Mamiriro ekunze Anokonzera uye Basa reMasoja

NeRia Verjauw, May 5, 2019

"Rudzi rwunopfuurira gore negore kushandisa mari yakawanda yekudzivirirwa kwemauto pane pane mapurogiramu ekusimudzirwa kwevanhu kunosvika pakufa kwemweya." -Martin Luther King

Mufananidzo: US Department of Veterans Affairs

Zvese zvakabatana: kurwa kwehondo - kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu - kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza - shanduko yemamiriro ekunze - kusarongeka kwenzanga ..….

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kune chikamu chehondo yemazuva ano. Basa reuto rekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze rakawanda. Mafuta inokosha nokuda kwehondo. Kuita zvemasimba ndiko basa rakazara-mafuta-rakazara panyika. Chero hurukuro yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze haifaniri kusanganisira mauto haisi chinhu kunze kwemhepo inopisa.

Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vedu tichideredza carbon carpint kuburikidza nehupenyu huri nyore, mauto anodzivirirwa nemamiriro ekuchinja kwehupenyu. Masoja haatauri kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze emissions kune rimwe rudzi rwenyika kana kuti rwepasi rose, zvichienderana neU.S arm-twisting panguva yekutaurirana kwe1997 yekutanga kwenyika yose kugadzirisa kudengenyeka kwenyika kunopisa, Kyoto Protocol pamusoro peKushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze.

Zvinoshungurudza kuona ndezvekuti hapana kana chinhu chinotaurwa pamusoro pechinhu chikuru chinosvibisa nehondo - kunyangwe panguva yemakakatanwa ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuratidzira, kana munhau. Pakati pemisangano yezvakatipoteredza pane runyararo nezve zvakashata zvemauto.

Muchikamu chino tinongodzidza zvakakanganiswa zvingaitwa nemauto eUnited States. Izvi hazvirevi kuti dzimwe nyika inotaura uye zvombo zvekugadzirisa zvombo hazvina kukonzera kukanganisa kukuru kunoitwa kumamiriro edu ezvinhu uye mamiriro edu ezvinhu. US ndeimwe yevatambi vakawanda munyika yose inoshandiswa nemaitiro ehondo pamamiriro edu emamiriro nemamiriro ekunze.

Mauto eUS anoverengera makumi maviri neshanu muzana muzana yehuwandu hwekudyiwa kweUS kwemafuta, inova ndiyo yega 25% yenyika yese inoshandiswa Iyo US Yechitanhatu Fleet, ndeimwe yezvinhu zvinosvibisa kwazvo muGungwa reMediterranian. Iyo US Air Force (USAF) ndiyo yega mutengi mukuru wejet mafuta pasi rose.

Muna 1945 mauto eUnited States akavaka nheyo dzomhepo kuDhahran, Saudi Arabia, kutanga kwekuwana nekusingaperi kweAmerica kupinda kune ichangobva kuwanikwa Middle East mafuta. Mutungamiri Roosevelt akanga ataurirana a Quid pro Quo pamwe nemhuri yeSaudi: kuchengetedzwa kwemauto mukutsinhanisa mafuta anodhura kumisika yeUnited States nemauto. Eisenhower aiva neruzivo rwakakura pamusoro pekupedzisira-Hondo yeHondo Yenyika II yehondo isingagumi-inotengeswa mhizha inotungamirira mutemo wenyika uye chidikanwi chekuti vagari vemo vakangwarira uye vabatanidze kugadzirisa dambudziko re "mauto-industrial". Asi, akaita chisarudzo chisina kunaka pamusoro pesimba remagetsi, izvo zvakagadza US uye nyika pane imwe nzira yatinofanira kuwana nayo nzira yedu.

Kuwedzera nokukurumidza mumhepo yakasvibira inokonzera gasi inogadzira dambudziko remazuva ano rakatanga mumativi ose e1950; munguva inotevera nguva ichitevera Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Izvi hazvisi zvangoitika. Mafuta akanga akakosha muHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, asi kudzora kuwanikwa kwemafuta kwaive kwakakosha muChipiri. VaAllies vangadai vasina kukunda dai vakanga vasina kukwanisa kupedza kuGermany kupinda kune mafuta uye kuzvichengetera ivo pachavo. Chidzidzo cheU.S. kunyanya mushure mehondo ndechokuti kuenderera mberi nekuwana uye kugadziriswa kwemafuta enyika kwakakosha kudai kwaizove kusimba kwepasi rose. Izvi zvakaita kuti mafuta ave pakati pezvematongerwe enyika, uyewo akasimbisa nzvimbo huru ye petroleum / automotive sector muU.S. Aya ndiwo maitiro ehurongwa hunotarisirwa nehuwandu hwemhepo inokonzera gesi emitting technologies yekugadzira zvemauto uye zvekugadzirwa kwekumba; iyo mamiriro ekushandurwa kwemamiriro okunze atinotarisana nawo ikozvino.

Pakazosvika 1970s, kuendeswa kweSoviet kuAustralia uye Iranian Revolution kwakaita kuti US iwane mafuta muMiddle East, zvichiita kuti Mutungamiri Carter we1980 State yeUnited States inodzidzisa dzidziso. ICarter Doctrine inotaura kuti chero dambudziko rekupinda kweUnited States kuMiddle East mafuta ingarambidzwa "nenzira ipi neipi inokosha, kusanganisira simba rehondo." Carter akaisa mazino mu dzidziso yake nekuumba Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, uyo ane chinangwa chaive kurwisana mu Persian Gulf nzvimbo kana zvichidiwa. Ronald Reagan akasimudzira hutongi hwemafuta nekuumbwa kweSouth Central Command (CENTCOM), iyo raison d'etre chaiva chekuita kuti hurumende isvike, uye kuderedza simba reSoviet Union munharaunda yacho uye kutonga hurumende dzehurumende munzvimbo iyi nekuda kwekuchengeteka kwenyika. Nekuwedzera kuvimba nemafuta anobva kuAfrica uye nzvimbo yeCaspian Sea, US ikozvino yakawedzera simba rayo rehondo munzvimbo idzodzo.

I1992 Kyoto Protocol inotsanangurira pachena kusvibiswa kwegesi kunokonzerwa nekuita zvechiuto kubva kune zvinokonzera zvinokonzerwa. IUnited States yakatsvaga uye yakakonzerwa kusunungurwa kubva pamiganhu ye "bunker" inotyisa (yakaoma, mafuta anorema mafuta emidziyo yevaval) uye yose inopisa gesi inokonzerwa nemabasa ehondo munyika yose, kusanganisira hondo. George W. Bush akadzinga US kubva kuKyoto Protocol seimwe yezviito zvekutanga zvehutungamiri hwake, achitaura kuti zvaizotadzisa hupfumi hweUnited States nemitengo inodhura yakawanda yekusvitsa mhepo. Zvadaro, White House yakatanga neo-Luddite purogiramu inopesana nesayenzi yekuchinja kwemugumo.

Kuvhara kwekutsvaga kwemafuta emhepo kunokonzerwa nechisimba kwakabviswa muchibvumirano che 2015 Paris pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze. Trumps administration yakaramba kusayina chibvumirano uye hachiri kutenderwa kunyika dzisayina kuongorora uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemauto emasikari.

Apo US Defense Science Board yakashuma muC2001 kuti mauto aizoda kuwedzera zvombo zvakawanda zvinoshandisa mafuta kana hurumende dzekutsigira zviri nani kuti dzikwanise kuzvichengeta ivo pachavo, "vakuru vakuru vanoita sevakasarudza chechitatu: kuunganidza kusvika kune mamwe mafuta ". Izvi zvinoratidza chokwadi chakakosha pamusoro pekuchinja kwehondo nechemugumo: kuti nzira yemazuva ano yemauto yakabuda kubva uye inongogoneka chete nekushandisa kushandiswa kwemafuta epasi.

Kuchengetedzwa kweiiri kunosanganisira kudzivirirwa kwemauto kunoparadza kupinza mapaipi uye matangi uyewo hondo mune hupfumi-nzvimbo dzinovimbisa kusvika kwenguva refu. Pedyo ne1000 US mauto ehondo anotsvaga arc kubva kuAndes kusvika kuNorth Africa kumabvazuva kweMiddle East kusvika kuIndonesia, kuPhilippines nekuNorth Korea, kuputika pamusoro pemafuta makuru makuru - zvose zvakabatana, mune chikamu, kuisa simba rinoshandiswa kuitira simba rekuchengetedza simba. Uyezve, "kubuda kwakadzika" kwemafuro ekupisa kubva pakugadzira zvombo zvehondo, kuongororwa, zvivakovheni, motokari uye zvigadziriswa zvinoshandiswa mukuchengetedzwa kwemafuta uye hondo dzinotungamirirwa nemafuta zvinofanirawo kusanganiswa mune zvakasikwa zvekushandiswa kwemhepo yekushandisa petero.

Pakutanga kwehondo yeAraq muna March 2003, mauto akafungidzira kuti aizoda kudarika mazana ane gumi nemamiriyoni emamiriyoni emagetsi ehondo, kupfuura huwandu hwakawanda hunoshandiswa neAllied masimba ose mumakore mana eHondo Yenyika 40. Pakati pezvombo zve Army zvaiva 1 inotyisa M-2000 Abrams matanki akadzimirwa kuhondo uye kupisa 1 gorofu emafuta paawa. Irak ine yechitatu-yakawanda mafuta emafuta. Hapana mubvunzo kuti hondo yeIraq yaiva hondo pamusoro peiri.

Hondo yeHarare muRibhiya yakapa hurumende yeUnited States Command (AFRICOM) - iyo pachayo imwe ekisitenjeni kubva kuCarter Doctrine - imwe nzvimbo uye mavara. Vaparidzi vashomanana vakagumisa kuti hondo yeNATO muLibhiya ndiyo inofanirwa kubatsirwe kwevanhu. Mhepo yekurwa muRibhiya yakaputsa UN Security Council Resolution 1973, Mutemo weUnited States uye Mutemo weHondo Powers; uye inoratidza muenzaniso. Hondo yehondo muLibhiya ndeimwezve nzira yekusagadzirisa mhirizhonga; izvo zvakarambidza Africa Union uye inogadzira nzira yekuwedzera kupinda mauto muAfrica kana zvido zveUnited States zviri pangozi.

Kana tikaenzanisa nhamba:

1. Izvo zvakarongedzwa zvakazara mari yehondo yeIraq (inofungidzirwa $ 3 trillion) yaizofukidza "zvose zvekutsvaga kwepasi rose mune simba rekugadziriswa simba "rinodiwa pakati pemazuva ano ne2030 kuti ichinje kushandura kwemaitiro emunyika.
2. Pakati pe 2003-2007, hondo yakatora zvishoma 141 mamiriyoni matani emakisi dioxide yakaenzana (CO2e), kunyanya gore negore rehondo kunopfuura 139 yenyika dzenyika dzinobudiswa gore negore. Kuvandudza zvikoro zveIraqi, dzimba, mabhizimisi, mabhiriji, migwagwa uye zvipatara zvakaputirwa nehondo, uye masvingo matsva ekuchengetedza uye zvipingamupinyi zvinoda mamirioni emata emari, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakura mumabhizimisi emagetsi ekubudisa gasi.
3. Mune 2006, US yakashandisa zvakawanda pamusoro pehondo muIraq kupfuura nyika yose yakashandiswa pakuvandudza simba rekutsvaga simba.
4. Ne 2008, Bush administration yakashandisa nguva ye97 pane zvehondo kunze kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Sezvo mutungamiri wehurumende, Mutungamiri Obama akazvipira kushandisa $ 150 mabhiriyoni makore anopfuura gumi pamagetsi ekugadzira magetsi uye zvivakoti - pasi peUnited States yaipedza mugore rimwe rehondo yeIraq

Hondo haisi kungoparadza zvinhu zvingashandiswa kutarisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, asi iyo pachayo inokonzera kukanganisa kwemhuka. Izvo mauto akashongedzwa ane makanda akawanda emakwenzi.

Hondo yeUnited States inobvuma kuti ipinde nemikombe ye395,000 (1 US barrel = 158.97liter) yamafuta zuva rimwe nerimwe. Ichi ndicho chimiro chinoshamisa chinodaro zvakadaro chinogona kunge chisinganyanyi kukosha. Pane imwe nguva mafuta ose anoshandiswa kubva kune makambanikoni ehondo, zvombo zvekugadzira uye zvese izvo zvidzidzo zvakavanzika uye kushanda izvo zvisingabvumirwi kubva kuhuwandu hwepamusoro zvinoshandiswa mukati, kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwezuva rose kunogona kuva pedyo mamiriyoni emabhiri. Kuti kuisa maonero acho ave akajeka, vashandi vemauto veUnited States mubasa rekushanda vanoumba zvakapoteredza 0.0002% yehuwandu hwevanhu vese, asi vari chikamu chemauto ehurumende anogadzira zvakapoteredza 5% yenyika yakawanda inopisa gas.

Zvakawanda izvi zvinokonzerwa nehupfumi hwemauto izvo US inotsigira pasi rose. Zvinokonzerwa nemagariro ehondo pachako zvakanyanya kwazvo.

Kuparara kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nehondo hakusi kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Migumisiro yezvombo zvenyukireya uye kuongorora kwenyukireya, kushandiswa kweAgent Orange, yakazara uranium nedzimwe mishonga inosvibisa, pamwe nemigodhi yemigodhi uye mitemo isina kujekeswa inoramba iri mumakakatanwa kwenguva refu mushure mehondo yave ichienderera mberi, yakagamuchira mauto kuti ave akakodzera mukurumbira "Kurwisa kwakanyanya kune dzimwe nzvimbo." Zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti 20% yezvose zvakashata zvekuchengetedza kwenharaunda munyika yose ndeyekuita zvehondo nemaitiro akafanana.

Zvinopindirana nematambudziko aya epakati pezvakatipoteredza zvakasimbiswa nekudziya kwepasi, ndiyo inoshandiswa tradeoff mubhadharo yehurumende yeUnited States pakati pekudzivirirwa kwehondo nekuchengetedza kwechokwadi kwevanhu nekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda. IUnited States inobatsira zvinopfuura 30 yezana yemafuta ekudziya kwepasi rose kumhepo, yakagadzirwa ne5 kubva muzana yevanhu vese munyika uye hukama hweUnited States. Zvikamu zvehurumende yeU.S. federal bhajeti inobhadhara dzidzo, simba, nzvimbo dzakasununguka, rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu, dzimba uye zvisikwa zvitsva zvebasa, kutorwa pamwechete, kugamuchira mari shoma kudarika mari yehondo / yekudzivirira. Akambova Munyori webazi Robert Reich akadana mari yezvematongerwo enyika basa rekubhadhara mubhadharo uye rinotaurirazve kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwehurumende pamabasa mumagetsi matsvuku, dzidzo uye zvigadzirwa zvehupfumi - inonyatsochengetedzwa kwenyika.

Ngatishandurei mafungu. Runyararo mafambiro: tanga kuita tsvagiridzo kuti utarise mumauto eEC2 emweya uye nekuisa chepfu pasi redu. Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu: taura pachena pamusoro pehondo nekuparadza. Naizvozvo ini ndinosheedzera zvine simba kune vese Vemamiriro ekunze Vemazera ese:

'Dzivirire mamiriro ekunze kuburikidza nekuva nerunyararo rekurwisana uye kupesana nemhare'.

Ria Verjauw / ICBUW / Leuvense Vredesbeweging

Sources:

ufpj-peacetalk- Nei kumira hondo kunokosha pakugadzirisa kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze | Elaine Graham-Leigh

Elaine Graham-Leigh, bhuku: 'Chikafu chekutsvaga: Chikoro, Zvokudya uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze'

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/index.html

https://truthout.org/articles/the-military-assault-on-global-climate/

Ian Angus, Kutarisana neAnthropocene -Kuongorora Kwomumwe Chete Press 2016), p.161