China Lobby Pre-WWII, Israel Lobby Pre-WWIII

NaDavid Swanson

Nhoroondo yehondo yakaipisisa uye yehupenzi iyo United States inogona kurangarira paZuva reChirangaridzo kubva kuZuva 1 uye pakutanga, inotanga nekupondwa kwevagari vemunyika, kupinda muCanada, nezvimwewo, uye kubva pazuva iro kusvika izvi zvakawanda zvakawandisa zvinouraya kuti zvisanyorwa.

Asi imwe nzira iyo hurumende yeUS inozvipinza nayo muhondo huru dzekuuraya vanhu vakawanda ndeyekunzwa zvainoda kunzwa. Izvo zvinotosvika pakubvumidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeUS, dzimwe nguva muchidimbu kunze kwemusuwo unotenderera we "sevhisi" yeruzhinji, kushanda mubhadharo uye kushandira nyika dzekunze dzichisundidzira nhema dzehondo kuruzhinji rweUS.

Bhuku idzva raJames Bradley rinonzi Iyo China Mirage: Iyo Yakavanzika Nhoroondo yeAmerican Disaster muChina. Zvakakodzera kuverenga. Kwemakore kusvika kuHondo Yenyika II, China Lobby muUnited States yakanyengetedza ruzhinji rweUS, uye nevakuru vepamusoro veUS, kuti vanhu vekuChina vese vaida kuve vechiKristu, kuti Chaing Kai-shek aive mutungamiri wavo anodiwa wedemokrasi kwete anokanganisa mafascist aive, kuti Mao Zedong aive asingakoshi hapana aienda kupi, kuti United States yaigona kupa Chaing Kai-shek mari uye aizoshandisa mari yacho kurwisa maJapan, kwete kuishandisa kurwisa Mao, uye kuti United States. inogona kumisa chirango chinoremadza kuJapan pasina mhinduro yemauto eJapan.

Kwemakore anotungamira kusvika kumucheto kweHondo Yenyika III, Israel Lobby iri muUnited States yakanyengetedza United States kuti Israel idemocracy kwete nyika yeApartheid ine kodzero dzinobva mukuzivikanwa kwechitendero. United States, iyo ichangobva kuvhiringa hurongwa hweUnited Nations hwekuti Middle East isina zvombo zvekuparadza vanhu vakawanda, uye yaita izvi ichirairwa neIsrael, yave kutevera hutungamiri hunotyisa hweIsrael muIraq, Syria, Iran. uye nedzimwe nharaunda, vachidzingirira kusakara kweIsrael inoteerera mutemo yedemocracy iyo isiri yechokwadi kupfuura iyo yeChristian-Americanized China iyo yakazopedzisira yaita kuti US ione chitsuwa chidiki cheTaiwan se "China chaiyo."

Iyo mirage iyo yakapa ku "nyowani Pearl Harbor" ye911, mune mamwe mazwi, haina kunyatsosiyana nemirairi iyo yakapa Pearl Harbor pachayo. IAmerica inofunga China senge yekuwedzera kweUnited States, nepo isingazive nezve China uye ichirambidza chero munhu wechiChinese kupinda munyika, yakakonzera kukuvadza nyika kupfuura kufungidzira Israeri seyakaitika makumi mashanu nerimwe. Ipa nguva.

Bhuku idzva raBradley, muzvikamu zvekutanga, rinovhara nekukurumidza zvimwe zvepasi rakafanana neake anoshamisa The Imperial Cruise, zvichiri kukosha kwazvo kuverenga - kusanganisira mauto eUS kuJapan uye kukurudzira kwaTheodore Roosevelt kwehutongi hweJapan. Iri bhuku nyowani rinofukidza, zvirinani kupfuura zvandakaona kumwe kunhu, nhoroondo yekuti vangani vevanhu vakapfuma uye masangano eEast Coast United States muzana ramakore rechi19 vakawana mari yavo - kusanganisira mari yasekuru vaFranklin Delano Roosevelt - nekutengesa zvisiri pamutemo opiamu muChina. Kutengeserana kweopium kwakatungamira kuhondo dzeopiyamu nekurwiswa kweBritish neUS nekugara kwezvikamu zveChina, vachishandisa shanduro dzekutanga dzeizvo zvinodaidzwa neUS zvino mumarudzi mazhinji epasi "Mamiriro Ezvibvumirano zveMasoja."

IUS yakazadza China nevatengesi vezvinodhaka, vatengesi vezvimwe zvinhu, uye mamishinari echiKristu, ekupedzisira asina kubudirira zvakanyanya kupfuura vamwe, achishandura vanhu vashoma kwazvo. Mumwe mumishinari anotungamira akabvuma kuti mumakore gumi aive atendeutsa vanhu gumi vechiChinese kuva chiKristu. Iine ziso kutengeserana kweChinese neSoutheast Asia, United States yakavaka Panama Canal ndokutora Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Cuba, nePuerto Rico. Neziso rekuchengetedza Russia kure nekutengeserana kunobatsira kwePacific, Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt vakatsigira kuwedzera kweJapan kupinda muKorea neChina, ndokutaurirana "runyararo" pakati peJapan neRussia uku vachibvunza muchivande neJapan nhanho dzese dzenzira. (Imwezve mheremhere ye "Palestine" maitiro erunyararo "umo maUS ari kudivi reIsrael uye" asina kwaakarerekera. ") TR yakapihwa Nobel Peace Prize yechibvumirano, nezve iyo mubairo zvingangodaro kuti hapana kana munhu weKorea kana weChinese akabvunzwa. Woodrow Wilson paakaramba kusangana neasina kuchena Hoh Chi Minh muParis, akatorawo chikamu kuendesa kuJapan makoloni akambotaurwa neGerman kuChina, akatsamwisa maChinese, kusanganisira Mao. Mbeu dzehondo dzeramangwana idiki asi dzinonzwisisika zvakakwana.

Iyo US hurumende slant yaizokurumidza kubva kuJapan ichienda kuChina. Mufananidzo weanokudzwa uye wechiKristu murimi wechiChinese waifambiswa nevanhu vakaita saTiriniti (akazotevera Duke) naVanderbilt vakadzidza Charlie Soong, vanasikana vake Ailing, Chingling, naMayling, nemwanakomana Tse-ven (TV), pamwe nemurume waMayling Chaing Kai-shek, Henry Luce uyo akatanga nguva magazini mushure mekuzvarwa mumamishinari muChina, naPearl Buck vakanyora Pasi Rakanaka mushure meiyo mhando yehucheche. TV Soong yakahaya pamudyandigere US Army Air Corps Colonel John Jouett uye ne1932 vakakwanisa kuwana hunyanzvi hwese hweUS Army Air Corps uye vaive nevarairidzi vapfumbamwe, chiremba wekuvhiya ndege, makanika mana, nemunyori, vese US Air Corps vakadzidziswa asi vava kushanda yeSoong muChina. Kwaingova kutanga kwebetsero yemauto eUS kuenda kuChina ayo akaita nhau shoma muUnited States kupfuura zvaakaita kuJapan.

Muna 1938, neJapan ichirwisa maguta eChina, uye Chaing achirwisa, Chaing akaraira mukuru wake anoparadzira Hollington Tong, aimbova mudzidzi wezvekutapa venhau weColumbia University, kutumira vamiririri kuUnited States kunotora mamishinari eUS nekuvapa humbowo hwehutsinye hweJapan. kuhaya Frank Price (anodiwa naMayling mumishinari), uye kutora vatori venhau vekuUS nevanyori kuti vanyore zvinyorwa nemabhuku akanaka. Frank Price uye munin'ina wake Harry Mutengo vaive vakazvarwa kuChina, vasina kumbosangana neChina yeChina. Hama dzeMutengo dzakavamba shopu muNew York City, uko vashoma vaive neruzivo rwekuti vaishandira boka reSoong-Chaing. Mayling naTong vakavapa kuti vanyengetedze vanhu vekuAmerican kuti kiyi yerunyararo kuChina yaive yekumanikidza kuJapan. Vakagadzira iyo American Komiti Yekusatora-Chikamu muJapan Aggression. "Veruzhinji havana kumboziva," anonyora kudaro Bradley, "kuti mamishinari eManhattan anoshanda nesimba paEast Fortieth Street kuponesa Vafumi Vakabhadharwa akabhadharwa vamiririri veChina vanoita zviito zvaigona kunge zvisiri pamutemo."

Ini ndinotora pfungwa yaBradley yekusave yekuti varimi veChinese havasi ivo vanokudzwa, uye kwete kuti Japan yakanga isina mhosva yekuita zvechisimba, asi kuti mushandirapamwe wekuparadzira wakasimbisa vazhinji vekuAmerican kuti Japan yaisazorwisa United States kana United States icheka mafuta uye simbi kuJapan - yaive nhema mukuona kwevanoona vane ruzivo uye yaizoratidzwa nhema munguva yechiitiko.

Vaimbove Secretary of State uye future Secretary weHondo Henry Stimson vakave sachigaro wekomiti, iyo yakakurumidza kuwedzera vaimbova vatungamiriri veHarvard, Union Theological Seminary, Church Peace Union, World Alliance for International Friendship, Federal Council of Churches of Christ muAmerica , iyo Associate Boards yeChristian Makoreji muChina, nezvimwewo Stimson nechikwata zvakabhadharwa neChina kuti Japan isatomborwisa United States kana ikarambidzwa - chikumbiro chakadzingwa neavo vanoziva muDhipatimendi reHurumende neWhite House, asi chikumbiro yakaitwa panguva iyo United States yanga isina kutaurirana chaiko neJapan.

Chido cheveruzhinji chekumisa kurwisa kurwisa kweJapan kuChina kunoratidzika kunge kunoyemurika kwandiri uye kunoenderana nechishuwo changu chekuti US imire kurwisa kurwisa kweSaudi Arabia kuYemen, kutora muenzaniso mumwe wevazhinji. Asi kutaura kwaigona kunge kwakatangira kusungwa. Kuisa parutivi mafirita erusaruro nechitendero kuitira kuti uone chokwadi chiri pasi muChina chingadai chakabatsira. Kurega kutyisidzira kufamba kweUS Navy, kufambisa ngarava kuenda kuHawaii nekuvaka nendege paPacific Islands zvingadai zvakabatsira. Sarudzo dzinopesana nehondo dzaive dzakafara kupfuura kupokana kwehupfumi kweJapan uye kutuka kusiri kwekutaurirana kukudzwa kweJapan.

Asi pakazosvika Kukadzi 1940, Bradley anonyora, 75% yevaAmerican vakatsigira kumhura Japan. Uye vazhinji veAmerica, hongu, vaisada hondo. Vakanga vatenga propaganda yeChina Lobby.

FDR nemunyori wake weHaimari Henry Morgenthau vakagadzira makambani epamberi uye zvikwereti kuna Chaing, vachidzokera kumashure kweshure kwaMunyori weHurumende Cordell Hull. FDR, zvinoita, yakanga isiri yekudyira kuChina Lobby asi yakatenda zvechokwadi nyaya yayo - zvirinani kusvika padanho. Amai vake chaivo, avo vaigara mudiki kuUS kuChina semwana nababa vake vaisunda opiamu, vaive sachigaro wechikadzi weChina Aid Council neAmerican Committee yeChina Hondo Nherera. Mudzimai weDRD aive anoremekedzwa sachigaro wePearl Buck's China Emergency Relief Committee. Makumi maviri ezviuru zvevashandi veUS vakatsigira chirango kuJapan. Chipangamazano wekutanga wezvehupfumi kumutungamiri weUS, Lauchlin Currie, akashandira vese FDR neBank yeChina panguva imwe chete. Mutori wenhau akabatana uye hama yaRoosevelt, Joe Alsop, akabvisa macheki kubva kuTV Soong se "chipangamazano" kunyangwe achiita basa rake se "mutapi venhau." "Hapana mumiriri weBritish, Russian, French, kana Japan," anonyora Bradley, "angadai akatenda kuti Chaing anogona kuve New Deal akasununguka." Asi FDR inoita kunge yakazvitenda. Akataurirana naChaing naMayling muchivande, achitenderera neDhipatimendi rake reHurumende.

Asi FDR yaitenda kuti kana ikarambidzwa, Japan yaizorwisa maDutch East Indies (Indonesia) pamwe nemhedzisiro yehondo yenyika. Morgenthau, mukuudza kwaBradley, akaedza kakawanda kutsvedza kuburikidza nekukanganiswa kwepetroleum kuenda kuJapan, nepo FDR yakaramba. FDR yakaendesa zvikepe kuPearl Harbor, kumisikidza kusarudzika kune ndege-mafuta uye chikafu, uye kukwereta mari kuna Chaing. Sangano reSoong-Chaing rakashandawo neiyo FDR White House kugadzira iyo US-yakabhadharwa mari, US-yakadzidziswa, uye neUS-vashandi vashandi vemuuto kuChina kuti vashandise pakurwisa maguta eJapan. FDR payakakumbira chipangamazano wavo Tommy Corcoran kuti aongorore mutungamiri wemauto emuchadenga aya, aimbova kaputeni weUS Air Corps, Claire Chennault, anogona kunge anga asingazive kuti aikumbira mumwe munhu mubhadharo weTV Soong kuti amupe zano kune mumwe munhu kubhadhara kweTV Soong.

Bradley anoti FDR yakachengeta chirongwa chake chehondo yekuAsia chakavanzika kubva kuruzhinji rweUS. Asi, paMay 24, 1941, iyo New York Times yakataura nezvekudzidziswa kweAmerica nemauto emuchadenga eChina, uye nekupihwa "kwakawanda kurwa uye mabhomba ndege" kuChina neUnited States. "Kuputika kwemaguta eJapan kunotarisirwa," wakaverenga musoro wediki. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvaka "chengetwa zvakavanzika" mupfungwa yekuti rondedzero yekuuraya ya Obama yakavanzika kunyangwe ichionekwa mu New York Times. Haikurukurwe nekusingaperi nekuti haina kukodzera mushe nhoroondo diki dzinofara. "Runyorwa rwekutanga rwezvakaitika kare" runogara ruchinyatsopinzwa mumabhuku enhoroondo anopona mumakumi emakore anotevera.

Asi Bradley ari kutaura chokwadi kuti ichi chaive chisiri chakavanzika kubva kuJapan. Uye anosanganisira chimwe chinhu chandisingarangariri ndichichiziva kare, kureva kuti Chennault akabvuma kuti apo ngarava yakatakura vatyairi vake yakabva kuSan Francisco ichienda kuAsia muna Chikunguru 1941, varume vake vakanzwa nhepfenyuro yeJapan ichizvirova dundundu ichiti, “Ngarava iyoyo haizombosvika kuChina. Ichanyura. ” Zvakare muna Chikunguru, FDR yakabvumidza chirongwa cheLend-Lease cheChina: 269 vamwe varwi uye makumi matanhatu nemabhomba, uye vakaomesa midziyo yeJapan. Zvese izvi zvaive chikamu chehurefu uye hupamhi hwemaitiro ayo Bradley aigona kuve akawedzera zvizere. Asi iye anopa zvimwe zvinonakidza ruzivo uye dudziro yekuda kuziva nezvazvo, achigumisa kuti Munyori Munyori weHurumende Dean Acheson akabata United States muHondo Yenyika yechipiri nekuramba kuramba chero mafuta eUS kuJapan kwemwedzi, kutanga apo FDR yanga ichirangana naWinston Churchill ari muchikepe uye achigadzira iyo yaizonzi Atlantic Charter.

Mune account yaBradley Hull anodzidza nezve iyo embargo, mwedzi muna, munaGunyana 4, 1941, uye anozivisa FDR musi iwoyo. Asi ivo vanosarudza kuisiya isina kuchinjika sezvo neimwe nzira kuibvisa kwaizoonekwa neimwe nzira sekubvumidza Japan kuwana "yakawanda" mafuta kupfuura pakutanga. Kurambidzwa kwaive panguva ino yaive nhau yeruzhinji muJapan kwemwedzi. FDR yaikwanisa kuwana mishumo yenhau dzechiJapane, pamwe nekunyora kwakavanzika kutaurirana kwehurumende yeJapan, tisingatauri kuti akasangana nemumiriri weJapan munguva pfupi. Kutaurirana kwaive kusiri kufambira mberi here muna 1941 kupfuura zvavaive ivo apo Texas yakatora nguva yakareba kuti izive kuti huranda hwapera?

Chero zvazvainge zvaitika, Japan payakaona iyo embargo isingagumi, haina kufambisa yakananga kune demokrasi zvine mwero sezvo China Lobby yaigaroti yaizoitika. Panzvimbo pezvo yakava udzvanyiriri hwemauto. Zvichakadaro nguva Magazini iyi yaive neruzhinji kutarisira kuti Hondo yeUS neBritish kudivi reChinese ichanyengetedza vaChinese kuti vatendeukire kuchiKristu. Kufanana muIsrael Lobby ndekwechokwadi vatenderi vechiKristu vanotenda kuti Israeri iri kutungamira nenzira yekumwe kuporofitwa nezveramangwana nezvedambudziko renjodzi rinodikanwa.

Kutaura kwaMayling Soong kuUS Congress munaKukadzi 1943 kwakakwikwidzana naBibi Netanyahu wegore ra2015 pakunamata kukuru, kunyengera, uye kuzvipira kusimba rekunze. Iko kunyengera kwaizoenderera kwezvizvarwa. Katurike yeVietnam Lobby yaipinda mumutambo. IUS haina kuziva Mao's China kudzamara yadzikiswa kuita Richard Nixon mutungamiri wayo. Nezve iyo yakazara account, ini ndinokurudzira bhuku raBradley.

Asi ini ndinofunga bhuku racho rine zvimwe zvikanganiso. Izvo hazvitsvake kubata pane iyo FDR chishuwo chehondo kuGerman, kana nezve kukosha kwaari uye nekutungamira kwake kwekurwisa kweJapan sekiyi yekupinda zvese muAtlantic nePacific hondo. Izvo zvinotevera ndakanyora nezvazvo pamberi.

Chii chaive Mutambo weDRR?

Musi waZvita 7, 1941, FDR yakagadzira chiziviso chehondo kuJapan nekuGerman, asi yakafunga kuti hazvishande ndokuenda neJapan chete. Germany, sezvaitarisirwa, yakakurumidza kuzivisa hondo kuUnited States.

FDR yaedza kurevera nhema kuvanhu veAmerica pamusoro pezvikepe zveUnited States kusanganisira Greer uye Kerny, iyo yakanga iri kubatsira mabhurani eBritish kutarisa maGermany sousmarine, asi iyo Roosevelt akazvinyengedza akanga asina kurwiswa pasina mhosva.

Roosevelt ainge ataurawo kuti aiva nechepachiratidzo cheNazi chakavanzika chokugadzira South America, uyewo chirongwa cheNazi chakavanzika chekutora zvitendero zvose neNazism.

Kubva munaDisemba 6, 1941, makumi masere kubva muzana evanhu veUnited States vanopikisa kupinda muhondo. Asi Roosevelt akanga atotanga kunyora, akashandisa National Guard, akagadzira Navy huru mumakungwa maviri, akatengesa vaparidzi vepakutanga kuEngland vachichinjana kubhadhara kwezvigaro zvaro muCaribbean neBermuda, uye akaudza pachivande kuumbwa kwezita rega roga ChiJapan neJapan-America munhu muUnited States.

Musi waApril 28, 1941, Churchill akanyorera raibhurari yake rairo muchivande: "Zvinogona kutorwa sekune chokwadi chekuti kupinda kweJapan muhondo kwaizoteverwa nekupinda kweUnited States kudivi redu."

Musi waAugust 18, 1941, Churchill akasangana nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street. Musangano uyu wakanga wakafanana kuneJuly 23, 2002, musangano pane imwechete kero, maminitsi ayo akazozivikanwa seAwaying Street Minutes. Misangano miviri iyi yakaratidza chakavanzika cheUnited States chinangwa chokuenda kuhondo. Mu musangano we1941, Churchill akaudza hurumende yake, maererano nemaminitsi anoti: "Mutungamiri akanga ataura kuti aizorwa hondo asi asingazvitauri." Mukuwedzera, "Zvese zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidza chiitiko."

Kubva pakati pevamakore ekuma1930 varwi verunyararo vekuUS - vanhu avo vanotsamwisa chaizvo nezvehondo dzichangoburwa dzeUS - vanga vachifora vachipesana nekupokana kweUS neJapan neUS Navy zvirongwa zvehondo kuJapan - Kurume 8, 1939, vhezheni yacho yaitsanangura "hondo inosemesa ye kwenguva refu ”izvo zvaizoparadza mauto nekukanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi hweJapan.

MunaJanuary 1941, the Japan Advertiser akataura kutsamwa kwake pamusoro pePearl Harbor mune yekunyora, uye mumiriri weU.S. kuJapan akanyora mudhayari rake kuti: “Kune zvakawanda zvekutaura padhorobha nezvekuti maJapan, kana vambozorora neUnited States, vari kuronga enda kunze nekushamisika kukuru kurwisa paPearl Harbor. Chokwadi ndakazivisa hurumende yangu. ”

Musi waFebruary 5, 1941, Mushure weAdmiral Richmond Kelly Turner akanyorera Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson kuti anyevere pamusoro pekukwanisa kushamiswa kushamiswa paPearl Harbor.

Sezvacherechedzwa, kutanga kwe1932 iyo United States yakanga ichitaura neChina nezve kupa ndege, vatyairi vendege, uye kudzidziswa kwehondo yayo neJapan. MunaNovember 1940, Roosevelt akakweretesa China zana remamiriyoni emadhora nekuda kwehondo neJapan, uye mushure mekukurukura neBritain, Munyori weUnited States Treasure Henry Morgenthau vakaita hurongwa hwekuendesa maChinese mabhomba nemauto eUnited States kuti vashandise mukuputika Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan.

Musi waZvita 21, 1940, Gurukota rezveMari reChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, mutyairi wemauto eU.S. uyo aishanda pamudyandigere uyo aishandira maChinese uye anga achivakurudzira kuti vashandise vatyairi vekuAmerican kubhomba Tokyo kubva muna 1937, vakasangana mudining raHenry Morgenthau nzvimbo yekuronga kuputika kweJapan. Morgenthau akati anokwanisa kuita kuti varume vaburitswe pabasa muUS Army Air Corps kana maChinese achigona kuvabhadhara $ 1,000 pamwedzi. Soong akabvuma.

Pakazosvika Chikunguru, iyo Joint Army-Navy Board yakanga yabvumidza chirongwa chinonzi JB 355 chekupusha Japan. Bhizimusi repamberi raizotenga ndege dzeAmerica kuti dzivhurwe nevanozvipira veAmerica vakadzidziswa naChennault uye vachibhadharwa nerimwe boka repamberi. Roosevelt akatendera, uye nyanzvi yake yekuChina Lauchlin Currie, mumashoko aNicholson Baker, "akatambanudzira Madame Chaing Kai-Shek naClaire Chennault tsamba yainyengeterera kuti vasori vechiJapan vabatwe." Kunyangwe yaive iyo kana kuti kwete iyo yaive iyo pfungwa yese, iyi yaive tsamba: "Ndiri kufara zvikuru kugona kutaura nhasi Mutungamiriri akarayira kuti makumi matanhatu nenatanhatu emabhomba awanikwe kuChina gore rino nemakumi maviri nemana kuti aendeswe nekukasira. Akabvumawo chirongwa cheChinese chekudzidzisa kutyaira pano. Tsanangudzo kuburikidza nenzira dzakasarudzika. Zvakanaka. ”

The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) yeChinese Ndege Yemauto, inozivikanwawo seFlying Tiger (logo yakazogadzirwa naWalt ​​Disney, seBradley zvinyorwa), yakafambira mberi nekubvunzwa uye kudzidziswa nekukurumidza uye yakapihwa kuChina isati yasvika kuPearl Harbor.

Musi waMay 31, 1941, kuKeep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin akapa yambiro inotyisa: "Kuramwa zvachose kwehupfumi kuJapan, kumiswa kwekutumirwa kwemafuta semuenzaniso, kwaizosundira Japan mumaoko eAxis. Hondo yezvehupfumi yaizotangisa muhondo yemauto nemauto. ”

Musi waChikunguru 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt vakati, "Dai tikacheka mafuta, [maJapan] angadai akadzika kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye ungadai wakava nehondo. Izvo zvaive zvakakosha kwazvo kubva pedu pachedu pachedu pachedu maonero ekudzivirira kudzivirira hondo kubva kutanga muSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wezvekunze wakange uchiedza kumisa hondo kuti isimuke ipapo. ” Vatori venhau vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati "aive" pane kuti "ari." Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akaburitsa chirevo chemahofisi echando zvinhu zveJapan. United States neBritain vakacheka mafuta nesimbi kuJapan, kunyangwe Acheson akanyangira Roosevelt apfuura kana kwete. Radhabinod Pal, mutongi wemuIndia akashanda mudare redzimhosva rehondo mushure mehondo, akadana mvumo iyi "tyisidziro yakajeka uye ine simba kuhupenyu chaihwo hweJapan," uye akagumisa kuti United States yakatsamwisa Japan.

Musi waAugust 7, 1941, the Japan Times Advertiser akanyora kuti: "Kutanga kwaiva nekusika kwepamusoro peSingapore, yakasimudzirwa zvikuru nemauto eBritish uye Empire. Kubva iri hubhu gumbo guru rakavakwa uye rakabatanidzwa nemaodzanyemba eAmerica kuumba rhete rukuru rinowedzera munzvimbo huru kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kubva kuPhilippines kuburikidza neMalaya neBurma, nechisungo chakakoromoka chete muTeniland peninsula. Iye zvino zvinorongerwa kuisa zvishoma kumativi akapoteredza, izvo zvinosvika kuRangoon. "

Pakazosvika September, mhizha yeJapan yakatsamwiswa kuti United States yakanga yatanga kutumira mafuta kuJapan kusvika kuRussia. Japan, mapepanhau ayo akati, akanga achifa rufu runononoka kubva "kuhondo yezvemari."

Mukupera kwaOctober, US vatsva Edgar Mower vakanga vachiita basa reColonel William Donovan uyo akatsvaga Roosevelt. Mowerzi akataura nemumwe murume muManila ainzi Ernest Johnson, nhengo ye Maritime Commission, uyo akati akati anotarisira "IJaps ichatora Manila ndisati ndabuda." Apo Mudiri akaratidza kushamisika, Johnson akapindura achiti "Hauna kuziva Jap zvikepe zvakatamira kumabvazuva, zvichida kurwisa zvikepe zvedu paPearl Harbor? "

Musi waNovember 3, 1941, mumiriri weUS akatumira teregiramu refu kuDhipatimendi reHurumende achiyambira kuti zvirango zvehupfumi zvinogona kumanikidza Japan kuita "nyika hara-kiri." Akanyora kuti: "Hondo yekurwisa neUnited States inogona kuuya nekukurumidza uye zvine njodzi."

Musi waNovember 15th, mukuru wemauto eU.S.George Marshall akaudza vezvenhau nezvechimwe chinhu chatisingayeuke se "chirongwa cheMarshall." Muchokwadi hatizvirangariri zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inorwisa Japan," akadaro Marshall, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengete zvakavanzika, izvo sekuziva kwangu vakaita nemazvo.

Mazuva gumi gare gare Secretary of War Stimson akanyora mudhayari rake kuti akasangana muOval Office naMarshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Secretary weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Roosevelt anga avaudza kuti maJapan angangorwisa munguva pfupi, pamwe Muvhuro unotevera.

Izvo zvakanyatsoratidzwa kuti United States yakanga yatyora maJapan 'macode uye kuti Roosevelt aikwanisa kuwana iwo. Kwakave kuburikidza nekubvisa kweinonzi Purple kodhi meseji iyo Roosevelt yaakawana zvirongwa zveGerman zvekupinda muRussia. Aive Hull akaburitsa chibvumirano cheJapan kumapepanhau, zvichikonzera munaNovember 30, 1941, musoro wenyaya waiti "May May Rova Kupera Kwevhiki."

Muvhuro unotevera ungadai wakave waDecember 1, mazuva matanhatu kurwisa kusati kwasvika chaizvo. "Mubvunzo," Stimson akanyora, "yaive yekuti tingavafurira sei kuti vatore pfuti yekutanga vasina kubvumira njodzi yakawandisa kwatiri. "Chaive chirevo chakaoma."

Zuva rakatevera kurwisa, Congress yakavhotera hondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.) Akamira ega pakuvhota kwete. Gore rimwe chete mushure mekuvhota, musi waZvita 8, 1942, Rankin akaisa zvirevo muCongress Record achitsanangura kushora kwake. Akadudza basa reBritish anoparadzira uyo akange akapokana muna 1938 yekushandisa Japan kuunza United States kuhondo. Akadudza chirevo chaHenry Luce mu upenyu magazini yaJuly 20, 1942, kune "VaChina avo vekuAmerica vakanga vauya nayo yekupedzisira yakaunza Pearl Harbor." Akazivisa uchapupu hwokuti paAtlantic Conference yaAugust 12, 1941, Roosevelt akanga avimbisa Churchill kuti United States yaizounza dambudziko rezvemari kutakura kuJapan. "Ndakataura," Rankin akazonyora, "State Department Bulletin yaDecember 20, 1941, iyo yakaratidza kuti musi waSeptember 3 kutaurirana kwakatumirwa kuJapan ichikumbira kuti igamuchire mutemo we" nondisturbance yemamiriro ezvinhu muPacific, 'iyo yakave ichida kuvimbiswa kwekusununguka kwemadzimambo matsvene muEast. "

Rankin yakawana kuti Economic Economic Board yakanga yawana zvigadziriswa zvemari zvishoma pasi pevhiki mushure meAlantic Conference. Musi waDecember 2, 1941, the New York Times akanga ataura, chokwadi, kuti Japan "yakagurwa kubva munharaunda ye75 yezana yekutengeserana kwake kwemazuva ose neAllied kubviswa." Rankin akataurawo mashoko aLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, Mugovera Evening Post yaOctober 10, 1942, iyo musi waNovember 28, 1941, mazuva mapfumbamwe kusati kwarwiswa, Mumiririri wechirwere William F. Halsey, Jr., (iye wezwi rakakosha rokuti "Kaura Japs! Kaura Japs!") akanga amupa mirayiridzo kwaari uye vamwe "kupfura pasi chero chinhu chatakaona mudenga uye kubhomba chero chii chatakaona mugungwa."

Gavhuna George Marshall akabvuma zvakanyanya kuCongress in 1945: kuti nheyo dzacho dzakanga dzaputswa, kuti United States yakanga yatanga matanho eAnglo-Dutch -America ekubatanidza kuwirirana neJapane ndokuiisa kushanda pamberi pePearl Harbor, uye kuti United States yaiva vakapa vatungamiri vehondo yavo kuenda kuChina kubasa rehondo pamberi Pearl Harbor.

Memorandamu yaGumiguru 1940 naLieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum yakaitwa naMutungamiri Roosevelt nevatungamiriri vake vakuru. Yakadaidzira zviito zvisere zvakafanotaurwa naMcCollum kuti zvaizotungamira maJapan kuti arwisane, kusanganisira kuronga kushandiswa kweBritish mabheseni muSingapore uye nekushandisa mabhesheni eDutch mune izvozvi Indonesia, kubatsira hurumende yeChinese, kutumira kupatsanurwa kwenguva refu vafambi vanorema kuenda kuPhilippines kana kuSingapore, vachitumira zvikamu zviviri zvengarava dzepasi pegungwa ku "Nyika dzekumabvazuva," vachichengeta simba guru rezvikepe muHawaii, vachisimbirira kuti maDutch arambe mafuta eJapan, uye vodzivisa kutengeserana kwese neJapan mukubatana neBritain Humambo. .

Zuva rakatevera memo yaMcCollum, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakaudza maAmerican kuti vabve munyika dzekumabvazuva, Roosevelt akaraira zvikepe zvakachengetwa muHawaii pamusoro pekupokana kwakanyanya kwaAdmiral James O. Richardson uyo akataura Mutungamiriri achiti "Pasina nguva maJapan maizoita kuita zvakaipisisa kuUnited States uye nyika yacho inoda kupinda muhondo. ”

Meseji yakatumirwa naAdmiral Harold Stark kuna Admiral Husband Kimmel musi waNovember 28 1941, yaiverenga,

Joseph Rochefort, muvambi wechikamu cheNavy chekutaurirana chehungwaru, uyo akashanda mukutadza kutaura kuPearl Harbor zvaiuya, anozopindura achiti: "Wanga uri mutengo wakachipa kubhadhara kubatanidza nyika."

Husiku hwakatevera kurwiswa uku, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akange aine CBS News yaEdward R. Murrow naRoosevelt's Coordinator weRuzivo William Donovan pakudya kwemanheru kuWhite House, uye Mutungamiriri wese aida kuziva kuti vanhu veAmerica vagamuchira hondo here. Donovan naMurrow vakamuvimbisa kuti vanhu vaizogamuchira hondo izvozvi. Donovan akazotaurira mubatsiri wake kuti kushamisika kwaRoosevelt hakusi kwevamwe vakamukomberedza, uye kuti iye, Roosevelt, akagamuchira kurwiswa uku. Murrow akatadza kurara husiku ihwohwo uye akatambudzwa kwehupenyu hwake hwese nezvaakadana kuti "nyaya hombe yehupenyu hwangu" iyo yaasina kumbotaura.