Sezvo kuvakwa kunopera pamahelipadhi matsva matanhatu, kuratidzira kubvisa mauto kuri kusvika pakupisa kwefivha.
naLisa Torio, The Nation
mavhiki matatu apfuura, parwendo rwebhazi kuenda kuTakae, ruwa ruduku maawa maviri kuchamhembe kweguta guru reOkinawa reNaha, kopi yechinyorwa chepepanhau romunzvimbomo chakapfuudzwa. "Imwe Takae muAmerica," musoro wenyaya wakaverenga, pamusoro pemufananidzo weStanding Rock Sioux ichifora ichipokana neDakota Access Pipeline muNorth Dakota. Nechepamusoro pepeji, mumwe munhu akanga anyora kuti “mvura ndihwo upenyu” neingi tsvuku. Sezvataityaira nomujinga memhenderekedzo yegungwa, nyaya yacho yakafamba ichipoterera bhazi—shure kwangu, mumwe mukadzi akati kune mumwe, “Ihondo imwe cheteyo kwose kwose.”
Takanga takananga kuuto reUnited States's Northern Training Area, inozivikanwawo seCamp Gonsalves, inotambarara makiromita anopfuura 30 esango reOkinawa. Yakavambwa muna 1958 uye inoshandiswa kune "nzvimbo uye mamiriro ekunze-yakanangana nemamiriro ekunze kudzidza," mauto eUnited States anofarira kudana nzvimbo yekudzidzira kuti "zvikuru nyika yesango isina kugadzirwa.” Chavasingadi kubvuma ndechokuti sango racho rinogara vagari vomumisha vanenge 140, zviuru zvemarudzi emo nemadhamu anopa mvura yakawanda yokunwa pachitsuwa chacho. Kunyangwe maOkinawans vagara vachipokana nekuvapo kweUS paboka rezvitsuwa, chinangwa chavo pazuva iri chaive chekuratidzira kuvakwa kweimwe seti itsva. US mauto helipads musango reNorthern Training Area, ravanoona sedzvene.
Kubva 2007, Okinawans vanga vari kuungana muTakae kukanganisa kuvakwa kwemahelipadhi matanhatu eUS Marine Corps, anouya sechikamu chechibvumirano chenyika mbiri pakati peJapan neUnited States cha1996. Pasi pechibvumirano, mauto eUS "aizodzosa" 15 mativi mamaira enzvimbo yekudzidzira achichinjana nehelipad itsva - chirongwa cheOkinawans chinoti chichangosimbisa kuvepo kwemauto eUS pazvitsuwa uye zvichitungamira mukuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza.
Musi wa22 Zvita, pachava ne mhemberero yepamutemo kuratidza kudzoka kwenyika kubva kuNorthern Training Area kuenda kuJapan. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Shinzo Abe akavimbisa kupedzisa kuvaka kweakasara mana helipad kuratidza chiitiko ichi, uye anoita kunge akachengeta vimbiso yake: Pakutanga svondo rino, Okinawa's Defense Bureau nemauto eUS akazivisa kuti kuvaka kwapera. Asi vadziviriri vevhu nemvura vakapinda panzvimbo yekuvaka svondo rapfuura vakaratidza kukahadzika, vachiti kuvakwa kuri kure nekupedzwa, uye vanoronga kuenderera mberi nekuratidzira kwavo zvisinei. Kune vanhu veOkinawa uye vanobatana navo, kufamba kwavo kunenge kwakawanda kupfuura kumisa kuvakwa kwemahelipadhi matanhatu. Ndezvekubvisa mauto eUS kubva kunyika dzemadzitateguru avo.
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Kubva 1999 kusvika 2006, kuvakwa kwehelipad kusati kwatanga, vagari veTakae vakaendesa kaviri zvikumbiro kumasangano ehurumende kuti vaongorore chirongwa ichi, vachipa kutyisidzira kweiyo ndege yeOsprey inobhururuka pamusoro penharaunda dzavanogara. Yakagadzirwa neBoeing, ndege idzi "dzinosanganisa kuita kwakamira kweherikoputa nekumhanya uye kureba kwendege ine mapapiro," uye ine rekodhi yekupunzika. (Nguva pfupi yapfuura, imwe Osprey yakadonha kubva kumhenderekedzo yeOkinawa musi waDecember 13.) Asi hurumende yakafuratira zvikumbiro zvavo, uye, isina kumbotaura zvainetsa vanhuwo zvavo kana kuti kubvumira kunzwa kuruzhinji, kuvaka kwakatanga muna 2007. kudzivirira ivhu ravo, vagari vakatendeukira kuzviito zvisiri zvechisimba nguva pfupi yapfuura, vachinangana nevashandi pasi uye kuvharira marori ekurasira marara kupinda munzvimbo dzekuvaka. Muna 2014, mushure mekunge mahelipad maviri ekutanga apera, hurumende yakamisa kuvaka nekuda kwekuratidzira. Asi hurumende yakaenderera mberi nechirongwa ichi muna Chikunguru wegore rino, uye kuratidzira kwawedzera saizvozvo.
"Abe nemauto eUS vari pano kuzotema mimwe yemiti yedu uye kuisa muchetura mumvura yedu," Eiko Chinen, mumwe mukadzi akaberekerwa akandiudza kunze kwegedhi guru pandakashanyira kuratidzira. Anoti helipads, maviri ayo akatoshandiswa kuOsprey, achaisa matura akakomberedza Northern Training Area panjodzi.
Mauto eUS ane chinotyisa rekodhi yokusvibisa zvitsuwa; inonzi "junk murwi wePacific" nevaAmerica mushure meHondo Yenyika II, ivhu reOkinawa, mvura, uye vanhu vakaiswa muchetura nekurasa nemauto makemikari ane muchetura searsenic uye uranium yakapera. Kutanga kwegore rino, The Japan Times vakawana kuti mauto eUS akadzikama kuchengetedza mwero pane imwe base muOkinawa angangove ane mhosva kusvibiswa yemvura yemuno.
"Hapana achachengetedza vana vedu venguva yemberi nemvura yavo kunze kwedu," Eiko Chinen akadaro akatarisa mapurisa akati wandei achienda kwaivakwa. “Sango ndiro upenyu kwatiri, uye vakarishandura kuva nzvimbo yekudzidzira kuponda.
Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, Okinawa yakava pasi pehutongi hweUS serudzi rwemukombe wehondo. A 1954 TV yakatevedzana yakagadzirwa neUS Army yakatsanangurwa Okinawa se, "nhare inokosha yenyika yakasununguka," pasinei ne "kukura kwayo uye zvinhu zvisingafadzi." Yakaenderera mberi ichiti, "Vanhu vayo ... Mumakore ekuma1950, mauto eAmerica akatora nyika dzemadzitateguru kubva kuvarimi vekuzvarwa ne "bulldozers nema bayonets" kuvaka zvigaro zvemauto muzvitsuwa zvese, vachitumira maOkinawans asina minda kumisasa yevapoteri inotungamirwa nemauto eUS. Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, iyo Northern Training Area yakava a musha wokuseka kuvarwi vanodzidzira kurwisa magandanga. The 2013 vhidhiyo Targeted Village inorondedzera maitirwo akaitwa vamwe vagari vomumusha waTakae, kusanganisira vamwe vana, kuti vaite basa remasoja nevanhuwo zvavo vekuSouth Vietnam panguva yekudzidzira vachichinjana ne$1 pazuva. Muna 2014, aimbova Marine akabvuma Mauto eUS akapfapfaidza defoliant Agent Orange muTakae, anga ariwo akawanikwa pachitsuwa chose.
Pakanga pasati pasvika 1972, makore makumi maviri mushure mekunge mauto eUS Occupying abuda muJapan, apo zvitsuwa "zvakadzoserwa" kukutonga kweJapan. Zvakadaro Okinawa achiri kugamuchira 74 muzana yemauto eUS muJapan, kunyangwe ichingova 0.6 muzana yenzvimbo yayo. Kubva 2015, hurumende yeJapan yakasundira kuvakwa kweimwe US Marine Corps base mukati Henoko, nzvimbo ine coral-rich kuchamhembe kweOkinawa, zvisinei kuratidzira kukuru pamusoro pechirongwa chekutamisa vanhu chirikuenderera mberi nhasi.
"Abe haazosangane nevanhu veOkinawan, asi achaenda kunosangana naTrump ipapo," akadaro Satsuko Kishimoto, mukadzi wekuzvarwa anga achiuya kuzogara pasi kwemakore anopfuura matatu. “Murume iyeye haasati atombova wezvematongerwo enyika!” Zuva iro, Kishimoto akabata maikorofoni pa-sit-ins, achidana kuhurumende yeJapan kuti idzose mabhesi kunyika huru kana ichinyatsoda "kudzivisa." "Hatisi kuzosiira ramangwana reOkinawa kune boka rezvematongerwo enyika muTokyo," akadaro.
Mukurwisana kwenguva refu kudzivirira sango, musasa wakakura kuti usanganise allies kubva kunze kweOkinawa. Yakave inzvimbo yenharaunda, uko Okinawans nevabatsiri vavo vanomira pamwechete vachipesana kuwedzera hurumende yemauto. Munguva yeimwe sit-ins, boka revaratidziri kubva kuIncheon vachirwisa kuvepo kwemauto eUS muKorea vakashanyira musasa mukuratidzira kwekubatana. Pane rimwe zuva, vakapona panjodzi yenyukireya iri kuenderera mberi muFukushima vakagara nevadziviriri vevhu nemvura.
"Ndinofunga zvakanyanya, tiri kurasikirwa nenzvimbo dzekupikisa munyika ino," Masaaki Uyama, muratidziri akatama kubva kuChiba Prefecture zhizha rapfuura, akandiudza. "Mafungiro enharaunda muOkinawa akafanana nemamwe." Pakati pebasa rake renguva pfupi, Uyama anoita izvo zvaanodaidza kuti "basa rekumashure," achityaira zvivhariso zvevhu nemvura kubva kuNaha kuenda kuTakae nekuvandudza nhepfenyuro yemagariro kune avo vasingakwanisi kusvika kune vanogara-ins. "Tine kodzero yekuramba, kunyangwe moyo yedu ichitsemuka."
Munhu anochengetedza ane zvakawedzerwa Mauto eJapan nekudyidzana kwawo neUS, Shinzo Abe nehutungamiriri hwake vanoda kwazvo kuvanza kuramba uku. Kubva payatangazve kuvaka mahelipadhi mana asara muna Chikunguru, hurumende yeJapan yakatumira mapurisa anodzivirira mhirizhonga anodarika mazana mashanu kubva kumativi mana enyika kuzoparadza kuratidzira murunyararo. MunaNovember, mapurisa akarwisa Okinawa Peace Movement Center, sangano rinopesana nebhesi rave richishanda mukuratidzira muOkinawa yose, kuwana ruzivo kune avo vanobatanidzwa mukuratidzira; vakasunga sachigaro wavo Hiroji Yamashiro nevamwe vatatu vanoita zvekuratidzira nekututira zvivharo zvekongiri kudzivirira marori kuti asapinde muFutenma Air Station kumashure muna Ndira. Mauto eUS akaongororawo vachengetedzi vevhu veOkinawan pamwe nevatori venhau vachitaura nezvavo, sekureva. zvinyorwa yakawanikwa nemutori wenhau Jon Mitchell pasi pemutemo weFreedom of Information Act.
Pakugara, ndakatarisa mapurisa, mazhinji awo airatidzika seanopfuura makore makumi maviri, achikanda vakuru veOkinawan pasi, vachimonyorora maoko avo uye vachishevedzera munzeve dzavo. Muna October, mapurisa maviri aiva ukabatwa pacamera ichidaidza vadziviriri vepasi vemunyika "do-jin,” shoko rinozvidza rakaenzana nerokuti “utsinye” muchiRungu, uye mamwe mashoko okutuka edzinza muna Takae. Fusako Kuniyoshi, mudziviriri wepasi, akandiudza chiitiko ichi chinofukidza nzira iyo Japan neUnited States dzakaona Okinawa nevanhu vayo munhoroondo yese. “Vanofunga kuti vanogona kuuya kuno kuzotizvidza nekuti tiri veko,” akadaro. "United States inonyatsoziva Japan haizotimirire." Kusarura, Kuniyoshi anoti, kwagara kuchishandiswa sechishandiso chekutora Okinawa. "Unogona kunyatsoona nyika pano kubva kuTakae."
Hondo yakakura mupfungwa dzevanhu muOkinawa. Japan payakatanga kutora Umambo hweRyukyu muna 1879, hurumende yeMeiji yakagadza utsinye. assimilation policy pavaOkinawa—zvakafanana neizvo zvaiva muKorea, Taiwan, uye China mukutonga kwoUmambo hweJapan—izvo zvakaedza kubvisa tsika dzeko, kusanganisira mitauro yeRyukyuan. Japan payakapinda muHondo Yenyika II, zvitsuwa zvakakurumidza kuva nhandare yehondo—vagari vemo vanofungidzirwa kuva 150,000 XNUMX vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo muHondo yeOkinawa, yaionekwa seimwe yehondo dzakateura ropa rakawanda pakati peJapan neUnited States.
“Nanhasi ndichiri kuzvibvunza kuti sei ndakasiirwa ndiri mupenyu,” akadaro Kishimoto. Akandiudza kuti haakwanise kubvisa mifananidzo yehondo yaakaona achiri mudiki. “Ndichagara ndiine mutoro wokupukunyuka muhondo.” Chikamu chemutoro iwoyo chinoreva kupesana nekuenderera mberi kweOkinawa mukugadzira hondo yeUS. Munguva yekurwisa kweUS kuIraq neAfghanistan, semuenzaniso, zvigaro zvemauto muOkinawa zvakashandiswa senzvimbo dzekudzidzira uye kuchengetedza zvombo. "Ndave kuda kusvika makumi masere izvozvi, asi ndicharwa kuchengetedza nyika ino kuti isazoshandiswa kuhondo zvakare," Kishimoto akandiudza. "Ndiro basa rangu."
Kunyangwe kuvakwa kwehelipad kwapera kana kusapera, basa iroro richaenderera mberi. NeChipiri, vagari vanomwe vemuTakae, kusanganisira mukuru wewadhi, vakashanyira Okinawa Defense Bureau kunokumbira kuti Osprey abviswe. Svondo rapfuura, vamwe varatidziri ve900 vakaungana muHenoko kuti vakumbire kubviswa kwendege dzeUS Marine Corps uye kupokana nekuvakwa kwehelipads muTakae uye nheyo itsva muHenoko. Uye kuratidzira kunze kwegedhi guru muTakae hakuna zviratidzo zvekumira.
Makore makumi matanhatu apfuura, muna June 1956, vanopfuura 150,000 XNUMX vokuOkinawa vakaenda mumigwagwa vachida kuti nyika dzemadzitateguru avo dzidzoserwe, sangano rakazozivikanwa se“Kurwisana Kwechitsuwa Chose,” kana kuti “Shimagurumi Tousou.” Okinawans nevamwe vavo vakatakura kufamba navo kuenda kumberi kweTakae naHenoko. Pane rimwe remazuva andakapedza ndiri kuCamp Gonsalves, vadziviriri vevhu nemvura vanosvika makumi mashanu vakadzoka kubva musango mushure mekunge vavhiringidza vashandi vekuvaka pane imwe helipad. Vakanga vaita gadziriro yekugara pamberi pavo, vakabudirira kumisa basa rezuva iri. Mumwe wevadziviriri vepasi, aine maikorofoni muruoko rwake, akati kuboka revanhu, "Hondo inomhanya muDNA yaAbe." Chaunga chakapembera. "Kupikisa kunopinda kwedu!"
Chinyorwa chakatanga kuwanikwa paNyika: https://www.thenation.com/article/can-indigenous-okinawans-protect-their-land-and-water-from-the-us-military/
