Civil Resistance to Militarization: Kungoona kweOkinawa's Nonviolent, Ushingi uye Kushinga Kurwira kweDemocratic Security Policy.

NaBetty A. Reardon, Institute on Peace Education.

Resilient Resistance

Mvura yekutanga yaGumiguru yakanga yakadzikama, yakavharwa nemvura inonaya yakanyura mukati me canvas inodzivirira vagari veOkinawan vangangosvika zana, vakagara mukupokana nekuvakwa kweheliport yemauto kuHenoko. Vazhinji vanga varipo pagate kuenda Camp Schwab (imwe yemabhesi makumi matatu nenhatu eUS mudunhu) kwemaawa akawanda sezvatakasvika mumangwanani. Ndakanga ndiri pakati pevamiriri vashoma veOkinawa Women Act Against Military Violence (OWAAM), avo vandanga ndakabatana navo kubva mukupera kwe33s. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaSuzuyo Takazato, muvambi weOWAAM uye aimbove nhengo yeNaha City Assembly, iro guta guru, vakadzi ava vanga vari pakati pevakanyanya kushanda mukupokana. Vanogara vachibatana nenhumwa kuUS kuzivisa vagari vekuAmerica uye kukumbira nhengo dzeCongress, masangano ehurumende uye maNGOs kuti vabatsirwe mukubvisa Okinawa.

Nhumwa dzedu dzakapinda mugungano iri dzichiteerera kune dzakatevedzana dzevanopikisa, vamwe vacho vatori vechikamu zuva nezuva mukuratidzira uku kweanopfuura makore gumi ekuramba kwevagari vemo kuwedzera kwemauto eUS eJapan, kuvepo kwehudzvanyiriri hwemakumi manomwe emakore kubva muhondo yeropa yeJapan. Okinawa yakagumisa Hondo Yenyika II. Muhurukuro pfupi dzehupenyu, vamwe vachireva nezvekugara kwenguva refu kwemauto eUS, nhevedzano yevatauri vakaita nyaya yekupokana nekuvaka kwaizowedzera zvakanyanya kuipa kwezvigadziko zvemauto zvinofukidza nezve 20% muzana yeichi, chitsuwa chikuru. yeyaimbova Humambo yakazvimirira yeRyukyus. Zvitsuwa zvakatorwa neJapan muna 1879 zvino inzvimbo yehurumende yeJapan. Kunyangwe Okinawa iine gavhuna akasarudzika akasarudzika, gungano rayo, uye aine mumiriri mumwechete muDiet yenyika, inoramba ichitungamirwa sekoloni.

Nepo vese vakurukuri vakabvumirana nezvekudikanwa kwekudzoreredza kutonga kwenyika yakagarwa nezvigadziko kudunhu, vakaunza maonero akasiyana uye vakamiririra vanhu vakasiyana vakaungana pasi pecanvas vaive veese mazera, mabasa uye kubva munzvimbo zhinji dzechitsuwa. . Vaive vatori vechikamu mukupokana kwevagari venguva refu, vasina mhirizhonga kune kuvepo kwemauto kwakatanga kuzviratidza sebato guru muna 1995 apo makumi ezviuru vakapinda mumusangano wevagari muguta reGinowan. Rally iyi yaive kushoropodza kubatwa chibharo kwemusikana wechikoro ane makore gumi nemaviri nevarume vatatu vemauto. Zvakaunzawo kutarisisa kune huwandu hwemhosva uye humwe hunokanganisa magariro uye nharaunda mhedzisiro yezvigadziko, kudzikisira kunaka kwehupenyu hwavo uye kukanganisa chengetedzo yavo yemunhu (chikamu chemakumi mashanu emakore ekutanga emhosva idzi dzirikuenderera kusvika parizvino dzakanyorwa. mu“Rondedzero yeMhosva Huru Dzakaitwa uye Zviitiko zvine chekuita nemauto eUS paOkinawa,” 1948-1995). Yoshitami Ohshiro, nhengo yenguva refu yeCity Assembly yeNago, mukucherechedza zvimwe zvakaipa zvingazokonzerwa nekuvapo kwemutsetse wekutakura migwagwa miviri, akataura nezve chidzidzo chakazvimirira chekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. yakarongwa airbase iri kuitwa nemusayendisiti wezvakatipoteredza paYunivhesiti yeRyukyus, chidzidzo chichange chichishandiswa kwete chete kupikisa kwechivanhu, asiwo kune avo vekuAmerica nevepasi rose vane rugare nevezvakatipoteredza vanotsigira kurwisana kwavo.

Fumiko Shimabukuro ane makore makumi masere nematanhatu akazvipira kuramba mupurisa achimubvisa nechisimba pamberi pegedhi reCamp Schwab mangwanani emusi wa29 Gumiguru muHenoko, Nago City (Mufananidzo: Ryukyu Shimpo)

Somumwe murwiri akadaro, ndakakokwa kuti nditaure neboka racho, ndichitaura kupfurikidza nokududzirwa naDr. Kozue Akibayashi weDoshisha Unversity muKyoto, kuyemura kwangu ushingi hwavo nokutsunga. Zvirokwazvo, vamwe vadzivisi vaivepo vaive pakati peavo vakaisa hupenyu nemakumbo munjodzi, mumarabha madiki akaiswa mubheyi kuti adzose nhanho dzekutanga dzeongororo yehungwaru kuti vaone nzvimbo dzakananga dzekuvakwa kwakavakirwa mugungwa. Ushingi hwavo hwaifanira kuedzwa zvakare mukati memavhiki asingasviki maviri kubva pazuva reshanyo iyi apo mapurisa emunharaunda nemauto eJapan akaisa pasi nechisimba cheni yavo. Iyi cheni yevanhu yaiedza kuvhara michina yekuvaka nevashandi vakatumwa nehurumende yenyika kuti vatange kuvaka. yakashuma iyo Rykyu Shimpo.

Mumwe weavo vakapotsa vadzingwa anga ari mumwe murume wemuoctogenarian, Fumiko Shimabukuro, anopikisa akasimba, aripo mazuva ese panzvimbo yekuratidzira. Iye neni takakurukura tichibatsirwa naDr. Akibayashi. Akandiudza kuti kutora chikamu kwake muhondo iyi kudzivirira kuvakwa kweairbase, uye makore ese ekuratidzira kuvepo kwemasoja eUS anobva mukuzvipira kwekutanga kune chikuru chikonzero chekubviswa kwehondo. Akarondedzera kutyisa kweHondo yeOkinawa yakatsungirirwa nevagari vemo uye ruzivo rwake rwekutsvagisa mweya semudiki-wechidiki, akabatwa mumhirizhonga uye nekushungurudzika kwekurwiswa kweUS, ndangariro dzakaramba dziri mhenyu nekuenderera mberi kwakapararira kuvapo. zvechiuto mumusha wake wose wechitsuwa. Kurwira kwake kunopera chete nekubviswa kwemabhesi kana nekupera kwehupenyu hwake.

Kurwiswa Kwemauto Panzvimbo Yakasikwa

Kubva pakugara-mukati pagedhi reCamp Schwab takaenda kune imwe nzvimbo yekupikisa iri pamhenderekedzo iyo nzira dzekumhanya dzichapinda muOura Bay. Hiroshi Ashitomi, Co-sachigaro weConference Opposing Heliport Construction uye mutungamiri anoona nezvekambi yekudzivirira yemvura pamberi pekuvaka nzvimbo, akatizivisa nezvezvimwe zvinotozivikanwa mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza zveichi mauto emahombekombe; pakati pazvo kutyisidzira mhuka dzomusango dzinoonekwa pakadhi rake rebhizimisi nekadhirowa kaduku kekamba yegungwa uye dugong (ichi chikara chinoyamwisa chakangofanana nemanatee, akaberekerwa kuCaribbean neTampa Bay). Chimwe chinonyanya kuparadza chinotarisirwa mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza kuputsika kwematombo emakorari ayo akashanda kubva pakuumbwa kwawo kwekutanga sechipingamupinyi, kuderedza simba remadutu makuru nematsunami.

VaAshitomi vakaunzawo mishumo yezvinoitika izvi mune kumwe kushanya nguva nenguva kuUS Congress nenhumwa dzenhengo dzebato rinotenda kuti kana mhedzisiro chaiyo yekuvapo kwemauto kwenguva refu ichizivikanwa nevanhu vekuAmerica nevamiriri vavo, mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuchinja. Ndiko kutenda kumwe chete uku kwakakurudzira vekutanga venhume dzakadaro dzakarongwa neOkinawa Women Against Military Violence, muRugare Caravan kumaguta akasiyana-siyana eAmerica muna 1996. Suzuyo Takazato nevamwe venhume idzodzo vakashanyira Teachers College Columbia University - kwandakanga ndichipa rugare. dzidzo. Akatsanangura kwatiri chokwadi chemamiriro ezvinhu eOkinawa maererano nekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye chisimba chepabonde kune vakadzi chave chichiitwa nevarwi veUnited States kubva panguva yeHondo yeOkinawa kusvika ikozvino (kutevedzana kwekushungurudzwa kwepabonde kunowanikwa. pakukumbira). Iyi chaiyo fomu ye chisimba chehondo kuvanhukadzi kazhinji inofuratirwa mukugadzirisa nyaya dzehondo nemakakatanwa zvinokurudzira kuparwa kwemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi (VAW). Mamiriro ezvinhu eOkinawa anodaidzira kukosha kweVAW munzvimbo dzakasimba dzekuita uye pasi pekuvapo kwemauto kwenguva refu kune chimwe chezvinangwa zvitatu zvikuru zve. UN Security Council Resolution 1325 pamusoro peVakadzi Runyararo nekuchengetedzeka, kuchengetedzwa kwevakadzi kubva kumhirizhonga yakanangana nevanhukadzi inobatanidza hondo. Chokwadi chakanyorwa munhoroondo yeOWAAM chinoratidza kuti dziviriro iyi inodiwa munzvimbo dzekugadzirira kurwa pamwe chete nepakati pehondo. Feminists vanoona kubatana kwakakosha pakati pemhirizhonga yezvakatipoteredza uye mhirizhonga yakavakirwa pavakadzi inokurudzira kuratidzira kweOWAAM uye mafambiro erunyararo echikadzi kune imwe nzvimbo zvakare vachiedza kudzikisa nekubvisa mabhesi emauto munzvimbo dzawo, kukunda izvi uye mamwe marudzi ekutambura anojairika. nharaunda dzinogamuchira pasi rose. 

Kumanikidzirwa Militarization yeOkinawa Inopesana neAmerican Democratic Values

Uyu mushumo wakanyorwa mukutsigira kuderedzwa kwenheyo uye kubvisa uye mukubatana nevanhu vane ushingi veOkinawa mukudzivisa kwavo kusina chisimba kuhondo iyo inoderedza kuchengeteka kwavo uye inokanganisa mararamiro ehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Chokwadi, isu tese tinokanganiswa kusvika pamwero wakati netiweki yepasi rose yezvigadziko zveUS, uye vazhinji vanonzwa vachidaidzwa kuramba, vachikurudzira veruzhinji kuti vatarise mamwe masisitimu ekuchengetedza ane chisimba. Kune vanhu vekuAmerica nzira yakakosha yekupokana nemauto mumhando dzayo dzese uye munzvimbo dzayo dzese, vanogona kunge vakamira vachitsigira kufona kwekucherechedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu veOkinawan kutora chikamu mukuita sarudzo dzine chekuita nehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva uye. kugadzikana kwenzvimbo yakasikwa yezvitsuwa zvavo. Tinogonawo kuedza navo kuti vasunungurwe kubva muhutongi hwehutongi hwavakatumirwa nehurumende dzeJapan neUnited States. Kuitira kuti vaverengi vanoda kudaro vazive zvizere nezve mamiriro acho akati wandei mareferensi uye zvinongedzo kune masosi eruzivo asiri kuwanikwa munhau yedu anoonekwa pano.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo muOkinawa semhedzisiro yekuvapo kwemauto kwenguva refu asi kunyanya kuchitsuwa ichocho, haasi oga. Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana anowanikwa munharaunda dzinenge 1000 pasi rose dzinogamuchira makumi ezviuru zvigadziko zvemauto zvakachengetwa neUnited States (ruzivo paWikipedia haina kunyatsokwana, asi inopa maonero akanaka ehukuru uye kuwanda kwezvigaro zvemauto eUS pasi rese). Zvinorehwa netiweki iyi yepasi rose yekuvapo kwenguva refu kwemauto eAmerica kune vadzidzisi verunyararo uye vanorwira runyararo zvakare zviuru, zvese uye zvakanyanya.

Zvinoreva Runyararo Dzidzo

Chiitiko cheOkinawa chinopa chiitiko chine zvibereko zvedzidzo yekudzidza zvimwe zvakajeka zvezviitwa zvevagari venzvimbo senzvimbo yekushandisa ugari hwepasirese. Zviito zvakafanana zvinoitwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuvapo kwenguva refu kwemauto eUS. Kudzidza kwesangano repasi rose rinorwisa-base rinogona kuvhenekera mhedzisiro inoparadza yeazvino mauto epasi rose chengetedzo system kune kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda dzinogamuchira, kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu kwevagari vemo. Kupfuurirazve, uye zvakanyanya kukosha kune hutsika uye hutsika hwedzidzo yerunyararo, izvi zviito zvevagari vemo mienzaniso yakajeka yekuramba nharaunda dzakadzika kugashira kusasimba kunofungidzirwa nevagadziri vemitemo yekuchengetedza kana vachiita sarudzo dzisingatarisi kuda uye kugara zvakanaka vagari vanobatwa zvakanyanya. Kuziva nezvekurwisana kwakashinga kwenyika ine simba kwazvo pasi rose nenyika dzayo dzakabatana nevagari vemo vane mutoro wevagari venzvimbo, chiremera chevanhu pasi rose uye kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika dzegutsaruzhinji zvinogona kupa vadzidzi ruzivo rwekuti kuramba mauto kunogoneka. Kunyangwe zvisingaite nekukasika kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo, kuramba kwakadaro kunogona, kunyangwe zvishoma nezvishoma sei, kuderedza mamwe mamiriro asina kunaka nemaitiro, pamwe kuvhura nzira yekuenda kune imwe nzira yekuchengetedzwa kwemauto, ichipa simba vagari vemo. Sezvakaitika musarudzo dzemazuva ano dzeprefectural muOkinawa dzakaramba zvigadziko, inogona kuva nezvainoreva kana ikaganhurirwa, dzimwe nguva zvematongerwo enyika zvenguva pfupi. Yakaratidza kuti vashoma pakati pevavhoti veOkinawan vanoramba vachitenda kuti hupfumi hushoma huripo hunodarika huripo uye hunowedzera huipi hwevanhu, hwemagariro evanhu uye hwezvakatipoteredza hwekugamuchira mabhesi. Saizvozvo zvakare, zvinoratidzira zvichemo zvevagari vekodzero yavo yekutora chikamu muhurongwa hwekuchengetedza mitemo inovabata zvakanyanya. Kana kuratidzwa kwakadaro kuchienderera mberi nekufamba kwenguva uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyangwe pakatarisana nekusatendeka kwehurumende, humbowo hwekutsungirira umo mune tariro yekuchinja kwakanaka mune yazvino chengetedzo system. Kusateerera kwakadaro kwakaoneka muchikamu che“The New Security Law.” Danho iri rakananga kuchinangwa chaPM Abe chekudzoreredza nyika, pakupedzisira kubvisa Chikamu 9 chebumbiro reJapan iro rakaramba hondo, rakaunza zviuru mumigwagwa, zvichipokana nemutemo uye kudaidzira kuchengetedzwa kweChinyorwa 9. Kurwira kuchengetedza kuvimbika Bumbiro reJapan rinoramba richiita nhamba huru yevagari veJapan vane pfungwa dzerunyararo, vazhinji vacho vanotora chikamu mu Global Article 9 Campaign yekubvisa Hondo.

Kuongorora kupokana kwakadaro nemhedzisiro yacho kunogona zvakare kushanda senzira yekuenda kuongororo yakadzama uye yakadzama yezvikumbiro uye nemikana yeimwe nzira, isina mauto ekuchengetedza masisitimu uye kuedza kwevagari kuvaunza kune veruzhinji uye vanogadzira mitemo yekuchengetedza. Kudzidza nezvemamiriro eOkinawa, pamwe nemamiriro ezvinhu mune dzimwe nharaunda dzinogashira nharaunda mukati mekuongorora kwakakosha kweiyo iripo mauto ekuchengetedza system ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha hwekuongorora dzimwe nzira dzakarongwa. Kubvunzurudza mumakakatanwa nezviito zvesangano repasi rose rinorwisa-base rinogona kupa hwaro hwekudzidza kwezvirongwa zvinovaka vagari vemunyika, nyika, mbiri-nyika, yepasirese uye yenzvimbo yevagari vemo izvo zvinodarika uye zvinozadzisa kuramba kwevagari, huwandu hwese hwemazano asina mhirizhonga. kuderedzwa kwechiuto uye shanduko yekupedzisira kubva pakurwiswa kwemauto ehurumende kuenda kukururamisira kunoenderana nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Aya mazano, akadzika midzi uye akafambiswa nedzidzo yerunyararo, ane mukana wekushandura pfungwa uye nzira dzekufunga nezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Tichifunga akati wandei mamwe masisitimu edziviriro, kushandura kubva pakutarisa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kuenda kune imwe pamusoro pekusimudzira kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu verudzi, kusimbisa nzira yakazara uye yakazara yekuchengetedzwa kwaizogonesa dzidzo yerunyararo kugadzirira vagari kufunga. uye kuita basa rezvematongerwo enyika rekubvisa zvombo nekubvisa mauto pasi rose.

Kubvunzurudza kune mamwe masisitimu edziviriro chishandiso chinoshanda chekudzidza kuunza maonero akakwana uye nzira dzakakwana dzekuchengetedza senge dzinopihwa nemunhu kwete maonero ehurumende. Convergence yezvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha zvedzidzo: zvakatipoteredza, kodzero dzevanhu uye dzidzo yerunyararo - kubatana kwenguva refu chikamu chekuongorora kwevakadzi kwematambudziko ehondo nemhirizhonga - kwakakosha mumazuva ano ekutsvaga kunzwisisa zvingangokonzeresa uye mhinduro kudambudziko remamiriro ekunze. , kuwedzera kwehugandanga, matanho ekubvisa zvombo uye kubvisa mauto, kusunungura kutsvaga kwekodzero dzevanhu kubva kune mutevedzeri wekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, nekukurumidzira kwekuenzana kwevarume kune vose uye chero nyaya dzerugare nekuchengeteka. Zvirokwazvo, mhedzisiro yevakadzi yekuvapo kwezvigaro zvemauto inoita UN Security Council Resolution 1325 chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo yerunyararo yakanangana nezvidzidzo zvekugonesa vagari kuti vaunze hurumende dzavo kuita chiito chakakomba pakubvisa kuchengetedzwa kwemauto.

GCPE inoronga kuburitsa nzira dzekudzidzisa dzekuita kudzidza kwakadai mumakirasi eyunivhesiti nesekondari. Mazano ezvikamu zvekudzidza kuti aenderane nemamiriro ekudzidzisa emudzidzisi wega achapihwa. Vamwe vadzidzisi verunyararo vanotarisira kusimudzira kubvunza kwakadai pamwe nekuparadzira ruzivo rwemhedzisiro yezvigadziko zveUS uye kusimudzira ruzivo rwekushinga, kushingirira uye kunokurudzira kuramba uye zviito zvevanhu veOkinawa nedzimwe nharaunda dzinotambira pasirese. Nyaya idzi dzine chekuita nedzidzo yerunyararo mumarudzi ese, sezvo vese vari kubatanidzwa uye/kana kukanganiswa nehondo yepasi rose. Kunyanya iwo ruzivo rwakakosha kune vese vagari vemuUS vane mazita network yepasi rose yemauto eAmerica yakamiswa uye ichiri kuramba ichiwedzerwa sekutaurwa kwazvino. “…. Pentagon yakaronga chirongwa chitsva kuWhite House kuvaka tambo yezvigaro zvemauto muAfrica, Southwest Asia uye Middle East" (Iyo New York Times, Zvita 10 - Pentagon Inoda Kubatanidza Mabhesi Ekunze MuISIS-Foiling Network.) senzira yekupikisa kukura kwevateveri kuISIS. Zvichagoneka here kuti nharaunda yerunyararo itaure uye kudaidzira kuruzhinji dzimwe nzira dzekuwedzera mauto senzira huru yekumisa uye kukunda kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kweizvi uye nekutyisidzira kwese kuchengetedzeka kwenyika nepasirese? Munyori uye vaanoshanda navo muGlobal Campaign yeRunyararo Dzidzo vane chinangwa chekupa nzira dzekuwana nekushandisa imwe yeruzivo rwakakodzera kuita zvine chekuita neruzhinji mukupindura dambudziko iri.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve kukanganisa kweMasoja Mabhesi muOkinawa ona:

• Chirevo kubva kuOkinawa: Kuvepo Kwemauto Kwenguva refu (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Vakadzi muOkinawa - Kuenderera mberi Kurwisa Mhirizhonga yeUS Mauto (Suzuyo Takazato)
• Okinawa: Mhedzisiro yeNguva Yenguva refu yeUS Mauto kuvapo
• Vakadzi & Mauto eUS muEast Asia (Kurudzira!)

Nezvomunyori: Betty A. Reardon mutungamiri ane mukurumbira pasi rose munyaya dzedzidzo yerunyararo nekodzero dzevanhu; basa rake rekupayona rakateya hwaro hwekubatana kutsva kwechirango chedzidzo yerunyararo uye kodzero dzevanhu dzepasi rese kubva pakuona kwevakadzi, pasi rose.