikwa mune yakazara dataset).
Mari Yekuvaka Kwemauto: Nhamba idzi dzinofanirwa kutorwa sedzishoma. Iyo data inobva kune zviri pamutemo Pentagon bhajeti zvinyorwa zvakaendeswa kuCongress kuti zvivakwe mauto. Izvo zvakazara hazvisanganisi mari yekuwedzera muhondo ("mhiri kwemakungwa mashandiro ezviitiko") mabhajeti, bhajeti rakakamurwa, uye mamwe masosi ebhajeti ayo, dzimwe nguva, asina kuburitswa kuCongress (semuenzaniso, kana mauto akashandisa mari yakagoverwa kune chimwe chinangwa kuvaka mauto. ) .28 Zvikamu zvakakosha zvemari yegore negore yekuvaka kwemauto inoenda "kunzvimbo dzisina kutaurwa," zvichiita kuti zvinyanye kuoma kuziva kuti hurumende yeUnited States iri kuisa mari yakawanda sei kumabhesi emauto kune dzimwe nyika.
Zvinofungidzirwa nevashandi: Idzi fungidziro dzinosanganisira mauto anoshanda-basa, varindi venyika uye mauto anochengeterwa, uye Pentagon vagari. Zvinofungidzirwa zvakatorwa kubva kuDefence Manpower Data Center (yakagadziridzwa Kurume 31, 2021; uye Chikumi 30, 2021 yeAustralia), kunze kwekunge zvacherechedzwa neimwe asterisk (mataundi anogona kuwanikwa mudhatabheti rakazara). Vaverengi vanofanirwa kuziva kuti mauto anowanzo kupa data risiri iro revashandi kuvanza chimiro uye saizi yekutumirwa.
Kufungidzira kwenyika (inowanikwa mune yakazara dataset): Aya anobva kuPentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) uye akanyorwa mumaeka. Iyo BSR inopa fungidziro dzisina kukwana uye iwo masaiti epasi asina kuverengerwa akanyorwa "asina kuziviswa."
Kuratidzira Izvi zvinoreva kuitika kwechero kuratidzira kukuru, kungave nehurumende, vanhu, kana sangano. Kuratidzira chete kwakanangana nezvigaro zvemauto eUS kana kuvepo kwemauto eUS kazhinji kunonyorwa "hongu." Nyika imwe neimwe yakanyorwa kuti "hongu" inopupurirwa uye inotsigirwa nemashoko maviri enhau kubva muna 2018. Nyika idzo dzisina kuratidzira munguva pfupi yapfuura kana kuenderera mberi dzakawanikwa dzinonzi "kwete."
Kukuvadza kwakanyanya kwezvakatipoteredza: Ichi chikamu chinoreva kusvibiswa kwemhepo, kusvibiswa kwenyika, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kusvibiswa kweruzha, uye/kana kuparara kwemaruva kana zvipfuyo zvakasungwa nekuvapo kwenzvimbo yemauto eUS. Zvigadziko zvemauto, kunze zvisingawanzoitiki, zvinokuvadza zvakatipoteredza zvichipiwa kuchengetedza uye kushandiswa nguva dzose kwezvinhu zvine ngozi, makemikari ane chepfu, zvombo zvine ngozi, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine ngozi.29 Mabhesi makuru anowanzonyanya kukuvadza; saka, tinofungidzira kuti chero chigadziko chikuru chakonzera kumwe kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza. Nzvimbo yakanyorwa kuti "kwete" hairevi kuti chigadziko hachina kukuvadza nharaunda asi kuti hapana zvinyorwa zvinogona kuwanikwa kana kuti kukuvara kunofungidzirwa kuve kushoma.
Kutenda
Mapoka anotevera nevanhu vakazvimirira, avo vari chikamu cheOverseas Base Realignment uye Closure Coalition, vakabatsira mukufungidzira, kutsvagisa, uye kunyora uye kune iyi rondedzero: Campaign for Peace, Disarmament and Common Security; Codepink; Council for a Livable World; Foreign Policy Alliance; Institute for Policy Studies/Foreign Policy in Focus; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Benjamin; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; uye Lawrence Wilkerson.
Iyo Overseas Base Realignment uye Closure Coalition (OBRACC) iboka rakakura revaongorori vemauto, nyanzvi, vamiriri, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzemauto kubva kumativi ese ezvematongerwo enyika vanotsigira kuvhara zvigaro zvemauto eUS mhiri kwemakungwa. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ona www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine ndiye Purofesa weAnthropology paAmerican University muWashington, DC. David ndiye munyori wemabhuku matatu pamusoro pezvigadziko zvemauto nehondo, kusanganisira ichangobva kuburitswa The United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslam State (University of California Press, 2020), yaive yekupedzisira. ye2020 LA Times Book Prize yeNhoroondo. Mabhuku aDavid ekutanga ndeeBase Nation: Mabhesi eMauto eUS kune dzimwe nyika Anokuvadza America neNyika (Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2015) uye Island of Shame: The Secret History of the US Military on Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2009). David inhengo yeOverseas Base Realignment uye Kuvhara Coalition.
Patterson Deppen ari muongorori we World BEYOND War, kwaakanyora rondedzero izere yezvigadziko zvemauto eUS mhiri kwemakungwa. Anoshanda pabhodhi rekunyora paE-International Relations kwaanenge ari mupepeti wezvinyorwa zvevadzidzi. Kunyora kwake kwakabuda muE-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, uye The Progressive. Chinyorwa chake chechangobva kuitika muTomDispatch, "America seNyika Yakadzokororwa," inopa kutarisa kumauto eUS mhiri kwemakungwa uye kuvapo kwavo kwehumambo hwepasi rose nhasi. Akagamuchira masters ake mukusimudzira uye kuchengetedzeka kubva kuYunivhesiti yeBristol. Iye inhengo yeOverseas Base Realignment uye Kuvhara Coalition.
Leah Bolger akasiya basa muna 2000 kubva kuUS Navy pachinzvimbo cheMutungamiriri mushure memakore makumi maviri ebasa rinoshanda. Akasarudzwa semukadzi wekutanga Mutungamiriri weVeterans For Peace (VFP) mu20, uye mu2012 akasarudzwa kuti ape Ava Helen naLinus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture kuOregon State University. Anoshanda seMutungamiri we World BEYOND War, sangano renyika dzakawanda rakazvipira kugumisa hondo. Leah inhengo yeOverseas Base Realignment uye Closure Coalition.
World BEYOND War musangano wepasirese usina mhirizhonga kupedza hondo uye kutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. World BEYOND War rakaumbwa musi January 1st, 2014, apo vatsigiri vemubatanidzwa David Hartsough naDavid Swanson vakatanga kugadzira bato repasi rose rekubvisa hurongwa hwehondo pachayo, kwete chete "hondo yezuva." Kana hondo ichizopedzwa, saka inofanira kubviswa patafura sechisarudzo chinogoneka. Sezvo pasina chinhu chakadai se "zvakanaka" kana kuti uranda hunodiwa, hakuna chinhu chakadai se "yakanaka" kana kuti hondo inokosha. Masangano ese ari maviri anosemesa uye haatombogamuchirika, zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu. Saka, kana tisingakwanisi kushandisa hondo kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda, tingaitei? Kutsvaga nzira yekushandura kune imwe nyika yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika inotsigirwa nemutemo wepasi rose, diplomacy, kubatana, uye kodzero dzevanhu, nekudzivirira zvinhu izvozvo nechisimba chisingaiti pane kutyisidzira kwechisimba, ndiyo mwoyo weWBW. Basa redu rinosanganisira dzidzo inodzinga ngano, senge "Hondo ndeyechisikigo" kana "Takagara tine hondo," uye inoratidza vanhu kwete chete kuti hondo inofanira kubviswa, asiwo kuti inogona kudaro. Basa redu rinosanganisira ese akasiyana-siyana asina mhirizhonga anofambisa nyika munzira yekupedza hondo yese.
Mapeji:
1 United States Dhipatimendi reDziviriro. "Base Structure Report -Fiscal Year 2018 Baseline: Pfupiso yeReal Property Inventory Data." Hofisi yeMubatsiri Secretary of Defense for Sustainment, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Robert. "Milley Anokurudzira 'Kutarisa' paChigarire Mhiri kwemakungwa Kugadzika kweMauto." Associated Press, Zvita 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Congressional Budget Kururamisa-Dhipatimendi reNyika, Kushanda Kwekunze, uye Zvirongwa zvinoenderana, Gore reMari 2022." United States Dhipatimendi reNyika. 2021. ii.
4 Kuvanzika uye kujeka kudiki kwakatenderedza mabhesi eUS kunoratidzwa nedzimwe nyika dzekunze. Kufungidzira kwakapfuura kwakaratidza kuti mamwe mauto epasi rose aive neanosvika makumi matanhatu-60 mabhesi ekunze. New reporting inoratidza kuti United Kingdom ine 100. Ona Miller, Phil. "ZVAKAZARURWA: Mauto eUK mauto ekunze kwenyika anosanganisira nzvimbo zana nemakumi mana neshanu munyika makumi mana neshanu." Declassified UK, Mbudzi 145, 145.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
5 Ona, semuenzaniso, Jacobs, Frank. “Humambo Hushanu Hwemauto Enyika.” BigThink.com, Chikunguru 10, 2017.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 Dhipatimendi reDziviriro "Overseas Cost Report" (semuenzaniso, US Department of Defense. "Operations uye
Maintenance Overview, Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Estimates.” Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), Kukadzi 2020. 186–189), yakaunzwa mugwaro rebhajeti repagore, inopa ruzivo rushoma nezve kuisirwa mune dzimwe asi kwete nyika dzese uko mauto anochengetedza mabhesi. Data yemushumo kazhinji haina kukwana uye kazhinji isipo munyika dzakawanda. Kweanopfuura makore gumi, DoD yakataura mutengo wakazara wepagore pakumisikidzwa kwemhiri kwemakungwa kweanosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora. David Vine anopa fungidziro yakadzama muBase Nation: Mabhesi eMauto eUS kune dzimwe nyika Anokuvadza America neNyika. New York. Metropolitan Books, 20. 2015-195. Vine akashandisa nzira imwechete kugadzirisa fungidziro iyi yegore remari 214, kusasanganisa mamwe mari kuti atonyanya kuchengetedza nezve njodzi yemitengo yekuverenga kaviri. Takavandudza fungidziro yemabhiriyoni makumi mashanu nenomwe emadhora kusvika parizvino tichishandisa Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al.Overseas Basing yeUSMilitary Forces: Ongororo yeMari inoenderana uye Strategic Benefits. Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Isu tinofungidzira mutengo wevashandi nekufungidzira, zvakare nekuchengetedza, pamunhu mutengo we $115,000 (vamwe vanoshandisa $125,000) uye vangangoita mazana maviri nemakumi matatu ezviuru zvemauto nevashandiwo zvavo vari mhiri kwemakungwa. Isu tinowana iyo $230,000 pamunhu fungidziro nekugadzirisa fungidziro ye $115,000 yevashandi vakamira mhiri kwemakungwa uye mukati (Blakeley, Katherine. "Vashandi Vechiuto." Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analysis, Nyamavhuvhu 107,106, 15, https://csbaonline.org/ mishumo/vashandi-chiuto), vakapihwa iyo $2017–$10,000 pamunhu mumwe mukuwedzera mari yevashandi vemhiri kwemakungwa (ona Lostumbo.Overseas Basingof US Military Forces).
9 Maverengero ekuvaka kwemauto emushumo uyu akagadzirwa naJordan Cheney, American University, vachishandisa gore rega rega Pentagon bhajeti magwaro akaendeswa kuCongress yekuvaka mauto (C-1 zvirongwa). Mari yese yekuvaka mauto kunze kwenyika yakakwira nekuda kweimwe mari yakashandiswa muhondo ("mhiri kwemakungwa mashandiro ezviitiko") mabhajeti. Pakati pemakore emari 2004 ne2011, chete, kuvaka kwemauto muAfghanistan, Iraq, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzehondo dzakasvika $9.4 bhiriyoni (Belasco, Amy. Research Service, Kurume 9, 11. 29). Tichishandisa danho iri rekushandisa segwara ($2011 bhiriyoni mumashandisirwo ekuvaka mauto kwemakore emari 33–9.4 inomiririra .2004% yehuwandu hwemari yehondo yehondo panguva imwecheteyo), tinofungidzira bhajeti rehondo rekuvaka mauto kwemakore emari 2011– 85 kusvika pamadhora zviuru gumi nematanhatu kubva muPentagon's $ 2001 trillion mukushandisa muhondo (McGarry, Brendan W. naEmily M. Morgenstern. "Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status." Congressional Research Service, Gunyana 2019, 16. 1.835). Huwandu hwedu hahusanganisire imwe mari mumabhajeti akasarudzika uye mamwe masosi ebhajeti ayo, dzimwe nguva, asina kuburitswa kuCongress (semuenzaniso, kana mauto akashandisa mari yakagoverwa kune zvisiri zvehondo zvekuvaka kuvaka mauto). Ona Vine. Base Nation. Chitsauko 6, chehurukuro yemari yekuvaka kwemauto.
10 Vine, David.United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslamic State.Oakland. Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press, 2020.248; Glain, Stephen. "Chii Chakanyanya Kukurudzira Osama bin Laden." US News & World Report, Chivabvu 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. "Mushure meIraq."Washington Quarterly,vol. 31, kwete. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Ona Savell, Stephanie, uye 5W Infographics. "Mepu iyi Inoratidza Munyika Mauto eUS Ari Kurwisa Hugandanga." Smithsonian Magazine,Ndira 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, uye Sean D. Naylor. "Zvakaburitswa: Mauto eUS 36 Code-yakanzi Operations muAfrica." Yahoo News, Kubvumbi 17, 2019.https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
12 Ona, semuenzaniso, Muzambiringa.Base Nation. Chitsauko 4. Vanhu vemuAmerican Samoa vane kirasi yakaderera yeugari hwemunyika sezvo vasiri vagari vekuAmerica pakuzvarwa.
13 Vine.Base Nation.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Maseneta eUS Vanotsvaga Mhinduro pahuvepo hweUS muNiger mushure mekuvandira."Reuters, Gumiguru 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 Imwe yeasina kujairika DRM zvidzidzo zveUS mabhesi uye kuvapo mhiri kwemakungwa kwakaratidza kuti "kana imwe nzvimbo yekuAmerica mhiri kwemakungwa yangogadzwa, zvinotora hupenyu hwayo .... Mamisheni ekutanga anogona kunge ari echinyakare, asi mishoni mitsva inogadzirwa, kwete nechinangwa chekuti nzvimbo yacho ienderere mberi, asi kazhinji kuikudza. ” United States Senate. "United States Chengetedzo Zvibvumirano uye Zvisungo kunze kwenyika." Kunzwa pamberi peSeneti Subcommittee pamusoro peUnited States Security Agreements uye Zvisungo kunze kwenyika kweKomiti yeKune dzimwe nyika. Makumi mapfumbamwe nekutanga Congress, Vol. 2, 2017. Kumwe kutsvagurudza kwazvino kwakasimbisa kuwanikwa uku. Eg, Glaser, John. "Kubva Kumabhesi eOverseas: Sei Kuenda Mberi-Kunotumirwa Kwemauto Kumisikidzwa kusingakoshi, Kwekare, uye Nengozi." Policy Analysis 816, CATO Institute, July 18, 2017; Johnson, Chalmers. Kusuwa kweHumambo: Militarism, Kuvanzika, uye Kupera kweRepublic. New York. Metropolitan,2004; Muzambiringa. Base Nation.
16 Mitemo yeruzhinji 94-361, chikamu. 302.
17 US Code 10, sec. 2721, "Record Property Records." Kare, ona US Code 10, sec. 115 uye US Code 10, sec. 138(c). Hazvizivikanwe kana Pentagon yakaburitsa chirevo mugore rega rega pakati pa1976 na2018, asi mishumo inogona kuwanikwa online kubva 1999 uye inoita kunge yakapihwa kuCongress kuburikidza nevakawanda kana isiri nguva yese iyi.
18 Turse, Nick. "Mabhesi, Mabhesi, Kwese ... Kunze kwePentagon's Report." TomDispatch.com, Ndira 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_nows_many_to_kuenda/#more; Muzambiringa.Base Nation.3-5; David Vine. "Rondedzero dzeUS Mauto Mabhesi Kunze kwenyika, 1776-2021."
19 Turse, Nick. “Mauto eUS Anoti Ane 'Chiedza Chetsoka' muAfrica. Aya Mapepa Anoratidza Hukuru Hwemabhesi." The Intercept, Zvita 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- yakakura-network-ye-mabhesi/; Savell, Stephanie, uye 5W Infographics. "Mepu iyi Inoratidza Kupi Munyika Mauto eUS Ari Kurwisa Hugandanga." Smithsonian Magazine,Ndira 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. "Kurwa Kwehondo kweAmerica muAfrica Chakavanzika Zvinyorwa zveMauto zveUnited States zvinobudisa pachena boka reNyeredzi yeMabhesi eMasoja eAmerica Mhiri Kwekondinendi Iyoyo." TomDispatch.com, Kubvumbi 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, naMatthew Povlock. "Kuvapo kweUS uye Chiitiko Chekupesana." Iyo kambani RAND CORP. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 United States Dhipatimendi reDziviriro. "Base Structure Report -Fiscal Year 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. “Zvakataurwa neMutungamiri Biden nezveNzvimbo yeAmerica Munyika.” Kukadzi 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Bazi reDziviriro Infrastructure Capacity." United States Department of Defense. Gumiguru 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Mari yekuvaka muAruba neCuracao inosanganiswa muPentagon mari. Takagovanisa yese uye
akagovera hafu kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo.
25 Isu tinoshandisa chikamu cheEconomist Intelligence Unit yeCuba sehutongi, kunyangwe hwaro muGuantánamo Bay, Cuba, ichigona kuverengerwa sekoroni yeUnited States zvichipihwa kutadza kwehurumende yeCuba kudzinga mauto eUS pasi pechibvumirano chevakuru veUS. yakatemerwa kuCuba muma1930s. Ona Vine.United States of War. 23-24.
26 Mari yekuvaka muAruba neCuracao inosanganiswa muPentagon mari. Takagovanisa yese uye
akagovera hafu kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo.
27 United States Department of Defense.Base StructureReport -Fiscal Year 2018. 4.
28 Ona Muzambiringa. Base Nation. Chitsauko 13.
29 Kuti uwane muchidimbu, ona Vine. Base Nation. Chitsauko 7.
