Canada Uye Arms Kutengesa: Kuwedzera Hondo MuYemen Uye Beyond

NaJosh Lalonde, Gumiguru 31, 2020

From The Leveler

AMushumo weUN Human Rights Council nguva pfupi yadarika inonzi Canada seimwe yemapato anopisa hondo iri kuenderera mberi muYemen kuburikidza nekutengesa zvombo kuSaudi Arabia, imwe yevarwi vehondo.

Chirevo ichi chakatariswa munhau dzeCanada senge Globe uye Mail uye CBC. Asi nenhau dzakabatikana nedenda reCOVID-19 uye nesarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica - uye vashoma maCanada vane hukama neYemen - nyaya dzakakurumidza kunyangarika mugomba rakadzika renhau, zvichisiya pasinga nzwisisike mutemo weCanada.

Vazhinji veCanada vangangodaro vasingazive kuti Canada ndiyo yechipiri-huru yekutengesa maoko kuMiddle East dunhu, mushure meUnited States.

Kuti uzadze iyi nhepfenyuro, The Leveler akataura nevamiriri nevatsvagiri vanoshanda kuCanada-Saudi Arabia kutengeserana kwemaoko nekubatana kwayo kuhondo muYemen, pamwe nekutengesa zvombo kweCanada kuMiddle East. Chinyorwa ichi chichaongorora mamiriro ehondo uye ruzivo rwekutengesa zvombo kuCanada, nepo ramangwana rekutarisa richatarisa masangano muCanada ari kushanda kupedza kutengeswa kwemaoko.

Hondo muYemen

Kufanana nehondo dzevagari vemo, hondo muYemen yakanyanya kuomarara, inosanganisira mapato mazhinji ane mibato inoshanduka. Izvo zvinowedzera kuomeswa nehukuru hwayo hwenyika dzese uye kupindirana kwayo kunotevera mune yakakomberedzwa netiweki yezvematongerwo enyika mauto. "Kushatirwa" kwehondo uye kushomeka kwenyaya yakapfava, yakajeka yekudyiwa kwakakurumbira kwakatungamira mukuva hondo yakanganwika, inoitwa mukusaziva kure kure nemaziso enhau dzenyika - kunyangwe iri imwe yenyika dzinouraya zvakanyanya kuenderera hondo.

Kunyangwe paine kurwa pakati pemapoka akasiyana muYemen kubvira 2004, iyo hondo iripo yakatanga nekuratidzira kweArab Spring kwe2011. Kuratidzira uku kwakatungamira mukusiya basa kweMutungamiri Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo akatungamira nyika kubva pakubatana kweNorth neSouth Yemen. muna 1990. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weSareh, Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, akamhanya asingakwikwidzwe musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika ya2012 - uye hwakawanda hutongi hwenyika hwakaramba husina kuchinja. Izvi hazvina kugutsa mapoka mazhinji anopikisa, kusanganisira Ansar Allah, anowanzozivikanwa sesangano reHouthi.

VaHouthis vanga vachiita mushandirapamwe wekupandukira hurumende ye Yemeni kubvira 2004. Vakapokana nehuwori mukati mehurumende, vakaona kusaremekedzwa kwekuchamhembe kwenyika, pamwe nerevo yeUS-yenyika yezvematongerwo enyika.

Muna 2014, maHouthis akatora guta guru Sana'a, izvo zvakaita kuti Hadi arege basa uye atize nyika, nepo vaHouthis vakaumba Dare Repamusoro Rezvekutonga kuti ritonge nyika. Pakukumbira kweMutungamiriri akadzingwa Hadi, mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neSaudi wakatanga kupindira kwemauto muna Kurume 2015 kudzoreredza Hadi kumasimba uye kutora kutonga kweguta guru. (Pamusoro peSaudi Arabia, mubatanidzwa uyu unosanganisira dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzechiArab dzakadai seUnited Emirates, Jordan neEjipitori,)

Saudi Arabia nevabatsiri vayo vanoona kufamba kweHouthi semumiriri weIran nekuda kwekutenda kweShi'a kwevatungamiriri veHouthi. Saudi Arabia yakaona mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika echiShia nekufungira kubvira kubvira 1979 Islamic Revolution muIran payakaparadza nyika yakatsigirwa neUS. Kune zvakare kwakakosha vashoma veShi'a muSaudi Arabia yakamisikidzwa muEastern Province paPersian Gulf, iyo yakaona kumukira kwakadzvinyirirwa zvine utsinye nemauto ekuchengetedza eSaudi.

Nekudaro, maHouthis ndewebazi raMazhinji reShi'ism, iro risingabatanidzwe zvakanyanya neTwelver Shi'ism yenyika yeIran. Iran yakaratidza kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika nesangano reHouthi, asi ichiramba kuti yakapa rubatsiro rwemauto

Kupindira kwemauto anotungamirwa neSaudi muYemen kwakashandisa mushandirapamwe wakakura wekurova kwemhepo, izvo zvinowanzo rova ​​zvinangwa zveveruzhinji, kusanganisira zvipatara, weddings, mariro, uye zvikoro. Mune chimwe chiitiko chinotyisa, a bhazi rechikoro kutakura vana parwendo rwekumunda kwakabhombwa, kuuraya vangangoita makumi mana.

Mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neSaudi wakashandisa zvakare kuvharirwa kweYemen, kuitira, inodaro, kudzivirira maoko kubva kuunzwa munyika. Kuvharirwa uku panguva imwechete kwakatadzisa chikafu, mafuta, mishonga, nezvimwe zvakakosha kupinda munyika, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwekushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri uye kuputika kwekorera nedengue fever.

Munguva yese yekurwa, nyika dzekuMadokero, kunyanya US neUK, vakapa huchenjeri uye rutsigiro rwezvigadzirwa kumubatanidzwa - ndege dzinowedzera mafuta, semuenzaniso, kutengesa zvekushandisa muchiuto kunhengo dzemubatanidzwa. Iwo mabhomba anoshandiswa mune ine mukurumbira bhazi rechikoro airstrike aive yakaitwa muUS. ndokutengesa kuSaudi Arabia muna 2015 pasi pehutongi hwaObama.

Nhau dzeUN dzakanyora mapato ese mukukonana achiita kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakawanda - sekutapa, kuuraya, kushungurudza, uye kushandiswa kwemauto evana - zvichitungamira sangano kurondedzera kukakavara se Dambudziko rakashata revanhu.

Kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu ehondo achiita kuti zvikone kupa huwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa, vaongorori vanofungidzira mu2019 kuti vangangoita zviuru zana vanhu - kusanganisira zviuru gumi nezviviri - vakaurayiwa kubvira kutanga kwehondo. Iyi nhamba haina kusanganisira kufa nekuda kwenzara uye chirwere zvinokonzerwa nehondo uye blockade, izvo chimwe chidzidzo inofungidzirwa yaizosvika 131,000 panopera 2019.

Canadian Arms Kutengesa kuSaudi Arabia

Kunyangwe hazvo hurumende dzeCanada dzakashanda kwenguva refu kuti dzigadzirire Canada senyika ine runyararo, hurumende dzese dzeConservative neRiberal dzakafara kuwana pundutso kubva muhondo. Mu2019, zvombo zveCanada zvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika kune dzimwe nyika kunze kweUS zvakasvika pakureba kwakakwira kungangoita madhora mazana matatu nemazana masere emadhora, sekureva kwe Kunze kwenyika Kwezvinhu Zvemauto mushumo wegore iroro.

Mauto anotumirwa kunze kwenyika kuUS haana kuverengerwa mushumo, mukaha wakakura mukujeka kweCanada zvombo zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika. Pazvinhu zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakafukidzwa mushumo, 76% yaive kuSaudi Arabia yakananga, inokwana $ 2.7 bhiriyoni.

Zvimwe zvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika zvakatsigira zvisina kurongeka kurwiwa kweSaudi. Imwe $ 151.7 miriyoni yekutengesa kunze kwenyika iyo yakaenda kuBelgium ingangove mota dzehondo dzakatumirwa kuFrance, kwadzinoshandiswa dzidzisa mauto eSaudi.

Yakawanda yekutarisisa - uye makakatanwa - akakomberedza kutengeswa kwemaoko eCanada mumakore achangopfuura kwakanangana ne $ 13 bhiriyoni (US) chibvumirano yeGeneral Dynamics Land Systems Canada (GDLS-C) kupa zviuru zvemotokari dzakareruka (LAVs) kuenda kuSaudi Arabia. Iyo dhiri yaive yekutanga zvakaziviswa muna 2014 pasi pehurumende yaHurumende Stephen Harper. Zvanga zviri kutaurirana neCanada Commerce Corporation, Crown corporation inoona nezvekuronga kutengesa kubva kumakambani eCanada kuenda kuhurumende dzekunze. Zviga zvechibvumirano hazvina kumbobvira zvaziviswa zvizere, nekuti zvinosanganisira zvivande zvinorambidza kuburitswa kwavo.

Hurumende yaJustin Trudeau yakatanga kuramba chero mutoro wechibvumirano chinoitwa. Asi zvakazoburitswa pachena kuti mu2016 panguva iyoyo-Gurukota Rezvekunze Stéphane Dion akasaina mvumo yekupedzisira inodiwa yemvumo yekutengesa kunze kwenyika.

Dion akapa mvumo kunyangwe magwaro akapihwa kuti asaine yakacherekedza nhoroondo yekusavimbika kwekodzero dzevanhu muSaudi Arabia, kusanganisira "huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa, kudzvinyirirwa kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, kuranga kurova, kudzvanyirira rusununguko rwekutaura, kusungwa zvisina tsarukano, kushungurudzwa kwevasungwa, kushaikwa kwerusununguko rwechitendero, rusarura vakadzi uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwevashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. ”

Mushure mekunge mutori wenhau weSaudi Jamal Kashoggi aurayiwa zvakaipisisa nevashandi veSaudi venhume mumumiriri weSaudi muIstanbul munaGumiguru 2018, Global Affairs Canada yakamisa mvumo nyowani dzekuendesa kunze kwenyika kuSaudi Arabia. Asi izvi hazvina kusanganisira mvumo iripo yekuvhara chibvumirano cheLAV. Uye kumiswa kwakasimudzwa muna Kubvumbi 2020, zvichibvumira mvumo mitsva yekunyorera kuti igadziriswe, mushure mekunge Global Affairs Canada yakurukura nezvayo akadana "Kunatsiridzwa kugadzirisa pachibvumirano".

MunaGunyana 2019, iyo hurumende yemubatanidzwa akapiwa chikwereti chemamirioni mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu emadhora kuGDLS-C kuburikidza neExport Development Canada (EDC) “Akaundi yeCanada.” Zvinoenderana ne EDC webhusaiti, nhoroondo iyi inoshandiswa "kutsigira kutengeserana kunze kwenyika uko [EDC] isingakwanise kutsigira, asi izvo zvakatemwa negurukota reInternational Trade kuti rive rinofarira nyika yeCanada." Kunyange zvikonzero zvechikwereti zvisati zvapihwa pachena, zvakauya mushure mekunge Saudi Arabia yarasikirwa ne $ 1.5 bhiriyoni (US) muripo kuGeneral Dynamics.

Hurumende yeCanada yakadzivirira chibvumirano cheLAV nechikonzero chekuti hapana humbowo hwekuti maLAV akaitwa kuCanada ari kushandiswa kutyora kodzero dzevanhu. Asi a peji pane Akarasika Amour izvo zvinyorwa zvinorasikirwa nemotokari dzehondo muYemen inonyora akawanda emaSaudi anoshanda maRAV ari kuparadzwa muYemen kubvira 2015. MaRAV anogona kunge asina kukanganisa zvakafanana kune vanhu sevamiririri venhandare kana blockade, asi zviri pachena kuti chikamu chakakosha cheSaudi -kuedza kwehondo .

Anogadzira asingazivikanwe kuCanada anogadzira mota dzakashongedzwa, Terradyne, zvakare ane dhizaini isingazivikanwe yekutengesa mota dzayo dzeGurkha dzakashongedzwa kuSaudi Arabia. Mavhidhiyo anoratidza Terradyne Gurkha mota dziri kushandiswa mukati kudzvinyirira kumukira muDunhu reEast Saudi Arabia uye mu hondo muYemen vakatenderera pasocial media kwemakore akati wandei.

Global Affairs Canada yakamisa mvumo yekutumira kunze kwenyika yeTerradyne Gurkhas muna Chikunguru 2017 mukupindura mashandisiro avo muEastern Province. Asi yakadzorera iyo mvumo munaGunyana wegore iro, mushure mayo vakatsunga kuti paive pasina humbowo kuti mota dzakange dzashandiswa mukutyora kodzero dzevanhu.

The Leveler yakasvika kuna Anthony Fenton, mudzidzi wePD kuYunivhesiti yeYork achitsvaga kutengesa kweCanada zvombo kuPersian Gulf nyika kuti ataure nezvezviwanikwa izvi. Fenton akataura muTwitter mameseji akananga kuti gwaro reGlobal Affairs Canada rinoshandisa "manyepo / kusakwanisa kuita zvinodiwa" uye zvaingoreva "kutsamwisa / kushora kutsoropodza."

Sekureva kwaFenton, "Vakuru veCanada vakatora danho revaSaudi apo vakasimbirira kuti hapana kutyorwa [kwekodzero dzevanhu] kwakaitika uye vakati kwaive kuita kwepamutemo 'kurwisa hugandanga'. Agutsikana neizvi, Ottawa akatangazve kutumira kunze kwemotokari. ”

Imwe isingazivikanwe zvishoma zvombo zvekuCanada zvinotengeswa kuSaudi Arabia zvinosanganisira Winnipeg-based kambani PGW Defense Technology Inc., inogadzira pfuti dze sniper. Statistics Canada yeCanada International Merchandise Trade Dhatabhesi (CIMTD) mazita $ 6 mamirioni mukutumirwa kunze kwenyika kwe "Pfuti, mitambo, kuvhima kana kunanga-kupfura" kuSaudi Arabia kwe2019, uye pamusoro pe $ 17 mamirioni gore rakapfuura. (Iwo maCIMTD manhamba haaenzaniswe neaya eExports dzeMasoja Ezvinhu mushumo zvataurwa pamusoro, sezvavakagadzirwa vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana.)

Muna 2016, maHouthis muYemen akatumira mafoto nemavhidhiyo kuratidza izvo zvinoita kunge pfuti dzePGW dzavanoti dzakatora kubva kumiganhu yeSaudi varindi. Mu2019, maArab Vatauri veInvestigative Nhau (ARIJ) zvakanyorwa Pfuti dzePGW dzichishandiswa nema pro-Hadi Yemeni mauto, angangove anopiwa neSaudi Arabia. Sekureva kweAJJ, Global Affairs Canada haina kupindura payakapihwa humbowo hwekuti pfuti dzaive kushandiswa muYemen.

Makambani akati wandei emuchadenga anogara muQuebec, kusanganisira Pratt & Whitney Canada, Bombardier, uye Bell Helicopters Textron vane zvakare yakapihwa michina inokosha $ 920 miriyoni kunhengo dzemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neSaudi kubvira kupindira kwayo muYemen kwakatanga mu2015. Zvakawanda zvemidziyo, kusanganisira injini dzinoshandiswa munhandare dzehondo, hazvionekwe senge nhumbi dzechiuto pasi peCanada yekudzora kunze kwenyika. Saka hazvidi mvumo yekutumira kunze uye haina kuverengerwa muExports yekuMasoja Ezvinhu Zvemauto.

Mamwe maCanada Arms Kutengesa kuMiddle East

Dzimwe nyika mbiri dziri kuMiddle East dzakagamuchirawo kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvechiuto kubva kuCanada mu2019: Turkey pamadhora zana nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mana emamiriyoni emadhora uye United Arab Emirates (UAE) pamadhora zviuru makumi matatu nematanhatu. Nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzinobatanidzwa mumakakatanwa akati wandei kuMiddle East nekupfuura.

Turkey yave mumakore mashoma apfuura yakabatanidzwa muchiuto muchi Siriya, Iraq, Libya, uye Azabhaijani.

A ripoti nemuongorori Kelsey Gallagher rakaburitswa munaGunyana neboka rerunyararo reCanada Project Plowshares rakanyora kushandiswa kweCanada-made optical sensors inogadzirwa neL3Harris WESCAM paTurkey Bayraktar TB2 drones ane zvombo. Aya madrones akaiswa mune ese makakatanwa eTurkey achangopfuura.

Iwo madrones akazove muzinda wekupokana muCanada munaGunyana naGumiguru pavakaonekwa sevari kushandiswa mukuenderera mberi kurwa muNagorno-Karabakh. Mavhidhiyo emadhironi emadhora akaburitswa neAzerbaijani Ministry yeDziviriro anoratidza kuturikidzana kunoonekwa kunoenderana neiya inogadzirwa neWESCAM optics. Pamusoro pe, mifananidzo yedrone yakadonhedzwa yakaburitswa nemauto eArmenian anoratidza zvakajeka dzimba dzinooneka dzeWESCAM MX-15D sensor system uye nhamba ye serial inozvizivisa sechigadzirwa cheWESCAM, Gallagher akaudza The Leveler.

Hazvina kujeka kana madrones ari kuitwa nemaAzerbaijani kana mauto eTurkey, asi mune chero nyaya mashandisiro avo muNagorno-Karabakh angangotyora mvumo dzekunze dzeWESCAM optics. Gurukota rinoona nezvekunze François-Philippe Champagne vakamira mvumo yekutengesa kune dzimwe nyika ye optics muna Gumiguru uye yakatanga kuferefetwa kupomedzerwa.

Mamwe makambani eCanada akaendesa zvakare tekinoroji kuTurkey iyo inoshandiswa mune zvekushandisa muchiuto. Bombardier zvakaziviswa musi waGumiguru 23 kuti vaimisa kutengeswa kune dzimwe nyika ku "nyika dzisina mashandisirwo" enjini dzendege dzakagadzirwa neRotax yavo yeAustria, mushure mekuziva kuti injini dzaive dzichishandiswa muTurkey Bayraktar TB2 drones. Sekureva kwaGallagher, danho iri nekambani yekuCanada yekumisa zvigadzirwa zveimwe kambani nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo mukukonana idanho risati ramboitika.

Pratt & Whitney Canada inogadzirawo injini izvo zvinoshandiswa muTurkey Aerospace Maindasitiri Hürkuş ndege. Iyo Hürkuş dhizaini inosanganisira akasiyana anoshandiswa pakudzidzisa vatyairi vemhepo - pamwe chete neanokwanisa kushandiswa muhondo, kunyanya mune yekumisidzana nebasa. Mutori wenhau weTurkey Ragip Soylu, kunyorera Middle East Eye muna Kubvumbi 2020, yakashuma kuti mvumo yezvombo Canada yakatemerwa Turkey mushure mekurwiswa kweSyria muna Gumiguru 2019 yaizoshanda kune injini dzePratt & Whitney Canada. Nekudaro, sekureva kwaGallagher, idzi injini hadzifungidzirwe sekunze kwemauto neGlobal Affairs Canada, saka hazvisi pachena kuti nei dzaizofukidzwa nemvumo.

Kufanana neTurkey, iyo UAE yakave zvakare yakabatanidzwa kwemakore akati wandei mumakakatanwa akatenderedza Middle East, mune iyi kesi muYemen neLibya. Iyo UAE yaive kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika mumwe wevatungamiriri vemubatanidzwa anotsigira hurumende yeHadi muYemen, wechipiri chete kuSaudi Arabia pachiyero chemupiro wayo. Nekudaro, kubvira 2019 iyo UAE yakadhonzera pasi kuvepo kwayo muYemen. Ikozvino zvinoita kunge iri kunetsekana zvikuru nekuchengetedza tsoka dzayo kumaodzanyemba kwenyika pane kusundidzira maHouthis kubva muguta guru nekudzorera Hadi pasimba.

Canada yakasaina "chibvumirano chekudyidzana kwekudzivirira"NeUAE muna Zvita 2017, makore angangoita maviri mushure mekubatana kwemubatanidzwa muYemen kwatanga. Fenton anoti chibvumirano ichi chaive chikamu chekumanikidza kuti utengese maLAV kuUAE, ruzivo rwacho rwunoramba rwusina kujeka.

MuLibya, iyo UAE inotsigira iyo yekumabvazuva-yakavakirwa Libyan National Army (LNA) pasi pekurairwa naGeneral Khalifa Haftar mumakakatanwa ayo neHurumende-yekumadokero Hurumende yeNational Accord (GNA). Kuedza kweLNA kutora guta guru Tripoli kubva kuGNA, kwakatangwa muna 2018, kwakadzoserwa nerubatsiro rwekupindira kweTurkey mukutsigira GNA.

Zvese izvi zvinoreva kuti Canada yatengesa zvekushandisa zvechiuto kune vanotsigira mativi ese ehondo yeLibya. (Hazvisi pachena, zvakadaro, kana chero michina inogadzirwa neCanada yakashandiswa neUAE muLibya.)

Ipo kunyatso kugadzirwa kwemamiriyoni emadhora makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emidziyo yezvinhu zvemauto zvakatumirwa kubva kuCanada kuenda kuUAE izvo zvakanyorwa muExports yekuMasoja Ezvinhu zveMasoja hazvina kuitwa pachena, iyo UAE arayira dzinenge nhatu ndege dzekutarisa dzeGlobalEye dzakagadzirwa nekambani yeCanada Bombardier pamwechete nekambani yeSweden Saab. David Lametti, panguva iyoyo munyori weparamende kuna Gurukota reInnovation, sainzi, nekusimudzira hupfumi uyezve Gurukota Rezvemitemo, makorokoto Bombardier naSaab pachibvumirano.

Kunze kwekutungamira kunze kwenyika kutakura kubva kuCanada kuenda kuUAE, kambani yeCanada-yeStreit Group, inogadzira mota dzehondo, inotungamirwa muUAE. Izvi zvakazvibvumidza kudzora zvinodiwa neCanada zvekutumira kunze uye kutengesa mota dzayo kunyika dzakaita se Sudhani uye Ribhiya izvo zviri pasi pezvirango zveCanada zvinorambidza kuburitswa kwemidziyo yemauto ikoko. Mazana, kana asiri mazana eStreit Group mota, anonyanya kushanda neSaudi Arabia nemauto ayo akabatana eYemeni, anga avewo zvakanyorwa sekuparadzwa muYemen muna 2020 chete, nenhamba dzakafanana mumakore apfuura.

Hurumende yeCanada yakapokana kuti sezvo mota dzeStreit Group dziri kutengeswa kubva kuUAE kuenda kune nyika dzechitatu, haina masimba pamusoro pekutengesa. Zvisinei, pasi pemitemo yeArms Trade Treaty, iyo Canada yakagamuchirwa munaSeptember 2019, nyika dzine basa rekusimbisa mitemo pamusoro pekutengesa - ndiko kuti, kutengeserana kwakarongedzwa nenyika yavo pakati penyika yekune imwe neimwe. Zvichida kuti zvimwe zvekutengesa kunze kweStreit Group zvinowira pasi peiyi dudziro, uye nekudaro zviiswe pasi pemitemo yeCanada ine chekuita nekudyidzana.

Mufananidzo Mukuru

Dzese idzi maoko anobata pamwechete akaita Canada iyo wechipiri-mukuru mupi yezvombo kuMiddle East, mushure meUnited States, muna 2016. Kutengesa zvombo kweCanada kwakangokura kubva ipapo, sezvo vakaisa rekodhi nyowani mu2019.

Ndechipi chinokurudzira kutsvaga kweCanada kutengeswa kwemaoko? Iko kune zvirokwazvo kwechokwadi kushambadzira kurudziro: kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvemauto kuMiddle East kwakaunza pamusoro pe $ 2.9 bhiriyoni mu2019. Izvi zvakabatana zvakanyanya nechinhu chechipiri, icho icho hurumende yeCanada inonyanya kufarira kusimbisa, kureva, mabasa.

Apo chibvumirano cheGDLS-C LAV chakatanga zvakaziviswa muna 2014, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (sekudanwa kwaiitwa panguva iyoyo) yakati chibvumirano ichi "chichagadzira nekuchengetedza mabasa anopfuura zviuru zvitatu pagore muCanada." Izvo hazvina kutsanangura kuti yaive yaverenga sei nhamba iyi. Chero chero huwandu chaihwo hwemabasa hunogadzirwa nekutengesa zvombo kunze kwenyika, hurumende dzeConservative neRiberal dzave kusada kubvisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemabasa akabhadharwa zvakanaka muindasitiri yezvidziviriro nekudzivirira kutengeswa kwemaoko.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinokurudzira kutengeswa kwezvombo kweCanada chishuwo chekuchengetedza "yekudzivirira maindasitiri" epamba Global Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa kubva 2016 isai. Kuburitsa zvinhu zvemauto kune dzimwe nyika kunotendera makambani eCanada seGDLS-C kuchengetedza hukuru hwekugadzira kupfuura hwaigona kutsigirwa nekutengesa kuCanada Armed Forces chete. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvivakwa, zvishandiso, uye vashandi vakarovedzwa vanoita kugadzirwa kwemauto. Kana paine hondo kana imwe emergency, iyi yekugadzira kugona inogona kukurumidza kushandiswa kuCanada zvechiuto zvinodiwa.

Chekupedzisira, zvido zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinoitawo basa rakakosha kuona kuti nyika dzipi dzeCanada dzinotumira kunze zvigadzirwa zvemasoja. Saudi Arabia neUAE vagara vari shamwari dzepedyo dzeUS, uye mamiriro eCanada ezvematongerwo enyika kuMiddle East yakawanzoenderana neiyo yeUS zvakafanana Global Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa rumbidza Saudi Arabia semubatanidzwa mumubatanidzwa wepasi rose mukurwisana neIslamic State (ISIS) uye vanoreva kutyisidzirwa kunofungidzirwa kwe "irikumuka uye kuwedzera bellicose Iran" sechikonzero chekutengeswa kweLAV kuSaudi Arabia.

Iwo magwaro anorondedzerawo Saudi Arabia se "anokosha uye akatsiga mubatsiri mudunhu rakakanganiswa nekusadzikama, hugandanga nemakakatanwa," asi usatarise kusagadzikana kwakaitwa nekupindira kwemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neSaudi muYemen. Kusadzikama uku akabvumira mapoka akaita al-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula uye ISIS kumisikidza kutonga pamusoro pe swathes yenzvimbo muYemen.

Fenton anotsanangura kuti kufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakabatana nevekutengesa, sezvo "Canada inokwira kuGulf ichitsvaga zvibvumirano zvemauto [zvave] zvaida - kunyanya kubva kuDesert Dutu - kurimwa kwehukama hwemauto nemauto neumwe neumwe we [Gulf] mamongi. ”

Chokwadi, kufunga kunonyanya kuburitswa nezvakataurwa nemunyika yose nezveGlobal Affairs ndekwekuti Saudi Arabia "ine matura makuru epasi rose uye parizvino ndiyo nyika yechitatu mukugadzira mafuta."

Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, Turkey yaivewo mudiwa wepedyo weUS neCanada, senhengo yega yeNATO kuMiddle East. Nekudaro, mumakore mashoma apfuura Turkey yakatevera yakaramba yakazvimirira uye ine hukasha mutemo wekunze wakaunza kukakavadzana neUS nedzimwe nhengo dzeNATO. Uku kusarongeka kwemagariro enyika kunogona kutsanangura kuda kweCanada kumisa mvumo yekutumira kunze kwenyika kuTurkey ichivapa Saudi Arabia neAFA.

Kumiswa kwekupedzisira kwemvumo yekutumira kunze kwenyika kuTurkey zvakare kungave kwaive nechekuita nekumanikidza kwemumba kuhurumende. The Leveler parizvino irikushanda pane imwe nyaya ichatarisa mamwe mapoka ari kushanda achiwedzera kumanikidza uku, kuitira kuti apedze kutengeserana kwemaoko kuCanada.