NaDavid Swanson
Mashoko ari pamusangano weDemocracy muna Minneapolis muna Aug. 5, 2017
Mangwanani ano takaendesa mapurisa kuKellogg Boulevard kuSt. Paul. Takaonana vashomanana chaizvo avo vaiziva kuti sei inonzi iyo. Frank Kellogg akanga ari gamba mupfungwa yokuti munhu ane ruzha ndiye gamba. Akanga ari Munyori weHurumende akanga asina chinhu kunze kwekuzvidzwa kwekuita zvekuita rugare, kusvikira kurwisana kwevekuita kuchiva kwakasimba kwazvo, kwakanyanya, uye kusingagoneki. Ipapo Kellogg akachinja maonero ake, akabatsira kugadzira Kellogg-Briand Pact, uye saScott Shapiro akanyora mubhuku rake rakanaka rinouya, akagadzira hurongwa hwakaipa uye husina kutendeka kuti awane Nobel Peace Prize, pane kubvumira mubayiro iwoyo kuenda kuna Salmon Levinson, mutori wenyika uyo akanga atanga uye akatungamirira sangano kuti risakanganiswa hondo.
Iyo Chibvumirano ichiri pamabhuku, uchiri iwo mutemo wepamusoro wenyika. Inorambidza zvakajeka uye zvakajeka hondo dzese kunze kwekunge iwe wasarudza kuzvidudzira, sezvakaita vamwe vevaSeneta vakazvibvumidza, sekubvumira chinyararire pasina kutsanangura "hondo inodzivirira," kana kunze kwekunge iwe uchiti yakaparadzwa nekusikwa kweUnited Nations. Charter iyo yakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo "hondo inodzivirira" uye hondo yakapihwa mvumo neUnited Nations (zvinopesana nezvinoitwa nevanhu vazhinji Chibvumirano cheUN), kana kunze kwekunge iwe ukati (uye izvi zvakajairika kupfuura zvaungafunge) kuti nekuti hondo iripo mutemo kurambidza hondo saka hakushandi (edza kuudza mupurisa kuti nekuti wanga uchimhanyisa mutemo wekumhanyisa kumhanya wapidigurwa)
Kune zviriko muhondo dzakawanda dziri kuenderera, dzisina kupihwa mvumo neUN, uye - nedudziro - riine bato rimwe risiri kurwira "kuzvidzivirira." Kubhomba kweUS munyika sere mumakore masere apfuura zvese zvave zvisiri pamutemo pasi peUN Charter. Kutanga-kurova mabhomba enyika dzine urombo nepakati penyika kupokana kwerondedzero yemumwe munhu ye "kuzvidzivirira." Uye pfungwa yekuti UN yakabvumidza kurwisa Afghanistan kana imwe nyika isiri iyo Iraq, iyo vanhu vazhinji vanoziva kuti yakaramba kupa mvumo, ingori ngano dzemumaguta. Mvumo paLibya yaive yekudzivirira kuuraya kusati kwambotyisidzirwa, kwete kupidigura hurumende. Kushandiswa kwayo kwekupedzisira kwakaguma nekuramba kweUN kuSyria. Pfungwa yekuti Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen, kana Philippines dzinogona kubvumidza mauto ekune dzimwe nyika kuti arwe nevanhu vawo anogona kukakavadzana, asi hapana pese panotsanangurwa muRunyararo Chibvumirano kana muUN Charter. Izvo zvinonzi "basa rekuchengetedza" ingori pfungwa, chero kana iwe uchibvumirana neni kuti ipfungwa yekunyepedzera uye yeumambo; hazvifaniri kuwanikwa mumutemo upi noupi. Nekudaro, kana isu tichingoda kunongedzera kumutemo unotyorwa nehondo dzazvino, wadii kunongedzera kune uyo vanhu vakambonzwa nezvazvo, UN Charter? Sei uchiita guruva kubva pamutemo unogara pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pekutanga-ivo-vanokuregeredza iwe uye ivo-ivo-vanoseka-iwe-iwe matanho ekufambira mberi?
Chokutanga uye chakakosha, ndakanyora bhuku rangu Apo Hondo Yenyika Yakabuda kujekesa huchenjeri, hunyanzvi, zano, uye kutsunga kwesangano rakagadzira iyo Kellogg-Briand Pact. Chikamu chehuchenjeri ihwohwo chiri muchinzvimbo chakataurwa naLevinson nevamwe vapari vemutemo kuti HONDO dzese, kwete "hondo ine hukasha", inoda kurambidzwa, kushurikidzwa, uye kuitwa isingafungidzike. Vapanduki ava vaigara vachishandisa fananidzo yekucheka, vachinongedzera kuti havangorambidzwe nehasha chete, asi sangano rese rakabviswa, kusanganisira "yekuzvidzivirira." Izvi ndizvo zvavaida kuti zviitwe kuhondo. Ivo vaida hondo uye gadziriro yehondo, kusanganisira kutakura zvombo, kupera, uye kutsiviwa nekutonga kwemutemo, kudzivirira gakava, kugadzirisa gakava, hunhu, hupfumi, uye kurangwa kweumwe neumwe nekusarudzika. Pfungwa yekuti ivo kazhinji vaitenda kuti chibvumirano ichi chaizoitika, pachayo, yaipedza hondo yese ndeyechokwadi sekutenda kwaColumbus muvhu rakapetana.
Sangano revapanduki raive mubatanidzwa wakakura zvisingaite, asi iyo yakaramba kukanganisa kurambidzwa kweZVESE zvehondo (zvingangoita kuti vazhinji vevatsigiri vakaona sei mutauro wakajeka wechibvumirano, asiwo zvingangoonekwa neruzhinji it). Nharo dzevapanduki dzaiwanzo kuve nehunhu nenzira isina kujairika munyika yanhasi ine hutsinye uye inoshambadza-nyika umo varatidziri vakagadzirirwa kukwidza zvido zveudyire chete.
Chero chipi zvacho chaunoita kuburikidza neuchenjeri kana kuti kuvepo kwekudzivirira hondo inodzivirira mukati mema 1920s, isu hatigone nhasi kupona. Kudzivirirwa kana kungofanana nehondo yekufunga inobvumira mari inoshandiswa neuto inouraya kutanga nekutanga kuburikidza nekuderedza zvigadziro kubva kuvanhu uye zvekudzvara kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvikamu zvishomanana zvemari yekushandisa mari zvinogona kupedza nzara, mvura isina kuchena, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, nekushandiswa kwemafuta. Imwe nyanzvi yehondo inofanirwa kunge yakafanira kunge yakangofanana nekupfuura makumi emakumi emakore ekudengenyeka uku kuparadza kwemari pamwe chete nehondo dzose dzisingaruramisiri dzave dzichigadzira, pamwe chete nehuwandu huri kuwedzerwa ye nyukliya apocalypse inoumbwa nesangano rehondo , kwete kutaura nezvekuvhiringidzika kwechikoro kunzvimbo yezvisikwa, kodzero dzevanhu, mapurisa emisha, hurumende yakamirira, nezvimwewo.
Chimwe chikonzero chekuyeuka Kellogg-Briand ndechokunzwisisa kukosha kwezvakaitika kare. Pamberi peChipamende, hondo yakanzwisiswa semutemo uye yakagamuchirwa. Kubva pakasikwa kweChipamende, hondo inowanzoonekwa isiri mhirizhonga uye isina maturo kunze kwekugadziriswa neUnited States. Icho chikamu chikamu chekuti sei kuverenga kunoreva kuti hondo yakaderera zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore apfuura inoita sokuti ini ndakakanganisa. Zvimwe zvikamu zvekuti nei izvo zvinosanganisira izvo zvinoita sezvakaipa zvakashata zvinowanikwa uye zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kushandiswa kwezviverengero.
Kunyangwe iwe uchifunga kuti hondo iri - semamwe marudzi emhirizhonga zviri pachena - ari kudzikira, tinofanirwa kuziva rimwe dambudziko nekuona maturusi ekugadzirisa nyaya yacho. Ndiri kutaura nezve hurumende yeUS kupindwa muropa nehondo. Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, mauto eUS akauraya vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni makumi maviri, akakunda hurumende dzinosvika makumi matatu neshanu, akapindira musarudzo dzinosvika makumi masere nemasere, akaedza kuuraya vatungamiriri vekunze vanosvika makumi mashanu, uye akakanda mabhomba kuvanhu munyika dzinopfuura makumi matatu. Uku kuwedzera kwekuuraya kwematsotsi kwakanyorwa kuDavidSwanson.org/WarList. Mumakomisheni eRepublican egore rapfuura mutungamiriri wekupokana akabvunza mumiriri kana achizoda kuuraya mazana nezviuru zvevana vasina mhosva. Vokupedzisira vasina kusimba midhiya manzwi vakatsamwiswa neWhite House chiziviso chekuti kubva zvino yaizorwira kudivi rimwe chete rehondo muSyria, hondo yakanzi nemukuru weUS "mashandiro akasarudzika" svondo rapfuura zvaive zviri pachena kuti US ive .
Kana vanhu vachida kunyoresa zviri pamutemo kushungurudzwa kana kusungwa zvisiri pamutemo kana kodzero dzevanhu kumakambani vanokwidza marginalia mukutongwa kwedare, kupidigura mavhoti, nemhando dzese dzezvinhu zvisina maturo zvisiri pamutemo. Wadii kusimudzira mutemo uri kudivi rerunyararo? Veterans Verunyararo muno muTwin Cities vakatungamira nzira pachirongwa ichi, kuwana rutsigiro rwechibvumirano muCongressal Record uye Frank Kellogg Day rakaziviswa neCity Council mu2013.
Heano imwe pfungwa: wadii kutora asiri-bato nyika kutenderera pasirese kusaina paKPP? Kana kuita kuti mapato aripo ataurezve kuzvipira kwavo uye vade kuteedzerwa?
Kana kuti sei usingaiti hurumende yepasi rose inotsiva kana kuchinja hurumende yeUnited Nations uye International Criminal Court uye World Court nevechokwadi pasi rose, masangano ehurumende anokwanisa kukwanisa kutevedzera mutemo wemitemo nemarudzi ose anowanzogara munyika uye United States naizvo? Isu tine nzira yekusika muviri wepasi rose unomiririra vanhu vemo munzvimbo yakaenzana nehuwandu hwevanhu. Isu hatirevi kuunganidzwa kwemarudzi senzira yekukunda nyika.
Robert Jackson, Muchuchisi Mukuru weU.S. pakutongwa kwevaNazi kuhondo pamwe nemhosva dzakabatana dzakaitirwa muNuremberg, Germany, zvichitevera Hondo Yenyika II, akagadzika hwaro hwenyika, achimutsigira nemhosva zvikuru paKellogg-Briand Pact. "Kukanganisa kwatinotsvaga kupa mhosva nekuranga," akadaro, "zvakaverengerwa, zvakashata, uye zvinoparadza, zvekuti budiriro haigoni kutsungirira kusaregererwa kwavo, nekuti haigone kurarama ichidzokororwa." Jackson akatsanangura kuti uku kwaive kusiri kururamisira kwevakundi, achiburitsa pachena kuti United States pachayo yaizozviisa pasi pemiedzo yakafanana kana ikazomanikidzwa kuita izvi zvichitevera kuzvipira kusingaite. "Kana zvimwe zviito zvekutyora zvibvumirano imhosva, imhosva kunyangwe United States ichizviita kana kuti Germany ichiita," akadaro, "uye isu hatina kugadzirira kupa mutemo wekupara mhosva kune vamwe zvatisingazodi. bvuma kutikumbirira. ”
Sevadzvanyiriri nevabatsiri vavo kubvira kare pavakatsvaga kuita Hondo-yekupedza-yese-yehondo manyepo, tinofanira kuedza kuita zvakafanana nezvaJackson.
Kana Ken Burns atanga zvinyorwa pahondo yeAmerica kuVietnam nekuidaidza kuti hondo yatanga nekutendeka kwakanaka tinofanirwa kuziva nhema uye zvisingaite. Hatifungidzire kubata chibharo kwakatangira mukutendeka, hutapwa hwakatanga mukutendeka, kushungurudzwa kwevana kwakatangwa mukutendeka. Kana mumwe munhu akakuudza kuti hondo yakatanga mukutenda kwakanaka, ita yakanaka yekutenda kuyedza kuparadza terevhizheni yako.
