Gunyana
September 1
September 2
September 3
September 4
September 5
September 6
September 7
September 8
September 9
September 10
September 11
September 12
September 13
September 14
September 15
September 16
September 17
September 18
September 19
September 20
September 21
September 22
September 23
September 24
September 25
September 26
September 27
September 28
September 29
September 30
September 1. Pazuva rino mu 1924 chirongwa cheDawes chakatanga kushanda, kuregererwa kwemari kweGermany kunogona kunge kwakadzivisa kuwedzera kweNazism kana ichatanga nokukurumidza uye yakaita huru kana yakawanda. Chibvumirano cheVersailles chakapedza Hondo Yenyika I chakange chatsvaga kuranga nyika yese yeGerman, kwete vaiti vehondo chete, zvichitungamira vacherechedzi vanofarira kufanotaura Hondo Yenyika II. Hondo yakazotevera yakapera nerubatsiro kuGerman kwete kurangwa nemari, asi Hondo Yenyika I yakateverwa nechikumbiro chekuti Germany ibhadhare nemhino. Pakazosvika 1923 Germany yakange yabhadhara chikwereti chayo chehondo, zvichitungamira mauto eFrance neBelgian kuti vagare muRuhr River Valley. Vagari vakapinda mukushora kusagadzikana kuita basa, vachinyatso kuvhara maindasitiri pasi. League of Nations yakakumbira American Charles Dawes kuti atungamire komiti yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Chirongwa chakakonzera chakaburitsa mauto muRuhr, akadzikisa chikwereti, uye akwereta Germany mari kumabhangi eUS. Dawes akapihwa 1925 Nobel Peace Prize uye akashanda seMutevedzeri Wemutungamiri weUS kubva muna 1925-1929. Iyo Yechidiki Chirongwa yakawedzera kudzikisa kubhadharwa kweGerman muna 1929, asi yaive yakanyanyisa kunonoka kudzora kukura kwehasha dzinovava uye nyota yekutsiva. Pakati peavo vaipokana neChidiki chirongwa paive naAdolf Hitler. Iyo Dawes inoronga, yezviri nani kana yakaipa, yakasunga hupfumi hweEurope kune iyo yeUnited States. Germany yakazobhadhara chikwereti chayo cheHondo Yenyika I mugore ra2010. Makumi ezviuru emauto eUS anoramba akamira zvachose kuGerman.
September 2. Pazuva iri mu1945, Hondo Yenyika II yakaguma neJapan kuzvipira kuTokyo Bay. Musi waChikunguru 13, Japan yakatumira teregiramu kuSoviet Union ichiratidza chishuwo chayo chekuzvipira. Musi waChikunguru 18, mushure mekusangana nemutungamiri weSoviet, Joseph Stalin, Mutungamiri weU.S. Harry Truman akanyora mudhayari rake raStalin achitaura nezveteregiramu, uye akawedzera kuti, "Tendai Japs achapeta Russia isati yapinda. Ndine chokwadi kuti vachadaro Manhattan paachaonekwa kumusha. ” Icho chaive chirevo kuManhattan Project iyo yakagadzira mabhomba enyukireya. Truman akaudzwa kwemwedzi yekuda kweJapan kuzvipira kana zvaigona kuchengeta mambo wayo. Chipangamazano waTruman, James Byrnes akamuudza kuti kudonhedza mabhomba enyukireya kuJapan kwaizobvumidza US "kupa masimba ekupedza hondo." Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal akanyora mudhayari rake kuti Byrnes "ainyanya kushushikana kuti apedze hukama hweJapan nevaRussia vasati vapinda." Truman akaraira kubhomba musi waAugust 6 na9, uye maRussia akarwisa muManchuria musi waNyamavhuvhu 9. MaSoviet akakunda maJapan, nepo US ichienderera mberi isiri bhomba renyukireya. Nyanzvi dzakadana United States Strategic Bombing Survey yakagumisa kuti panosvika Mbudzi kana Zvita, "Japan ingadai yakazvipira kunyangwe mabhomba eatomiki anga asina kudonhedzwa, kunyangwe dai Russia isina kupinda muhondo, uye kunyangwe dai pasina kurwisa kwakange kurongwa kana kufungidzirwa. ” General Dwight Eisenhower akange ataura maonero akafanana bhomba risati rasvika. Japan yakachengeta mambo wayo.
September 3. Pazuva rino mu1783, Peace of Paris yakagadzirwa seBritain yakabvuma kusununguka kweU.S. Kutonga kwemakoloni akazova United States akachinjwa kubva kune vapfumi vatsvene vemauto vakavimbika kuBritain kune vapfumi vechirume varume vakavimbika kuUnited States. Dzakakurumbira kupandukira nevarimi nevashandi nevaranda havana kutapudza mushure mekuvandudza. Kuwedzerwa kwekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu vakaramba vachienderera mberi, dzimwe nguva kubuda zvishoma, uye kazhinji kunotsvaga shure kwekufambira kwakafanana munyika dzakadai seCanada dzisina kumborwisa hondo neBritain. Runyararo rweParis raiva nhau dzakaipa kune vekuAmerica, sezvo Britain yakarambidza kuwedzera kwekuMadokero, iyo ikozvino yakazaruka nokukurumidza. Yaivawo nhau dzakaipa kune umwe neumwe muranda muhurudzi rutsva rweUnited States. Uuranda hwaizobviswa muHurumende yeBritain kare kare kupfuura muUnited States, uye munzvimbo dzakawanda dzisina imwe hondo. Kuda kwehondo uye kuwedzera kwaive, ikoizvo, kuchiri kurarama munyika yakangobva kuumbwa, iyo mu1812 Congressional hurukuro pamusoro pekuti vanhu veCanada vangagamuchira sei US kubhadhara sekusunungurwa kwakatungamirirwa kuHondo ye1812, iyo yakawana guta guru reWashington rakatsva . VaCanada, zvakazoitika, vakanga vasingafariri zvekugara kune vaCubans, kana vaPhilipinos, kana vaHawaiian, kana va Guatemalans, kana vaVietnam, kana vaIrais, kana vaAfghan kana vanhu vari munyika dzakawanda pamusoro makore akawanda apo masimba eUnited States akatora basa reBritain redcoats.
September 4. Pazuva rino mu1953 Garry Davis akagadza Hurumende Yenyika. Akange ave mugari weUS, nyeredzi ye Broadway, uye bhomba muHondo Yenyika II. Akazonyora kuti, “Kubvira pandakatanga kuenda kuBrandenburg, ndakanzwa hana kurova. Vangani varume, vakadzi nevana vandakanga ndauraya? ” Muna 1948 Garry Davis akaramba pasipoti yake yekuUS kuti ave mugari wepasi rose. Makore mashanu gare gare akagadzira Hurumende Yenyika iyo yakasaina vanosvika miriyoni vagari uye ikapa mapasipoti ayo aigaro zivikanwa nenyika. "World Passport idambe, Davis akadaro," asi ndizvo zvakaitawo mamwe mapasipoti. Hwavo idambe patiri uye chedu kuseka pachirongwa. ” Davis akadzika musasa pamberi peUnited Nations muParis, akakanganisa misangano, akatungamira misangano, uye akagadzira nhepfenyuro yakawanda. Akarambidzwa kupinda kuGerman kana kudzokera kuFrance, akadzika musasa pamuganhu. Davis akapokana neUN semubatanidzwa wemarudzi akagadzirirwa kushandisa hondo kupedza hondo - kupokana kusina tariro. Makore mazhinji akangoita sekusimbisa nyaya yake. Isu tinofanirwa kukunda marudzi kuti apedze hondo? Nyika zhinji hadziiti hondo. Vashoma vanozviita kazhinji. Tinogona here kugadzira hurumende yepasirese isina huwori hwepasi rose mukati mayo? Zvichida tinogona kutanga nekukurudzirana kufunga saDavis patinoshandisa mazwi anoti "isu." Kunyangwe varwiri verunyararo vanoshandisa "isu" kureva vanogadzira hondo kana vachiti "Takabhomba Somalia pachivande." Ko kana isu taizoshandisa "isu" kureva "hunhu" kana kupfuura vanhu?
September 5. Pazuva iri muna 1981, Greenham Peace Camp yakagadzwa nesangano reWales "Women for Life on Earth" kuGreenham Common, Berkshire, England. Vakadzi makumi matatu nevatanhatu avo vaifamba kubva kuCardiff kunopikisa kumisikidzwa kwema96 enyukireya akatumira tsamba kumukuru wemauto kuRAF Greenham Common Airbase uye ndokuzvisungirira pacheni. Vakasimbisa musasa wevakadzi werunyararo kunze kwechigadziko, icho chavaigara vachipinda vachipokana. Musasa uyu wakagara makore 19 kusvika gore ra2000, kunyangwe zvombo zvakakandwa ndokudzoserwa kuUnited States muna 1991-92. Iyo musasa haina kungobvisa zvombo chete, asi zvakare zvakakanganisa nzwisiso yepasirese yehondo yenyukireya uye zvombo. Muna Zvita wa1982, vakadzi makumi matatu vakabatana maoko vakatenderedza base. Musi waApril 30,000, 1, vamwe varatidziri 1983 vakaumba cheni yemakiromita makumi maviri nematanhatu kubva kumusasa kuenda kufekitori, uye muna Zvita 70,000 vamwe vakadzi zviuru makumi mashanu vakatenderedza hwaro, kucheka ruzhowa, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda vakasungwa. Anopfuura gumi nemaviri emisasa yakafanana akaenzanisirwa pamuenzaniso weGreenham Peace Camp, uye vamwe vazhinji kuburikidza nemakore vakatarisa kumashure kumuenzaniso uyu. Vatori venhau kubva pasirese pasirese kwemakore vakataura pamusoro pemusasa uye neshoko rawaikurudzira. Iwo makambi aigara asina magetsi, nhare, kana mvura yemupombi, asi zvakare pasina kutadza kuramba zvombo zvenyukireya. Nuclear convoys yakavharwa uye zvehondo yenyukireya zvakavhiringidzwa. Chibvumirano pakati peUS neUSSR chakabvisa zvombo zvacho chakatsigira vemisasa vachizviti "vanoziva kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvinogona kukuvadza vanhu vese."
September 6. Pazuva rino mu1860 Jane Addams akaberekwa. Aizogamuchira iyo 1931 Nobel Peace Prize semumwe wevashoma veavo vakunda mubayiro weNobel Peace Prize pamusoro pemakore avo vakasangana chaizvo nezvinodiwa zvakarongwa mukuda kwaAlfred Nobel. Addams akashanda muminda mizhinji mukusikwa kwenzanga inokwanisa kurarama pasina hondo. Muna 1898 Addams akabatana neAnti-Imperialist League kupokana nehondo yeUS kuPhilippines. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, akatungamira kuyedza kwenyika kuyedza kugadzirisa nekuipedza. Vakatungamira International Congress yeVakadzi muThe Hague muna 1915. Uye apo United States yakapinda muhondo akataura pachena achipokana nehondo pakatarisana nekupomedzerwa kwakashata kwekumukira hurumende. Aive wekutanga mutungamiri weWomen's International League for Peace and Freedom muna 1919 uye nesangano rayo rakatungamira muna 1915. Jane Addams aive chikamu chesangano muma1920s akaita hondo zvisiri pamutemo kuburikidza neKellogg-Briand Pact. Akabatsira kuwana ACLU ne NAACP, akabatsira kuhwina vakadzi suffrage, akabatsira kudzikisa kushandiswa kwevana, uye kugadzira basa remushandi wezvemagariro, iro raaiona senzira yekudzidza kubva kune vanobva kune dzimwe nyika nekuvaka democracy, kwete sekutora chikamu murudo. Akagadzira Hull House muChicago, akatanga kukireshi, vanhu vakuru vakadzidza, vakatsigira kuronga kwevashandi, uye akavhura yekutanga nhandare muChicago. Jane Addams akanyora mabhuku gumi nemaviri uye mazana ezvinyorwa. Akapokana Chibvumirano cheVersailles chakapedza Hondo Yenyika I uye akafanotaura kuti zvaizotungamira kuhondo yeGerman yekutsiva.
September 7. Pazuva rino mu1910, nyaya yeNewfoundland Fisheries yakagadziriswa nePermanent Court of Arbitration. Dare iroro, riri muHague, rakagadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenguva refu uye kunorwadza pakati peUnited States neGreat Britain. Muenzaniso wemarudzi maviri ehondo yakawanda uye ehondo aive pasi pekutonga kwehurumende yepasi pose uye kugadzirisa runyararo mhirizhonga yavo yakaonekwa semuenzaniso unokurudzira nyika, uye unoramba uripo kusvikira nhasi, pasinei nekuputika kwemakore mana gare gare kweNyika Hondo I. Mumavhiki mashomanana ekugadzirisa, dzimwe nyika dzakaisa mhosva dzekugombedzera kuDare Rinogara, kusanganisira kukakavadzana pakati peUnited States neVenezuela. Nzvimbo chaiyo yekugadzirisa nyaya yeNewfoundland Fisheries yakapa zvose United States neBritain zvimwe zvezvavaida. Iro yakabvumira Britain kuumba mitemo inonzwisisika yekubata hove mumvura yeNewfoundland, asi akapa simba rekuziva kuti chii chakanaka kune simba risina tsananguro. Dai United States neGreat Britain vanga kuenda kuhondo musipo kwekugadzirisa uku here? Zvichida kwete, kwete kwete pakarepo, uye kwete pamusoro pemubvunzo wokubata hove. Asi kana imwe nyika kana mbiri idzi dzaida hondo kune zvimwe zvikonzero, kodzero dzekubata dzinogona kunge dzakashanda sechikonzero. Pasina makore zana zvisati zvaitika, mu1812, dzimwe nharo dzakangofanana dzakashanda kururamisa kupindira kweUnited States muHondo ye1812. Kwemakore anopfuura zana gare gare, mu2015, kukakavadzana pamusoro pemvumo dzekutengeserana muEastern Europe kwaitungamirira kutaura nezvehondo kubva kuhurumende yeRussia neUnited States.
September 8. Pazuva rino mu1920, Mohandas Gandhi akatanga mutambo wake wokutanga usina kubatana. Akanga akatevera nzira yeIrish yekutonga kwemusha mu1880s iyo yaisanganisira kubhadhara mari. Akanga adzidza chiRussia chikwata che 1905. Akange atora kufemerwa kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye akaumba Passive Resistance Association muIndia mu1906 kudzivisa mitemo mitsva inosarura maIndia. Kudzokera munharaunda yake, British-occupied India mu1920, nhasi, Gandhi akagamuchirwa neIndia National Congress nokuda kwechirongwa chekusava nemafungiro asina kuvimbika nehurumende yeBritish. Izvi zvaireva kusunungura zvikoro nematare. Zvaireva kugadzira zvipfeko uye kugadzira chirahwe chekunze. Zvaireva kusunungurwa kubva kuhofisi, kuramba kuritsigira basa, uye kusateerera kwevanhu. Kuedza kwakatora kwemakore akawanda uye kwakatangira nezvikamu, naGandhi vachizvidza apo vanhu vakashandisa chisimba, uye nemari yeGandhi kwemakore vari mutirongo. Sangano racho rakaita nzira itsva dzekufunga uye kurarama. Yakabatanidzwa purogiramu inovaka yekusika kugutsikana. Yakabatanidzwa purogiramu yekunopesana yekudzivirira mabasa eBrithani. Yakabatanidzwa mukuedza kubatanidza vaMuslim nevaHindu. Kurwisana nemutero wemunyu wakatora mararamiro okuenda kune gungwa uye kusagamuchirwa kwekugadzira munyu, uyewo kuedza kupinda mumabasa emunyu akange aripo, izvo zvaisanganisira vaparidzi vakashinga vachienderera mberi kuti varohwe zvakasimba. NeHNUMX kushorwa kwevanhu kwakange kuri kwose kwose muIndia. Gereza rakava chiratidzo chekukudza pane kunyadziswa. Vanhu veIndia vakachinjwa. Mune 1930 India yakawana rusununguko, asi chete pamutengo wekuparadzanisa Hindu India kubva kuMuslim Pakistan.
September 9. Pazuva rino mu1828 Leo Tolstoy akaberekwa. Mabhuku ake anosanganisira Hondo uye Rugare uye Anna Karenina. Tolstoy akaona kupesana pakati pekuponda nekuponesa hondo. Akaronga kunetseka kwake maererano neChiKristu. Mubhuku rake Umambo hwaMwari Huri Mamuri, akanyora kuti: "Munhu wese munharaunda yedu yechiKristu anoziva, kungave netsika kana nekuzarurirwa kana nezwi rehana, kuti kuponda ndeimwe yemhosva dzinotyisa zvikuru dzinogona kuparwa nemunhu, seizvo Evhangeri inotiudza, uye kuti chivi chekuponda haigone kuganhurirwa kune vamwe vanhu, ndiko kuti, kuuraya hakugone kuve chitadzo chevamwe uye kwete chitadzo chevamwe. Wese munhu anoziva kuti kana kuuraya chiri chivi, chinogara chiri chivi, chero avo vakaurayiwa vakapondwa, sekutadza kwehupombwe, kuba, kana chero chimwewo chinhu. Panguva imwechete kubva pahudiki hwavo varume vanoona kuti humhondi hautenderwe chete, asi hunotenderwa nekuropafadzwa kweavo vajaira kutora sevatungamiriri vavo vezvemweya vakasarudzwa, uye voona vatungamiriri vavo venyika vane vimbiso yakadzikama vachironga kuponda, kudada kupfeka maoko ehumhondi, uye kukumbira vamwe muzita remitemo yenyika, uye kunyange naMwari, kuti vatore chikamu mukuuraya. Varume vanoona kuti pane kusagadzikana pano, asi vasingakwanise kuzviongorora, vasingafungiri kufunga kuti uku kusawirirana kunongova mugumisiro wekusaziva kwavo. Kukura uye kujeka kwekusawirirana kunovasimbisa mukutenda uku. ”
September 10. Pazuva rino mu1785 Mambo wePrussia Frederick the Great akapinda musangano wekutanga mushure mekuzvimirira neUnited States. Chibvumirano cheAmity neCommerce chakavimbisa runyararo asi zvakare chakataura kuti nyika mbiri idzi dzaizotaurirana sei kana mumwe kana vese vari muhondo, kana kunyangwe kana vachirwisana, kusanganisira kurapwa kwakanaka kwevasungwa nevanhuwo zvavo - zviyero zvinorambidza zvizhinji zvehondo ipi ine nhasi. "Uye vakadzi vese nevana," inoverenga, "vadzidzi vechikamu chega chega, varimi vepasi, vagadziri, vagadziri uye vabati vehove vasina zvombo uye vanogara mumataundi asina kugadzikana, misha kana nzvimbo, & mune vamwe vese mabasa avo ari ehupenyu husingaperi & kubatsirwa kwevanhu, vachabvumidzwa kuenderera mberi nebasa ravo, & vasingazonetswe muvanhu vavo, kana dzimba dzavo kana zvinhu zvavo zvinopiswa, kana kuparadzwa, kana minda yavo kutambiswa nemauto emuvengi, ane simba , nezviitiko zvehondo, zvinogona kuitika kudonha; asi kana paine chero chinhu chinodiwa kutorwa kubva kwavari kuti vashandise mauto akadaro, iwo achabhadharwa nemutengo unonzwisisika. ” Chibvumirano ichi chaivewo chekutanga chekutengeserana chemahara cheUS, kunyange hazvo mapeji chiuru akapfupika kuti afanane nechibvumirano chemazuva ano chekusununguka. Izvo hazvina kunyorwa ne kana nekuda kana nezve pamusoro pemakambani. Izvo zvaisanganisira chinhu chekudzivirira makambani makuru kurwisa madiki. Iyo haina kusimbisa matare emakambani ane masimba ekupidigura mitemo yenyika. Izvo zvaisanganisira hapana zvinorambidzwa kurambidzwa kwenyika pamabasa ebhizinesi.
September 11. Pazuva rino mu1900, Gandhi yatanga Satyagraha muGoli. Uyewo pazuva iri mu1973 United States yakatsigira kupikisa kwakaparadza hurumende yeChile. Uye musi uyu muA2001 magandanga akarwisa muUnited States achishandisa ndege dzakapambwa. Iri izuva rakanaka kupikisa mhirizhonga uye nyika uye kutsiva. Nezuva rino mu2015, makumi ezviuru zvevanhu muChile vakaratidzira pamakumi mana nemana ekuzvarwa kwechimurenga chakaisa mudzvanyiriri ane hukasha Augusto Pinochet musimba ndokupidigura mutungamiri akasarudzwa Salvador Allende. Ruzhinji rwakafora kuenda kumakuva ndokubhadhara mutero kune vakaurawa naPinochet. Lorena Pizarro, mutungamiri wesangano rekodzero dzehama, akati “Makore makumi mana zvichienda mberi, tichiri kuda chokwadi nekutonga. Hatizorore kusvikira taziva zvakaitika kune vadikanwi vedu vakasungwa uye vakashaika vasingazombodzoki. ” Pinochet akamhan'arirwa muSpain asi akafa muna 42 asina kuunzwa kutongwa. Mutungamiri weUS Richard Nixon, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, nevamwe vakabatanidzwa mukupidigura Allende havana kumbosangana nedare, kunyangwe Kissinger, saPinochet, akamhan'arirwa kuSpain. United States yakapa nhungamiro, zvombo, zvishandiso, uye mari yechisimba muna2006 coup, panguva iyo Allende akazviuraya. Demokarasi yeChile yakaparadzwa, uye Pinochet akaramba ari musimba kusvika 1973. Imwe pfungwa yezvakaitika munaGunyana 1988, 11, inopihwa nefirimu ra1973. Missing inotarisa Jack Lemmon naSissy Spacek. Inotaurira nyaya yemutori wenhau weUnited States Charles Horman uyo akanyangarika zuva iroro.
September 12. Pazuva rino mu1998, Cuban Five vakasungwa. Gerardo Hernández, Antonio Guerrero, Ramón Labañino, Fernando González, naRené González vaibva kuCuba uye vakasungwa kuMiami, Florida, vakapomerwa mhosva, vakaedzwa, uye vakatongerwa mhosva mudare reUnited States nekuda kwekuita hupombwe. Vakaramba kuve vasori vehurumende yeCuba, izvo zvaive chaizvo. Asi hapana anopokana kuti vaive muMiami nechinangwa chekupinda, kwete hurumende yeUS, asi mapoka eCuba eAmerican aive nechinangwa chekuita hutsori nekuuraya muCuba. Vashanu ava vaive vatumirwa kunhume iyi zvichitevera kupandukira kwemagandanga kuHavana kwakarongwa neaimbove mushandi weCIA Luis Posada Carriles, aigara panguva iyoyo uye kwemakore mazhinji kuuya kuMiami asina kusangana nemhosva ipi neipi. Hurumende yeCuba yakapa iwo mapeji eFBI 175 pamabasa aCarriles mumabhomba a1997 muHavana, asi FBI haina kuita zvinopesana neCarriles. Asi, yakashandisa iyo ruzivo kuburitsa yeCuba Shanu. Mushure mekusungwa kwavo vakaita mwedzi gumi neminomwe vari vega, uye magweta avo akarambidzwa kuwana humbowo hwemuchuchisi. Masangano ekodzero dzevanhu akabvunza kururamisa kwekutongwa kweCuba Chishanu, uye Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals yakashandura mitongo asi yakazovadzorera. Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakaramba kufunga nezvenyaya iyi, kunyangwe hazvo vashanu vakave chikonzero chepasi rose uye magamba enyika muCuba. Hurumende yeUS yakasunungura mumwe wevashanu muna17, mumwe muna2011, uye vamwe vatatu muna2013 sechikamu chekuvhura kutsva kwekudyidzana kune hukama hwakafanana neCuba.
September 13. Nezuva rino muna 2001, mazuva maviri ndege dzarova World Trade Center nePentagon, Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakazivisa tsamba kuCongress vachiti "Chekutanga chekutanga kupindura nekukurumidza uye zvechokwadi," nekukumbira madhora makumi maviri emadhora.. Phyllis naOrlando Rodriguezes 'mwanakomana waGreg vaive mumwe wevakaurayiwa muWorld Trade Center. Vakaburitsa chirevo ichi: "Mwanakomana wedu Greg ari mumwe wevakawanda vakashaika pakurwiswa kweWorld Trade Center. Kubva patakatanga kunzwa nhau, takagovana nguva dzeshungu, nyaradzo, tariro, kuora mwoyo, ndangariro dzinofadza nemukadzi wake, mhuri mbiri, shamwari dzedu nevavakidzani, vaaishanda navo vane rudo kuCantor Fitzgerald / ESpeed, uye nemhuri dzese dzinochema kusangana zuva nezuva kuPierre Hotel. Isu tinoona isu kukuvara uye kutsamwa kuchiratidzwa pakati pevanhu vese vatinosangana navo. Hatigone kutarisisa kuyerera kwezuva nezuva kwenhau nezve njodzi iyi. Asi isu takaverenga zvakakwana zvemashoko kuti tione kuti hurumende yedu iri munzira yekutsiva nechisimba, netarisiro yevanakomana, vanasikana, vabereki, shamwari kunzvimbo dziri kure, kufa, kutambura, nekuyamwisa zvimwe zvichemo kwatiri. Haisi iyo nzira yekufamba nayo. Hazvizotsiva kufa kwemwanakomana wedu. Kwete muzita remwanakomana wedu. Mwanakomana wedu akafa ari nyajambwa wedzidziso isina hunhu. Maitiro edu haafanire kushandira chinangwa chimwe chete. Ngatichemei. Ngatiratidzei uye tinamate. Ngatifungei nezve mhinduro ine hungwaru inounza rugare rwechokwadi neruramisiro kupasi redu. Asi ngatiregei serudzi tiwedzere kuutsinye hwenguva yedu. ”
September 14. Pazuva rino mu2013, United States yakabvuma kubvisa zvombo zvemakemikari zveSyria zvakabatana neRussia, pane kutanga zvombo muSyria. Kumanikidza veruzhinji kwaive kwakakosha mukudzivirira kurwiswa kwemasaini. Kunyangwe kurwisa uku kwakaunzwa senzira yekupedzisira, nekukurumidza padzakange dzakadzivirirwa mhando dzese dzedzimwe mikana dzakabvumwa pachena. Iri izuva rakanaka rekuramba zvirevo zvisina musoro zvekuti hondo hadzingambomiswa. Muna 2015, aimbova mutungamiri weFinland uye mubairo weNobel murunyararo Martti Ahtisaari akaburitsa pachena kuti mugore ra2012 Russia yakaronga gadziriro yekugadzirisa runyararo pakati pehurumende yeSyria nevanopikisana nayo ingadai yaisanganisira Mutungamiri Bashar al-Assad kusiya chigaro. Asi, sekureva kwaAhtisaari, United States yaive nechivimbo chekuti Assad ichakurumidza kupidigurwa zvine chisimba zvekuti yakaramba chikumbiro. Izvi zvaive pamberi pekunyepedzera kukurumidzira kumisikidza makomba mu2013. Apo Secretary of State weU.S. John Kerry akataura pachena kuti Syria inogona kudzivirira hondo nekupa zvombo zvemakemikari uye Russia yakadaidza bluff yake, vashandi vake vakatsanangura kuti anga asingadi. Nezuva rakatevera, zvakadaro, neCongress ichiramba hondo, Kerry aiti aireva zvaakataura zvakanyanyisa uye kutenda kuti maitiro aive nemukana wakanaka wekubudirira, sezvazvaive chaizvo. Zvinosuruvarisa, hapana kuyedza kutsva kwakaitwa kwerunyararo kunze kwekubviswa kwezvombo zvemakemikari, uye United States yakaramba ichipinda munzira yayo kuenda kuhondo nezvombo, misasa yekudzidzira, uye drones. Hapana chimwe cheizvozvo chinofanira kuvharidzira chokwadi chekuti runyararo rwaigoneka.
September 15. Pazuva rino mu2001, Congresswoman Barbara Lee akanganisa ivo voga kurwisa vatungamiri veUnited States kuti vapedze hondo dzaizoratidza dambudziko rakadaro kwemakore ari kuuya. Iye akati, muchidimbu, "ndinomuka nhasi nemoyo une shungu kwazvo, uyo uzere nekusuwa kwemhuri uye nevadikani vakaurayiwa nekukuvara vhiki rino. Vakapusa chete uye vasina tsitsi ndivo vasinganzwisise kushungurudzika kwakabata vanhu vedu nemamiriyoni pasirese. . . . Kutya kwedu kwakadzama zvino kwatitambudza. Asi, ndine chokwadi chekuti chiito chemauto hachizodzivise zvimwe zviitiko zvehugandanga hwepasi rese kurwisa United States. Iyi inyaya yakaoma kunzwisisa uye yakaoma. Zvino sarudzo iyi ichapfuura, kunyangwe isu tese tichiziva kuti Mutungamiriri anogona kurwa hondo kunyangwe asina. Zvisinei hazvo vhoti iyi ingave yakaoma, vamwe vedu tinofanirwa kukurudzira kushandiswa kwekuzvidzora. Nyika yedu iri mukuchema. Vamwe vedu vanofanirwa kuti, ngatidzokere shure kwechinguva. Ngatimbomirai, kweminiti tofunga pamusoro pezviitiko zvezviito zvedu nhasi, kuitira kuti izvi zvirege kubuda mukutonga. Iye zvino ndanetseka pamusoro pevhoti iyi. Asi ini ndauya kuzobata nazvo nhasi, uye ndazosvika pakupokana nechisarudzo ichi panguva inorwadza, asi yakanaka kwazvo chirangaridzo. Semunhu wevafundisi akataura zvine mutsindo, "Sezvatinoita, ngatiregei kuita zvakaipa zvatinozvidza."
September 16. Kutanga nezuva rino mu1982 musimba wechiKristu reLebanese unonzi Phalangists, wakarongedzwa uye wakatsigirwa neuto reIsrael, akauraya vamwe 2,000 kune vasungwa vasina kupwanyiwa vePalestina muPalra uye pedyo neShitati yevapoteri muBeirut, Lebanon. Mauto eIsrael akakomberedza nzvimbo iyi, akatumirwa mumauto ePalangist, akataura navo newalkie-talkie uye akatarisa kuuraya kwevanhu vazhinji. Komisheni yeIsrael yekubvunzurudza yakazoona vanonzi Gurukota rezveDziviriro Ariel Sharon kuti vazvionere vega. Akamanikidzwa kusiya chigaro, asi haana kutongerwa mhosva ipi neipi. Muchokwadi, akamutsidzira basa rake ndokuva mutungamiriri. Mhosva yekutanga yaSharon yakauya paakange ari mudiki mudiki muna 1953 uye akaparadza dzimba zhinji mumusha weJordanian weQibya, maaive nemhosva yekupondwa kwevanhu makumi manomwe nevatanhatu. Akadaidza nhoroondo yake Hondo. Paakafa mu2014 aive akawandisa uye asinganzwisisiki mune zvemitambo semunhu werugare. Ellen Siegel, mukoti wechiJuda wechiAmerican, akarondedzera kuuraya uku, maakaona girobhu raigara kuIsrael richichera guva reruzhinji: "Vakatirongera kumadziro aive akazara nemabara, uye vaive vakagadzirira pfuti. Uye isu takanyatsofunga kuti ichi - ndinoreva, chaive chikwata chevapfuri. Pakarepo, musoja weIsrael anouya achimhanya achidzika nemugwagwa uye achiumisa. Ini ndinofungidzira zano rekupfura pasi vekunze vashandi vehutano chimwe chinhu chaisanyanya kufadza kuvaIsrael. Asi chokwadi chekuti vaigona kuona izvi vochimisa zvinoratidza kuti paive - paive nekutaurirana. "
September 17. Iri ndiro Zuva reMitemo. Pazuva rino muChNUMX mutemo weUnited States wakagamuchirwa uye wakanga usati wavhiringidzwa. Izvo zvaizouya. Masimba mazhinji akapihwa kuCongress, kusanganisira simba rekuita hondo, ave kugara achitorwa nevatungamiriri. Munyori mukuru weConstitution James Madison akataura kuti "hapana chikamu chebumbiro chiri huchenjeri hunowanikwa, kupfuura muchikamu chinoisa nyaya yehondo kana rugare kuparamende, kwete kubazi repamusoro. Kunze kwekupokana nemusanganiswa wakadaro kune masimba akasarudzika, kuvimba uye muyedzo zvingave zvakakurisa kune chero murume mumwe chete; kwete senge hunhu hunogona kupa sechirevo chemazana emakore mazhinji, asi sezvingatarisirwe mukuteedzana kwakaenzana kwehutongi. Hondo iri muchokwadi mukoti wevakuru kukura. Muhondo, simba remuviri rinofanira kugadzirwa; uye ndiko kuda kwekutonga, kunova kuutungamira. Muhondo, hupfumi hweruzhinji hunofanira kuvhurwa; uye ndiro ruoko rukuru urwo runofanira kuvapa. Muhondo, kukudzwa uye kubhadharwa kwehofisi kunofanirwa kuwedzerwa; uye iko iko kubata kwepamusoro kwavanofanira kunakidzwa nako. Iri muhondo, pakupedzisira, kuti laurels anofanira kuunganidzwa, uye ndiyo yepamusoro brow ivo yavanofanira kukomberedza. Kuda kwakasimba uye hutera hune njodzi kwazvo pazamu remunhu; gwinyiro, ruchiva, maturo, rudo runokudzwa kana rwenzvimbo yemukurumbira, zvese kurangana kurwisa chishuwo nebasa rerunyararo. ”
September 18. Nezuva rino mu1924 Mohandas Gandhi akatanga mutambo we21 pazuva mumusha weMuslim, nokuda kweMuslim-Hindu kubatana. Mhirizhonga dzaiitika kuNorth West Frontier Province reIndia iyo yaizopedzisira yava Pakistan. VaHindu nevaSikh vanopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu vaive vaurawa, uye vakasara vevanhu ava vakatiza nehupenyu hwavo. Gandhi akatanga kutsanya kwemazuva makumi maviri nerimwe. Kwaive kumwe kwekutsanya kwakadai gumi neshanu kwaaizoita, kusanganisira maviri muna 150 na21 nechikonzero chimwe chete ichi, chisati chazadziswa, chekubatana kweMuslim-Hindu. Kumwe kwekutsanya kwaGandhi kwakawana mhedzisiro, sekumwe kutsanya kwakawanda zvisati zvaitika uye kubvira. Gandhi akafungawo nezvavo semhando yekudzidzira. "Hakuna chinhu chine simba sekutsanya nekunamata," akadaro, "chingatipa kurangwa kwakakodzera, mweya wekuzvipira, kuzvininipisa uye kutsunga kwechido izvo pasina iko kufambira mberi chaiko." Gandhi akati zvakare, "hartal," zvichireva kuramwa basa kana kumisa basa, "yakaunzwa nekuzvidira uye pasina kumanikidzwa inzira ine simba yekuratidza kusatenderwa nevanhu, asi kutsanya kwakatonyanya. Kana vanhu vachitsanya mumweya wechitendero uye nokudaro vachiratidza kurwadziwa kwavo pamberi paMwari, inogashira kumwe kudavirwa. Mwoyo yakaoma zvikuru inoshamiswa nazvo. Kutsanya kunoonekwa nezvitendero zvese sekuranga kukuru. Avo vanotsanya nekuzvidira vanova vanyoro uye vanonatswa nayo. Kutsanya kwakachena munamato une simba kwazvo. Haisi chinhu chidiki kumalakhs evanhu, ”zvichireva mazana ezviuru,“ nekuzvidira kurega kudya uye kutsanya kwakadai ndiko kutsanya kweSatyagrahi. Inokurudzira vanhu nemarudzi. ”
September 19. Pazuva rino vatungamiri veZNUMX veWoZA, iyo inomirira vakadzi veZimbabwe Arise, vakasungwa muHarare, Zimbabwe, vachipemberera Zuva Rorugare Rwenyika Yose. WOZA ihurumende yehurumende muZimbabwe yakaumbwa muna 2003 Jenni Williams kukurudzira vanhukadzi kuti vamirire kodzero dzavo nerusununguko. Muna 2006, WOZA yakasarudza kuumba MOZA kana kuti Men of Zimbabwe Arise, iyo kubvira ipapo yakaronga varume kuti vashande zvisina mhirizhonga kukodzero dzevanhu. Nhengo dzeWOZA dzakasungwa nguva zhinji dzichiratidzira murunyararo, kusanganisira pakuratidzira kwezuva regore raValentine iro rinosimudzira simba rerudo seinodiwa nerudo rwesimba. Vanhu vemuZimbabwe vakapinda musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika nedare reparamende muna Chikunguru 2013. Amnesty International yakaona huwandu hwakadzvinyirira pasati paitwa sarudzo. Robert Mugabe, anga achikunda musarudzo dzinotyisa kubvira 1980, akasarudzwazve kuve mutungamiriri kwemakore mashanu, uye bato rake rakawanazve hutongi hweParamende. Muna 2012 na2013, rinenge sangano rega rega revanhu muZimbabwe, kusanganisira WOZA, mahofisi avo akapambwa, kana hutungamiriri hwakasungwa, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Kufunga kwezana ramakore makumi maviri kunogona kupa zano WOZA kushandisa chisimba. Asi zvidzidzo zvakaona kuti, muchokwadi, mishandirapamwe isina mhirizhonga kurwisa hurumende dzine hutsinye inopfuura zvakapetwa kaviri kuti ibudirire, uye budiriro idzi dzinogara kwenguva refu. Kana hurumende dzekuMadokero dzikachengeta mhino dzayo mazviri, uye vasingashandise vanoshingairira vasina mhirizhonga semidziyo yekugadza mutungamiri anofarira Pentagon, uye kana vanhu vanezvakanaka kubva pasirese vachikwanisa kutsigira WOZA neMOZA, Zimbabwe inogona kuva neramangwana rakasununguka.
September 20. Pazuva rino muna 1838, sangano rekutanga risingaiti mhirizhonga, iyo New England Non-Resistance Society, yakavambwa muBoston, Massachusetts. Basa rayo raizokanganisa Thoreau, Tolstoy, naGandhi. Iyo yakaumbwa muchidimbu nema radicals akatsamwiswa nekutya kweAmerican Peace Society iyo yakaramba kupokana nemhirizhonga yese. Bumbiro idzva rebumbiro uye Dziviriro yeMifungo, yakanyorwa zvikuru naWilliam Lloyd Garrison, yakati, muchidimbu: "Hatigone kubvuma kuvimbika kune chero hurumende yevanhu… Nyika yedu ndiyo nyika, vanhu vedu vanhu vese… Tinonyoresa humbowo hwedu, kwete chete kurwisa hondo dzese - ingave inosemesa kana inodzivirira, asi gadziriro dzese dzehondo, kurwisa ngarava dzese dzehondo, zvombo zvese, nhare dzese; vachipesana nemauto nemauto akamira; pamusoro pemachinda ese ehondo nemauto; kupokana nezvivakwa zvese zvekurangarira kukunda pamusoro pemuvengi wekunze, mikombe yese yakahwina muhondo, mhemberero dzese mukukudza kwemauto kana mauto ehondo; inopesana nezvose zvinopihwa zvekudzivirira nyika nechisimba nemaoko kubva kunhengo ipi neipi yezvemitemo; pamitemo yose yehurumende inoda kuti vadzorwi vayo vapinde muchiuto. Nekudaro, tinoona zvisiri pamutemo kutora zvombo kana kubata hofisi yechiuto… ”New England Non-Resistance Society yakashingairira shanduko, kusanganisira feminism uye kumiswa kwehuranda. Nhengo dzakavhiringidza misangano yechechi kuratidzira kusaita nehuranda. Nhengo pamwe nevatungamiriri vavo vaigara vachitarisana nemhirizhonga yemhomho dzakatsamwa, asi nguva dzose vairamba kudzorera kukuvara. Sosaiti yakataura nezvekusapokana uku nekuti hapana nhengo yavo yakambourayiwa.
September 21. Iri ndiro Zuva reMarudzi Rorugare. Zvakare pazuva iri muna 1943, Seneti yeUS yakadarika vhoti 73 kusvika 1 iyo Fulbright Resolution ichiratidza kuzvipira kusangano rehondo yenyika dzepashure pehondo. Sangano rakabatana reUnited Nations, pamwe nemamwe masangano epasi rese akagadzirwa mukupera kweHondo Yenyika II, zvine nhoroondo yakavhenganiswa maererano nekufambisa rugare. Zvakare pazuva iri muna1963 Hondo yeVarume Revhisi yakaronga yekutanga US kuratidzira kurwa neVietnam. Mufambiro wakakura kubva ipapo wakazoita basa rakakura mukupedza iyo hondo uye mukutamisa ruzhinji rweUS kurwisa hondo kusvika pamwero zvekuti varwi vehondo muWashington vakatanga kureva kuramba kuruzhinji kurwa muhondo sechirwere, Vietnam Syndrome. Zvakare pazuva iri muna 1976 Orlando Letelier, anopikisa anotungamira mudzvanyiriri weChile, Gen. Augusto Pinochet, akaurayiwa, pakurayira kwaPinochet, pamwe chete nemubatsiri wake weAmerica, Ronni Moffitt, nebhomba remotokari muWashington, DC - iro basa rekare. CIA inoshanda. Zuva reRunyararo rakatanga kupembererwa muna1982, uye rinozivikanwa nenyika dzakawanda nemasangano ane zviitiko pasi rese gore raSeptember 21, kusanganisira kumbomira kwezuva muhondo kunoratidza kuti zvaive nyore sei kuve gore-rose kana zvachose -nguva yokumira muhondo. Pazuva rino, United Nations Peace Bell is rung at UN Headquarters in New York City. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka ravanofanira kushanda nerunyararo rusingagumi uye kurangarira avo vanobatwa nehondo.
September 22. Pazuva rino muC1961, Peace Corps Act yakasimbiswa neMutungamiri John Kennedy mushure mokunge yapfuura neCongress zuva rakapfuura. Peace Corps saka yakasikwa inotsanangurwa muchiitiko icho sekushanda "kusimudzira runyararo pasi rose nehukama kuburikidza neRunyararo Corps, inozopa nyika dzinofarira nenzvimbo varume nevakadzi veUnited States vanokodzera kushandira kunze kwenyika uye vanoda kushandira, pasi mamiriro ezvinhu ekutambudzika kana zvichidikanwa, kubatsira vanhu venyika dzakadai nenzvimbo mukuzadzisa zvido zvavo zvevanhu vakarovedzwa. ” Pakati pa1961 na2015, vangangoita mazana maviri nemakumi maviri ezviuru zveAmerica vabatana neRunyararo Corps uye vakashanda munyika zana nemakumi mana. Kazhinji, vashandi veRunyararo Corps vanobatsira nehupfumi kana zvakatipoteredza kana zvido zvedzidzo, kwete nhaurirano dzerunyararo kana nekushandira senhovo dzevanhu. Asi kana izvo hazviwanzo chikamu chezvirongwa zvehondo kana hurumende kupidigura sezvazvinowanzoitika neCIA, USAID, NED, kana vashandi veUS vanoshandira mamwe masangano ehurumende anonyorwa kunze kwenyika. Zvakaoma sei, zvine ruremekedzo sei, nekuchenjera sei Peace Corps vanozvipira vanoshanda zvakasiyana nevanozvipira. Pachidiki kwazvo ivo vanoratidza nyika isina zvombo vagari vemuUS uye ivo pachavo vanowana maonero echikamu chekunze kwenyika - chiitiko chinojekesa icho chingangoita kuvepo kwevazhinji veRunyararo Corps veterans pakati pevatsigiri verunyararo. Pfungwa dzekushanya murunyararo uye kudyidzana kwevagari senzira yekudzora njodzi dzehondo dzakatorwa nezvirongwa zverunyararo uye nemasangano mazhinji asiri ehurumende anotsigira shanduko yekunze, kungave kuri kwechokwadi kana kuburikidza nekombuta.
September 23. Pazuva rino mu1973, United Farm Workers yakagamuchira Mutemo-soro kusanganisira kuzvipira kune kusasuruvara. Nhume dzinosvika mazana matatu mazana matatu dzakaungana muFresno, California, kuti vabvumire Bumbiro reMitemo uye vasarudze bhodhi nemachinda eiri sangano revashandi richangobva kuchinjwa. Chiitiko ichi chaive chekupemberera kwekukunda mikana mikuru, uye mhirizhonga yakawanda, kuumba mubatanidzwa uyu wevashandi vepapurazi vaiwanzoshandisa mibairo yakaipa uye kutyisidzira. Vakatarisana nekusungwa, kurohwa, uye kuurawa, pamwe nehurumende kusava nehanya neruvengo, uye makwikwi kubva kumubatanidzwa mukuru. Cesar Chavez anga atanga kuronga makore gumi apfuura. Akakurudzira sirogani "Hongu, tinogona!" kana kuti "Si 'se puede!" Akafemera vechidiki kuti vave varongi, vazhinji vacho vachiri kuita. Ivo kana vadzidzi vavo vakaronga mazhinji makuru eruzhinji maratidziro erunyararo ekupedzisira kwezana ramakore rechi350. IUFW yakavandudza zvakanyanya mashandiro evashandi vepapurazi muCalifornia uye nenyika dzese, uye vakapayona nzira zhinji dzakashandiswa nekubudirira kukuru kubvira ipapo, kunyanya mukurumbira kuramwa basa. Hafu yevanhu vari muUnited States vakarega kudya mazambiringa kusvikira vanhu vaitora mazambiringa vabvumirwa kuumba mubatanidzwa. IUFW yakagadzira hunyanzvi hwekunongedzera mubatanidzwa kana wezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumakona mazhinji kamwechete. Vashandi vepapurazi vaishandisa kutsanya, zvikwangwani zvevanhu, nzvimbo yemitambo, kutora chikamu kwevanhu, kuvaka mubatanidzwa, uye kusvika kuvhoti. VaUFW vakapinza vanhu musarudzo, vakaita kuti vasarudzwe, uyezve vakagara-mukati mumahofisi avo kudzamara vachengeta zvipikirwa zvavo - nzira yakatosiyana nekuzviita muteveri wemumiriri.
September 24. Pazuva rino muC1963, US Senate yakagadza Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, iyo inozivikanwawo seChina Nuclear Test Ban Treaty nokuti yakarambidzwa kuputika kwenyukireya pamusoro pevhu kana mumvura, asi kwete pasi pevhu. Chibvumirano ichi chakanangana uye chakadzora kudonha kwenyukireya mumhepo yepasi, iyo yaive ichigadzirwa nekuyedzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, kunyanya neUnited States, Soviet Union, neChina. United States yakanga yapa zvitsuwa zvinoverengeka muMarshall Islands zvisingagare uye zvakakonzera huwandu hwekenza uye kuremara kwekuzvarwa pakati pevagari. Chibvumirano chakasimbiswa mukudonha kwa1963 zvakare neSoviet Union neUnited Kingdom. Soviet Union yakanga yakurudzira kurambidzwa kwekuyedzwa pamwe chete nekutorerwa zvombo kwenyukireya uye zvisiri-zvenyukireya. Yakawana chibvumirano kubva kune vamwe vaviri pakurambidzwa kwekuyedza chete. IUS neUK vaida kuongororwa pa-saiti kurambidzwa kuyedzwa kwepasi, asi maSoviet havana kudaro. Saka, chibvumirano chakasiya kuyedza kwepachivande kunze kwekurambidzwa. Muna Chikumi Mutungamiri John Kennedy, vachitaura kuAmerican University, vakazivisa kuti United States ichakurumidza kumisa kuyedzwa kwenyukireya mumhepo sekureba kwakaita vamwe, vachitevera chibvumirano. "Kupera kwechibvumirano chakadai, chiri padyo asi kusvika zvino," akadaro Kennedy mwedzi isati yapera, "kwaizotarisa kukwikwidza kwemaoko mune imwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzine njodzi. Inogona kuisa masimba enyukireya munzvimbo yekugadzirisa zvinobudirira neimwe yenjodzi huru idzo munhu anotarisana nadzo muna 1963, kuwedzera kupararira kwemaoko enyukireya. ”
September 25. Pazuva iri mu1959 US President Dwight Eisenhower uye mutungamiriri weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev vakasangana. Izvi zvakaonekwa sekudziya kunoshamisa kwehukama hweCold War uye zvakagadzira mamiriro etariro uye mufaro wenguva yemberi isina hondo yenyukireya. Asati ashanya kwemazuva maviri naEisenhower kuCamp David uye kupurazi reEisenhower kuGettysburg, Khrushchev nemhuri yake vakatenderera United States. Vakashanyira New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, uye Des Moines. MuLa, Khrushchev akaodzwa mwoyo zvikuru apo mapurisa akamuudza kuti zvaisazova zvakanaka kwaari kuti ashanyire Disneyland. Khrushchev, uyo akararama kubva muna 1894 kusvika muna 1971, akatanga kutonga mushure mekufa kwaJosef Stalin muna 1953. Akashora zvaakadana "zvakanyanyisa" zveStalinism uye akati aitsvaga "kugarisana murunyararo" neUnited States. Eisenhower akataura kuti anoda zvakafanana. Vatungamiriri vaviri ava vakati musangano uyu waive nezvibereko uye vaitenda kuti "nyaya yekuzvitadzisa zvombo ndiyo yakakosha pasi rose." Khrushchev akavimbisa vamwe vake kuti aigona kushanda naEisenhower, uye akamukoka kuti ashanyire Soviet Union muna 1960. Asi muna Chivabvu, Soviet Union yakapfura ndege yevasori yeU-2, uye Eisenhower akanyepa nezvayo, asingazive kuti maSoviet aive atora mutyairi wendege. Hondo Yemashoko yakanga yadzoka. Anoshanda radar yekuUS yeuhwande-U-2 anga atadza mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura uye zvinonzi akaudza maRussia zvese zvaaiziva, asi akagamuchirwa nehurumende yeUS. Ainzi Lee Harvey Oswald. Iyo Cubaan Missile Crisis yakanga ichiri kuuya.
September 26. Iyi ndiyo UN International Day yeZvose Kuparara kweNyukliya Zvombo. Uyewo musi uyu muC1924 sangano reMarudzi reMarudzi rakabvumidza kutanga Chiziviso Chekodzero dzeMwana, rakazopedzisira rave chikava Chibvumirano Chakodzero dzeMwana. United States ndiyo nyika inotungamira inopikisa kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya, uye nyika chete inobata chibvumirano cheKodzero dzeVana, kune nyika 196 dzakabatana. Ehe, mamwe mapato echibvumirano anotyora, asi United States yakanangana nemaitiro anozvityora, zvekuti Seneti yeUS inoramba kuisimbisa. Chikonzero chakajairika cheichi ndechekunyunyuta chimwe chinhu nezvekodzero dzevabereki kana dzemhuri. Asi muUnited States, vana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vanogona kuiswa mutirongo kweupenyu hwese vasina rusununguko. Mitemo yeUS inobvumira vana vadiki sevane gumi nevaviri kuti vashandiswe mukurima kwemaawa marefu pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi. Chikamu chetatu cheUS chinobvumidza kurohwa muzvikoro. Mauto eUS ari pachena kutora vana muzvirongwa zvepamberi pechiuto. Mutungamiri weUS akauraya vana nekuratidzira kwedrone uye akatarisa mazita avo kubva pane yekuuraya rondedzero. Aya ese marongero, mamwe acho achitsigirwa nemaindasitiri ane pundutso, aigona kutyora Chibvumirano cheKodzero dzeMwana United States kuti chibatanidze. Dai vana vaive nekodzero, vaizove nekodzero kuzvikoro zvine hunhu, kudzivirirwa kubva pfuti, uye nharaunda ine hutano uye inogadzikana. Izvo zvingave zvinhu zvakapenga kuti iyo Seneti yeU.S. kuzvipira kwazviri.
September 27. Pazuva rino mu1923, mukukunda mukuita rugare kune League of Nations, Italy yakabudisa kubva kuCorfu. Kukunda kwakasarudzika chikamu. League of Nations, yaivepo kubva 1920 kusvika 1946, uye iyo United States yakaramba kujoina, yaive yechidiki uye yaiyedzwa. Corfu chitsuwa cheGreek, uye gakava imomo rakakura kubva mukumwe kukunda. Sangano reLeague of Nations rinotungamirwa nemuItaly anonzi Enrico Tellini rakagadzirisa gakava remuganhu pakati peGreek neAlbania nenzira yakatadza kugutsa maGreek. Tellini, vabatsiri vaviri, uye muturikiri vakapondwa, uye Italy yakapa mhosva Girisi. Italy yakabhomba ndokupinda muCorfu, ichiuraya vapoteri gumi nevaviri mukuita uku. Italy, Greece, Albania, Serbia, neTurkey zvakatanga kugadzirira hondo. Greece yakakwikwidza kuLeague of Nations, asi Italy yakaramba kubatana ikatyisidzira kubuda muLeague. France yaida kuchengetedza League kubva mairi, nekuti France yakanga yapinda chikamu cheGerman uye yaisada chero muenzaniso wekutanga. Musangano weLigi weVamiririri wakazivisa mazwi ekugadzirisa gakava raive rakanakira Italy, kusanganisira kubhadhara kukuru kwemari neGirisi kuenda kuItari. Mativi maviri aya akateerera, uye Italy yakabva kuCorfu. Sezvo hondo yakafara isina kubuda, ichi chakabudirira. Sezvo nyika ine hukasha zvakanyanya payakawana nzira, uku kwaive kukundikana. Hapana vashandi verunyararo vakatumirwa mukati, hapana zvirango, hapana kumhan'arwa kumatare, hapana kushorwa kwenyika kana kuramwa, kana kutaurirana kwemapato mazhinji. Mhinduro zhinji dzaive dzisati dzavapo, asi danho rakanga ratorwa.
September 28. Iri iSt Augustine's feast Day, inguva yakanaka yekutarisa zvakakanganisika nepfungwa ye "hondo chaiyo." Augustine, akazvarwa mugore ra354, akaedza kubatanidza chitendero chinopesana nekuuraya uye mhirizhonga nehurongwa hwakapondwa-hukuru uye mhirizhonga yakanyanyisa, nekudaro achivhura iyo-yehondo-chete ndima yesainzi, iyo ichiri kutengesa mabhuku nhasi. Hondo chaiyo inofanirwa kunge ichizvidzivirira kana kubatsira vanhu kana kudzosera, uye kutambura kunofungidzirwa kuti kumiswa kana kutsiva kunofanirwa kunge kuri kukuru kudarika kutambura kunozoitwa nehondo. Muchokwadi, hondo inokonzera kutambura kwakawanda kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho. Hondo chaiyo inofanirwa kunge ichitarisirwa uye kuve nemikana yakakura yekubudirira. Muchokwadi, chinhu chega chiri nyore kufanotaura kutadza. Iyo inofanirwa kuve yekupedzisira sarudzo mushure mekunge dzimwe nzira dzerunyararo dzakundikana. Muchokwadi pane nguva dzose pane dzimwe nzira dzine rugare kurwisa nyika dzekunze, senge Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, zvichingodaro. Munguva inonzi hondo chete, varwi chete ndivo vanofanirwa kutariswa. Muchokwadi, vazhinji vakaurayiwa muhondo kubva Hondo Yenyika II vanga vari vanhuwo zvavo. Kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo kunofanirwa kunge kuri "kwakaringana" nekukosha kwemauto kwekurwisa, asi izvo hazvisi zvechiyero zvechero munhu anogona kubatirirwa. Muna 2014, rimwe boka rePax Christi rakati: “MISANGANO, BVUNZO, URANDA, UTAMBUDZI, KURANGWA KWEGUTA, HONDO: Kwemazana emakore akawanda, vatungamiriri veChechi nevadzidzi vezvitendero vakapembedza chimwe nechimwe chezvakaipa izvi zvinoenderana nekuda kwaMwari. Mumwe chete wavo ndiye anowana chinzvimbo ichi mukudzidzisa zviri pamutemo kweChechi nhasi. ”
September 29. Pazuva rino mu1795, Immanuel Kant akabudiswa Runyararo Runyararo: Ruzivo rwePfungwa. Muzivi akaronga zvinhu zvaaitenda kuti zvaizodiwa murunyararo pasi pano, zvinosanganisira: "Hapana chibvumirano cherunyararo chichaitwa sechakanaka umo mune zvinyararire zvakachengeterwa hondo yeramangwana," uye "Hakuna nyika dzakazvimirira, huru kana diki, dzinouya. pasi pesimba reimwe nyika nenhaka, kuchinjanisa, kutenga, kana kupa, "pamwe ne" Hakuna nyika ichaita, munguva yehondo, kubvumidza zviito zvakadaro zvekuvengana izvo zvinoita kuti ruvimbo rwekudyidzana murunyararo rwunoteera rurege kuitika: kwakadai basa revaurayi ,… Uye kukurudzira vanhu kuti vapandukire hurumende inopikisana. ” Kant yaisanganisira kurambidzwa kwezvikwereti zvenyika. Zvimwe zvinhu pazita rake rematanho ekubvisa hondo zvakasvika padhuze nekungoti, "Hakuchazovazve nehondo," seiyi: "Hakuna nyika inopindira Bumbiro kana hurumende yeimwe nyika," kana iyi iyo inosvika pamwoyo wayo: "Mauto akamira nenguva achabviswa." Kant akavhura hurukuro inodikanwa asi angave akaita zvakaipa kupfuura zvakanaka, sezvaakazivisa kuti mamiriro echisikirwo evarume (chero zvazvaireva) ihondo, rugare irworwo chinhu chakagadzirwa nerunyararo rwevamwe (saka usabvisa mauto ako nekukurumidza). Akataura zvakare kuti vamiririri vehurumende vaizounza runyararo, kusanganisira kune vasiri veEuropean "mapenzi" aakafungidzira sekusingaperi kuhondo.
September 30. Pazuva rino mu1946, miedzo yakatungamirirwa neUnited States yekuUnited States yakawana 22 Germans ane mhosva, nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, mhaka dzaive neUnited States uye dzaizoramba dzichipindira. Kurambidzwa kwehondo muKellogg-Briand Pact kwakashandurwa kuve kurambidzwa kwehondo ine hukasha, nevakakunda vachifunga kuti ndivo chete vakarasikirwa vaive nehasha. Mazana ehondo dzine hukasha dzeUS kubvira vasina kuona kutongwa. Zvichakadaro, vemauto eUS vakahaya mazana gumi nematanhatu vaimbove masayendisiti echiNazi navanachiremba, kusanganisira vamwe vevashandi vepedyo vaAdolf Hitler, varume vane mhosva yekuponda, huranda, uye kuyedza kwevanhu, kusanganisira varume vakasungirwa mhosva dzehondo. Vamwe vevaNazi vakaedzwa kuNuremberg vanga vatove kushandira iyo US chero kuGerman kana iyo US pamberi pekutongwa. Vamwe vakachengetedzwa kubva munguva yavo yapfuura nehurumende yeUS kwemakore, sezvo vaigara nekushanda muBoston Harbour, Long Island, Maryland, Ohio, Texas, Alabama, nekumwewo, kana kuendeswa nehurumende yeUS kuArgentina kuvadzivirira pakutongwa. . Vaimbove vasori veNazi, vazhinji vacho vaimbove SS, vakapihwa basa neUS muhondo yapashure pehondo Germany kuti vasore - nekutambudza - maSoviet. Vaimbove maNazi rocket masayendisiti vakatanga kugadzira iyo intercontinental ballistic missile. Vaimbove mainjiniya eNazi avo vakagadzira imba yaHitler, vakagadzira nhare dzepasi pehurumende yeUS muCatoctin neBlue Ridge Mountains. Vaimbove maNazi vakagadzira zvirongwa zvemakemikari nemaoko eU.S., uye vakaiswa mutungamiri wesangano nyowani inonzi NASA. Vaimbove varevi venhema veNazi vakanyora akaiswa mumapepanhau ehungwaru vachinyepera kutyisidzira kweSoviet - kururamisa uipi hwese uhu.
Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.
Tenga chinyorwa chakadhindwa, Kana PDF.
Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.
Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.
Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.
Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.
Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.
Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.
Graphics na Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.
