naPat Mukuru we BUZZFLASH paChokwadiout.
New York Assemblymember Linda Rosenthal yazunza Gungano reBumbiro A10428 kurambidza mamaki ekumaka zvirongwa muNew York mamiriro ehurumende zvikoro Rosenthal anomisikidza mutemo nekunyora, "Kugadzira nzvimbo yechokwadi isina pfuti hatigone kubvumidza vadzidzi kutora nepfuti pazvinhu zvechikoro." Chiyero chakashatisa vechipiri Amendment vanofarira apo vakasununguka vanowanzozviona seyakawandisa, yakajairika-pfungwa chiyero. Hapana, zvisinei, akataura nezve mukana wekusvibisa mutobvu unoenderana nevemauto maJunior Reserve Maofficial 'Training Corps Chirongwa (JROTC) Marksmanship Chirongwa.
Iwo pfuti yemhepo yakashandiswa mukati 1,871 zvikoro zvepamusoro neJROTC mamaki emapurogiramu epasirese kutenderera nyika kutungamira kunotungamira pakupedzisira muzzle pamutsetse wokupfura. Chero pellet ichidzingirwa pasi mbiya inotsvaira mabhaisari kubva mumabhuruku akambotangira. Kutungamira zvidimbu zvinozadza mweya uye zvakare kugadzika pasi neicho chakanangiwa.
Ngationgororei chikoro cheNew York nechirongwa cheHondo JROTC Marksmanship icho chinoratidzika kunge chiri kutyora mirau yekutungamira nekuisa pangozi hutano hwevadzidzi vayo.
Vadzidzi pahutungamiriri hweVadzidzi veVadiki muRochester, NY vanoshandisa imba yekubikira yeChikoro Chikuru kupfura pfuti. vhidhiyo iyi ye cadets kurira zvombo zvavo uye kutarisa zvavarikita zvinoratidza kusaremekedza kwakawanda kwemirairo yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza vana kubva mukutungamira kwetangi.
Iyi vhidhiyo inofanirwa-kuona inoratidzira kutyora kwakawanda maererano nemitero yekuchengetedzeka inotungamirwa neCivilla Makosmanship Chirongwa mune yayo 24-peji peji, Nhungamiro Yekutungamira Management YeMhepo Gun Kupfura:
Zviripachena kuti hakuna nzira dzakatarwa kune ese mativi ehurefu kune vakuru kuti vatarise zvinangwa. (CMP Nhungamiro - peji 8 - "Kufamba kwevashandi kumberi kwetambo yekupfura kunofanira kudzikiswa uye kuganhurirwa kumigwagwa yakatarwa mativi ese enzvimbo dzekupfura.")
Zvinoenderana neCMP's Nhungamiro Yekutungamira Management, "Kana vapfuri vakasapfuura nepanorira vanhu vachienda kunodzika pasi kunze kwekunge vabvumidzwa, uye kana vashandi vakadzika vachitevedza nhungamiro .. hapana njodzi yehutano kune vanopfura kana vamwe vanhu vanosara kumashure kwetambo."
Izvi zviri pachena kuti hazvisi kuitika muRochester apo vadzidzi vanopfura zvombo zvavo uye vayambuka mutsetse wekupfura. Iyo CMP's inotungamira gwara inodaidzira vanochinja chinongedzo kuti vapfeke dzinoraswa shangu dzekuvhara vasati vafamba pamusoro pemutobvu masara pamberi pezvinangwa. Chinongedzo chinoshandurwa chinorairwa kubvisa mabhutsu eshangu vasati vapindazve muchivako chechikoro. Anochinja chinongedzo anofanirwa kupfeka shangu dzekuvhara. Hapana chimwe cheicho chiri kuitika muRochester. Vana vanofamba nemutobvu inotungamirwa pasi pane tambo yekupfura munzira yavo kuenda kune yakanangwa netambo ine huremu hwekutungamira pasi. Vanobva vazviongorora kuburikidza nechikoro chavo.
Fairfax County, Virginia vaive nedambudziko rakafanana. Dunhu rakaedza zvikoro zvine pfuti dzemhepo dzakawana kuti dziratidze kutyisidzira hutano hweveruzhinji. Zvikoro zvakanatswa uye mafuta ekuperekedza akarambidzwa.
CMP's Nhungamiro Yekutungamira Management inoreva mutsara wekupfura 32 nguva. Izvo zvinojekesa kwazvo kuti kune kufungidzira kwezvinotyisa zvinotungamira zvakasvibiswa izvo vana vanogona kutora nekuzvitakura kunze kwenzvimbo yekupfura. Pahutungamiri Academy muRochester, vadzidzi vaishandisa mabhegi avo kuyera kusvika muzzle kupera kwepfuti. Mabhegi avo akaiswa pamusoro petambo yekupfura, vachiita semapepa anounganidza lead manhamba. Iyo chepfu midziyo inotakurwa kumba nevadzidzi.
Kuchenesa madhiri emutobvu patambo yekupfura uye nzvimbo yakanangwa iyo CMP inoraira, "nguva nenguva kunyorova nemhinduro yemvura uye tri-sodium phosphate" (TSP).
Mu2012, Dhipatimendi reU.S. New York yakarambidza phosphates muma disergents kubvira 2010.
Sangano reCivilian Marksmanship Program rinoraira vadzidzi kuti vashambidze maoko avo nesipo nemvura mushure mekupfura. Kubva 2011 iyo National Institute for Occupational Safety uye Health (NIOSH) yange ichinyevera veruzhinji kuti kushambidza maoko nesipo nemvura haisi kunyatsoita basa rekubvisa lead kubva pamusoro peganda.
Dzimwe nyika dzakatora izvi muhupihupi weruzhinji hwehutano kuraira vanopfura. Semuyenzaniso, Illinois inoudza vanopfura, "Shandisa zvinobudirira lead lead chigadzirwa; sipo chaiyo nemvura hazvina kukwana kubvisa zvisaririra zvemutobvu paganda rako. ”
Iyo New York State Dhipatimendi rehutano anongoudza vanopfura kuti vageze kumeso nemaoko mushure mekupfura.
Ichi chiitiko chikuru nekuti CDC inoti hapana huwandu hunogamuchirika hwekutungamirwa kwevana.
Kugara uchichengetedza nzvimbo dzekupura zvikoro zvepamusoro chiitiko chakaoma chinoda kutevedzwa kwakasimba kumapeji mazhinji etsananguro. Hatizive kuti varairidzi veJROTC kana vashandi vekuchengetedza zvikoro zvehurumende vanotevedzera sei "Mirayiridzo yeAirgun Range Dhizaini, Kuchenesa uye Kugadzirisa," chikamu che Nhungamiro Yekutungamira Management.
Dzimwe Sayenzi
Chidzidzo cheSweden mu1992 chakaongorora iwo mweya mukati mekupfura wekutanga waingoshandiswa chete kune pfuti dzemhepo uye wakawana iwo mweya waive nemahara ezvikamu avhareji 4.6 maikorofoni pa cubic mita (renji 1.8 - 7.2 micrograms pa cubic mita) Chidzidzo chacho chinoratidza kuvepo kwekutungamirwa kwemhepo nekuda kwekupfura kwepfuti uye kunodaidzira kuti mhepo inofambisa mhepo inoshanda sei.
CMP's Nhungamiro Yekutungamira Management inorambidza kunze mukana wekuti mapurogiramu eJROTC ekupfura muzvikoro zvepamusoro anogadzira mweya unotungamira. ICMP inovimba nebasa rekambani yeColorado yakashoreka kuchengetedza kuti kupfura maairgun hakubatsire kutungamira nemhepo. Izvi zvakakosha nekuti maresitoreti epachikoro chepamusoro uye majimu haana masystem akakodzera ekubata maminitsi ekutungamira.
Iyo CMP's 2013 Nhungamiro kune Lead Management inovimba nezvakawanikwa zve Health & Environmental Technology LLC (HET), inzvimbo yekuyedza yezvakatipoteredza muColorado Springs, Colorado, kubvisa pfungwa yekuti mweya wepfuti kupfura lead pellets inogadzira mweya. Mushandi wega weHET aive Mr. Robert Rodosevich. Rodosevich akaongororwa muColorado muna 2012 nekuda kwe "kugona kwakanyanya kwehunyanzvi mukutevedzera kwehunyanzvi." Ona kuongorora kwezvemitemo.
Zvichakadaro, basa reHET rakaitirwa CMP rinodomwa nevakuru vezvikoro zvepamusoro pasirese avo vanomanikidzwa kudzivirira kuvapo kwenzvimbo dzekupfura dzekunze muzvikoro zvavo nevabereki vane hanya nezve zvingangokanganisa kukanganisa kwekutungamira.
Muna 2013, Dhipatimendi reCalifornia reHutano hweVanhu rakakurudzira kuti California Chikamu cheKuchengetedzwa Kwevashandi uye Hutano chidzikise muganho unobvumidzwa wekutungamira mumhepo kuenda 0.5 - 2.1 micrograms pa cubic metre yekuchengeta maBLL pazasi pehuremu hwemakirogremu mashanu kusvika mashanu padhisita.
Mhepo muchidzidzo cheSweden yakaratidza kutungamira kwekusvika kusvika ku7.2 micrograms pa cubic mita kubva kupfura chete maaghgun Iko katatu nehafu zvakapetwa kupfuura zvinotenderwa muCalifornia. California iri kuti mhepo inofanirwa kunge iine kuwanda kwemutobvu isingasviki 2.1 micrograms pa cubic mita kuitira kuti mwero inotungamira yeropa isapfuure mamaikirogiramu gumi padhesilita rimwe reropa.
Zvichakadaro, CDC inoti vana vane ropa rinotungamira mazinga kumusoro 5 magedhi pane rimwe desilita kunetseka kubva kune ane ngozi yakasimudzwa yeropa mazinga.
Zvinoenderana nekutsvaga kwehutano hwemhedzisiro yeropa rinotungamira nhumbu uye nhumbu muchibereko, mazinga eropa anotungamira yakakura kudarika 2.0 micrograms pa deciliter kukonzera gestational hypertension uye kuderedzwa kwe fetal kukura uye pasi kuberekwa. Pane humbowo hushoma hwekuti mwero wehuturu hwehutobvu hunokonzeresa kuberekwa kwepamberi peshure, kuderera kwekusununguka -kuzvarwa, kuderedzwa kwekuziva kwehutano muvacheche vanoburitswa pachena, ADHD & matambudziko ehunhu, uye kuderera kwekunzwika kwekuita. Chidzidzo che2009 chevapfuri vakapfura chete pfuti dzakashuma ropa rinotungamira mazinga e 1.8 - 12.7 micrograms pa deciliter.
Ichi chiitiko chakakura. Vamwe vanyori venhau vanonongedza kutungamira kusvibiswa seimwe yevanotungamira mukuwa kweHurumende yeRoma.
Kunyangwe Rosenthal asingambotauri nezvechiuto, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakanganiswa nemutemo wake zvirongwa zvekupfura zveJROTC muzvikoro zvinofambiswa nemauto, Navy, Air Force, uye Marines.
Mapazi emauto anoti mauto anomhanyisa chirongwa che61 JROTC muzvikoro zvepamusoro muNew York. Kune izvi, 19 ine mapurogiramu ekupfura. New York zvakare ine 32 junior makirabhu evana vadiki sere. Vazhinji veava vana vanotora chikamu neVakomana Scout uye 4-H makirabhu. Ona iyo NY data pano.
Vamwe vevana ava, pamwe nevaya vanobva kuzvikoro zvepamusoro zveJROTC, vanogona kushanyira nzvimbo dzekutengesa dzepfuti mudunhu rese nekuda kwemakwikwi ekumakwikwi uye kupfura maitiro. Maererano ne2014 Seattle Times, chirevo, iyo US ine fungidziro inosvika zviuru zvitanhatu zvemabhizimusi emukati nepanze epfuti, (kumwe kufungidzira kuri pamusoro zvakapetwa ka6,000-2) asi makumi maviri nemaviri chete akaongororwa mumakore gumi apfuura. Pakati peavo vakaongororwa, makumi masere neshanu ezviuru vakatyora angangoita mwero une chekuita nemutungamiri. Mumatunhu gumi nematanhatu, masangano ehurumende nehurumende havana kuongorora imwe pfuti yekutengesa kubva muna 3 kusvika muna 201.
Mu2014 iyo Seattle Times yakashuma pavana ve20 muVancouver vairwara nemutobvu mushure mekushanyira nzvimbo yekupfura. Iyo kirabhu ine timu yejunior uye inobvumira iyo JROTC, iyo Young Marines uye Boy Scouts
Iyo Oregonia / Oregon Rarama yakashuma pamusoro pehutungamiriri hwakashatiswa nemutobvu National Guard nhumbi muna 2016, "Mune yaimbova nhare yeMontana National Guard inochengeterwa vashandi vanopfuura makumi maviri, mabhuru ane mutobvu ane mutobvu saizi yetangerini akavhara nzira yekufefetera. Mumakomba maviri eOregon umo vabereki vasingazive vanorega vacheche vachikambaira, iyo neurotoxin yakafukidza pasi pamatanho akakwirisa kakapetwa kagumi muhurumende kuchengetedzeka mwero. Mukirasi yekuchengetera zvombo yeWisconsin umo vakadzi vane pamuviri uye vanaamai vane vacheche vakadzidza nezvekudya zvinovaka muviri, hupfu hune chepfu hwakafukidza desktop. ”
Zvinetso muNational Guard kupfura mashure zvinobuda nekuti zvombo zvakagara zvakapetwa senzvimbo dzenharaunda dzinounza vana vadiki, kusanganisira JROTC mamaki epurogiramu. Vanoongorora vakawana kutungamira mu424 armories mumakore mana apfuura, kana inenge 90 muzana yenzvimbo idzo mhinduro dziripo.
Zvombo makumi matatu nezvishanu muNew York zvinoonekwa pane dhatabhesi. Kusiyana neakawanda matunhu ayo akashumwa pamatanho ekushatiswa kwemutobvu mumatura avo, mazhinji enhumbi dzeNew York dzakashuma kuti nzvimbo yavo yaive nematanho ekupfura asi kuti kusunganidzwa kwemutobvu pamusoro nepadenga kwaisazivikanwa. Ona iyo NY data pano.
