Nyamavhuvhu

August 1
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August 3
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August 1. Pazuva iri mu1914, Harry Hodgkin, British Quaker, naFriedrich Siegmund-Schulte, mufundisi weLutheran weGermany, vakabva musangano wekurarama muKonstanz, Germany. Vakanga vaungana ikoko pamwe nevamwe vemuChristo nevamwe vechiEurope kuronga zviito zvingabatsira kudzivisa hondo inouya kuEurope. Zvinosuruvarisa, tariro iyoyo yakanga yakundikana mazuva mana zvisati zvaitika nehondo dzekutanga mune yaizova Hondo Yenyika I. Pakusiya musangano uyu, zvakadaro, Hodgkin naSiegmund-Schulte vakavimbisana kuti vacharamba vachidyara “mhodzi dzerunyararo. uye rudo, zvisinei nezvichauya mune ramangwana. ” Kune avo vaviri varume, chitsidzo ichocho chaireva zvinopfuura kungorega kuita zvevamwe mukutora chikamu muhondo. Zvaireva kumisazve runyararo pakati penyika mbiri, zvisinei nemabatiro ehurumende dzadzo. Gore risati ratombobuda, varume ava vaive vabatsira kuwana sangano rerunyararo muCambridge, England rakatumidzwa kuti Fellowship of Reconciliation. Pakazosvika 1919, boka reCambridge raive rave chikamu cheInternational Fellowship of Reconciliation (inozivikanwa seFOROR), ”iyo mumakore zana akatevera yakaunza matavi nemapato akabatana munyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu epasi. Zvirongwa zverunyararo zvakaitwa neIFOR zvakavakirwa muchiratidzo chekuti kuda kune Mumwe kune simba rekushandura zvisakarurama zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, uye zveupfumi zvivakwa; iwo mapurojekiti saka anozvipira mukugadzirisa gakava runyararo, kutsvaga kururamisira senzira yekutanga yerunyararo, uye kuputsa masisitimu anomutsa ruvengo. Mishandirapamwe ye IFOR yepasi rose inosanganisirwa neInternational Secretariat muNetherlands. Sangano iri rinoshandawo padhuze nemasangano asiri ehurumende ane pfungwa sedzimwe nyika uye rinomiririra vamiriri vekusingaperi kuUnited Nations.

August 2. Pazuva iri mu1931, tsamba yakanyorwa naAlbert Einstein yakaverengwa kumusangano wakaitwa muLyon, France neHondo Resisters 'International, inoshandiswa pasi rose yeantimilitarist uye mapoka evanhu vanoshanda pamwe chete kunyika isina hondo. Semutungamiriri wefizikisi wenguva yake, Einstein akaenderera mberi nebasa rake resainzi nekuzvipira. Asi, iye aivewo anoshinga pacifist, uyo aitevera chikonzero cherunyararo rwenyika dzese muhupenyu hwake. Mutsamba yake kumusangano weLyon, Einstein akakumbira "masayendisiti epasi rose kuramba kubatana mukutsvagisa kwekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvitsva zvehondo." Kune vakaungana, akanyora zvakananga kuti: “Vanhu venyika makumi mashanu nenomwe vamunomiririra vane simba rinobvira rakapfuura munondo…. Ivo chete ndivo vanogona kuunza kusagadzikana pasi pano. ” Akayambirawo avo vaironga kuenda kumusangano wekutora zvombo kuGeneva Kukadzi anotevera kuti "varambe kupa rumwe rubatsiro kuhondo kana kugadzirira kwehondo." Kuna Einstein, aya mazwi achakurumidza kuratidza chiporofita. Musangano wekutora zvombo hauna kwawakaenda - chaizvo nekuti, mumaonero aEinstein, musangano wacho wakakundikana kuteerera kuraira kwake kwekusagadzirisa nyaya dzine chekuita nekugadzirira hondo. "Mumwe haaite kuti hondo dzirege kuzoitika nekugadzira mitemo yehondo," akadaro pamusangano wevatori venhau panguva pfupi yekushanya kumusangano weGeneva. “Ndinofunga musangano uyu wakanangana nekusawirirana. Chero chibvumirano chinoitwa pamusoro pemhando dzemaoko anotenderwa muhondo dzinogona kutyorwa panongotanga hondo. Hondo haigone kuitwa sevanhu. Inogona kungomiswa chete. ”

August 3. Pazuva iri mu1882, United States Congress yakapfuura nyika yacho kutanga mutemo mukuru wekufambisa mutemo. The Immigration Act ye1882 yakaronga nzira yakareba yekusvika kwekuAmerica nekutonga kwenyika kuburikidza nekugadzira mapoka akasiyana-siyana evatorwa vanoonekwa se "vasingadi kupinda." Kutsigirwa neChinyorwa cheNhepfenyuro nekubatana nehurumende, Mutemo unoregererwa kupinda " nyanzvi, idiot, kana munhu chero upi zvake asingakwanisi kuzvitarisira kunze kwekuti ave mutero wevanhu vose. "Avo vaisagona kuratidzira kukwanisa mari kwekuzvitsigira ivo vakadzorerwa kunyika dzavo dzekumba. Murairo wakaita, zvisinei, unoita kunze kwevamwe vezvemari vasina kukodzera vatorwa vasina mhosva vanopomerwa mhosva yezvematongerwe enyika, kuratidza tsika dzekuAmerica kuti America inofanira kupa nzvimbo yekutambudzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, gare gare kudzokorora kweMutemo weAppigration yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza. MuChNUMX, Congress yakagadza sangano rekutonga pamusoro pekuenda kune dzimwe nyika. Muna 1891, yakaguma kupedza mutemo wekubvuma varombo vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vaitaridzirwa kumusha pamhosva yezvematongerwo enyika; panzvimbo pacho, yakarambidza kupinda kune vanhu "vachipesana nehurumende yakarongeka." Kubvira ipapo, mutemo wekupinda kune dzimwe nyika wakawedzera zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvichibva munharaunda yenyika, uye wakaramba uchizvidza vanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vaifunga kuti vangangowanikwa pachena. Murairo unofanirwa kuita zviroto zve "mukadzi ane simba ane chhenje" muNew York Harbor anotaura achiti, "Ndipe iwe wakaneta, varombo vako / Vanhu vako vane huddled vanoda kufema pasina." Asi, ne "Build the Rusvingo "runyararo rwakafuridzirwa neTrump inotora makore anopfuura zana mushure mokunge chifananidzo chacho chizarura, shoko rake rinoramba riri sangano reUnited States richiratidza nzira yekubatana kwevanhu uye rugare rwepasi rose.

August 4. Pazuva iri mu1912, rimwe boka revarwi ve2,700 US rakapinda muNicaragua, richienda pamapani kune zvose zviri pasi pePacific neCaribbean. Kutarisana nemhirizhonga munyika umo maironda zvido zvehunyanzvi nekutengeserana, iyo US yakanangana nekumisazve nekuchengetedza hurumende muNicaragua ine rutsigiro rwainogona kuvimba nayo. Gore rapfuura, iyo US yakanga yaziva hurumende yemubatanidzwa muNicaragua inotungamirwa nemutungamiri anochengetedza Jose Estrada. Iwo manejimendi anga abvumidza iyo US kutevedzera mutemo neNicaragua inonzi "madhora emabara." Chimwe chezvinangwa zvaro kwaive kushora simba reEuropean rezvemari mudunhu iri, iro raigona kushandiswa kukwikwidza neAmerican zvido zvekutengesa. Imwe yaive yekuvhura musuwo kumabhangi eUS kuti akweretese mari kuhurumende yeNicaragua, kuve nechokwadi cheUS kutonga pamusoro pemari yenyika. Misiyano yezvematongerwo enyika mumubatanidzwa weEstrada wakakurumidza kubuda, zvakadaro. General Luis Mena, uyo segurukota reHondo akange ave nemaonero akasimba emunyika, akamanikidza Estrada kusiya chigaro, achisimudzira mutevedzeri wake, mutungamiri anochengetedza Adolfo Diaz, kumutungamiriri wenyika. Mena paakazopandukira hurumende yaDiaz, achipomera purezidhendi "kutengesa rudzi kune vemabhangi eNew York," Diaz akakumbira rubatsiro kubva kuUS izvo zvakakonzera kurwisa kwaAugust 4 uye zvakaita kuti Mena atize nyika. Mushure mekunge Diaz asarudzwazve musarudzo yakatariswa neUS muna 1913 umo vakasununguka vakaramba kutora chikamu, iyo US yakachengeta mauto madiki emumvura muNicaragua zvakaramba zvichingoitika kusvika 1933. Kuvanhu veNicaragua vaida rusununguko, maMarines akashanda sechiyeuchidzo chenguva dzose chekuti US anga achida kushandisa chisimba kuchengetedza hurumende dzinoenderana neUS musimba.

August 5. Pazuva rino mu1963, US, USSR, uye Great Britain zvasaina chibvumirano chekudzivirira kuongorora kwekireya mumhepo. Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy vakamhanyira kuhofisi vachivimbisa kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa muzvirimwa uye mumukaka muNorth United States nemasayendisiti muZ1950 zvakatungamirira kupomera mutsara weWWII nhambwe yezvombo zvehondo zvisingabvumirisi chepfu yehupenyu. Sangano reUnited Nations Disarmament Commission rakadana kuguma kwekupedzisira kune zvose zvekushandisa kwenyukireya, kutanga kuparara kwenguva pakati pakati peU.S. uye Soviet kubva 1958-61. Kennedy akaedza kurambidza kuenderera mberi kwepasi pasi nekuedzwa neSoviet Premier Khrushchev mu1961. Kutyisidzira kwekuongorora kuvhara kwakatungamirira kukutya kusora, uye kuongorora kweSoviet kwakaramba ichienderera kusvikira Cuban Missile Crisis yakaunza nyika kumucheto wehondo yenyukireya. Nhengo mbiri idzi dzakabvumirana nekukurukurirana zvakananga, uye mutsara weMoscow-Washington wakagadzwa. Nhaurirano dzakagadzirisa kusawirirana uye zvakaita kuti Kennedy asarwisana neKrushchev "kwete kurwisana nemapurisa, asi kurudzi rworugare." Hurukuro dzavo dzakazotevera zvakaita kuti vose vabvise zvombo kubva kune dzimwe nyika, uye neChirungu cheNuclear Test Ban Treaty iyo inobvumira kuongorora pasi "kwenguva refu sezvo pasina dhiyabhorosi yakawira pasi kunze kwemiganhu yenyika inoitisa muedzo. "Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose rakazopedzisira rapa Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty muZ1996 iyo inorambidza zvose, kunyange pasi pevhu, kuongorora kwenyukireya. Makumi makumi manomwe nerimwechete, vazhinji vasina zvombo izvi, vakabvuma kuti hondo yenyukireya yaisazobatsira munhu. Mutungamiri Bill Clinton vakasaina chibvumirano chakazara. Sangano reUnited States, zvisinei, muvhoti re 48-51, rakasarudza kupfuurira nhangemutange yehondo yenyukireya.

August 6. Pazuva iri mu1945 mubhomba weAmerica Enola Gay akadonhedza bhomba reatomiki mashanu - rakaenzana nematani zviuru gumi nezvishanu zveTTT - kuguta reJapan reHiroshima. Bhomba rakaparadzwa makiromita mana emuguta ndokuuraya 80,000 vanhu. Mumavhiki anotevera, zviuru zvevamwe zvakafa nemaronda uye kupiswa kwehuipi. Mutungamiri Harry Truman, uyo akanga atora basa risati rapera mwedzi mina yapfuura, akataura kuti akaita sarudzo yekubvisa bhomba mushure mekuudzwa kune avo vauri mazano kuti kurasa bhomba kwaizogumisa hondo nekukurumidza uye kunodzivisa kudiwa kwekupinda muJapan, zvinoguma nokufa kwemamiriyoni emamiriyoni eAmerica. Iyi shanduko yezvakaitika haigoni kuongororwa. Mwedzi yakati yapfuura, Gavhuna Douglas MacArthur, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weAllied Forces muSouthwest Pacific Area, akanga atumira mharidzo ye peji 40 kuMutungamiri Roosevelt iyo yakapfupisa zvipo zvishanu zvakasiyana zvekuzvipira kubva kuvakuru vakuru veJapan. IU.SA, zvakadaro, yaiziva kuti vanhu vokuRussia vakanga vafambira mberi zvikuru kumabvazuva uye mune zvose zvingave zviri muJapan neSeptember, zvakanaka pamberi peU.S. Dai izvi zvaizopfuura, Japan yaizozvipira kuRussia, kwete yeAmerica Izvozvi zvakanga zvisingagamuchiri kuUnited States, iyo yakanga yatotanga urongwa hwekupedzisira-hondo yehupfumi uye geo-political hegemony. Saka, pasinei nekupikiswa kwakasimba kubva vatungamiriri vehondo nevezvematongerwe enyika uye kuJapan kuda kwekuzvipira, bhomba rakadonhedzwa. Vakawanda vakati ichi ndicho chiito chekutanga cheCold War. Dwight D. Eisenhower akati makore akawanda gare gare, "Japan yakanga yatodzwa kare. . . kukanda bhomba kwakanga kusina basa. "

August 7. Izvi zvinoratidza kuberekwa muna 1904 weRalph Bunche, nyanzvi yezvematongerwe enyika muAfrica, purofesa uye dhipatimendi akazova mukuru mukuru wepamusoro weUnited Nations muUnited Nations. Basa raBunche rakakurumbira rakatanga nerudzidzo yekupedza kudzidza paHarvard University, uko muna 1934 akagamuchira Ph.D. muhurumende uye hukama hwepasi pose. Chirevo chake chechiremba pamusoro pekolonizimu muAfrica chakagumisa makore maviri gare gare mubhuku rake rekare pamusoro pehurukuro, Nyika Inofunga nezveRace. MuChNUMX, Bunche akagadzwa kune gurukota rebazi - kana Secretariat - yeUnited Nations, kwaaive nebasa rekutarisira kutungamirirwa kwevaimbova makoloni akachengetwa neUnited States uye kuongorora kubudirira kwavo kune humwe hurumende uye hurumende. Zvakaitwa neBunche zvakakosha zvikuru, zvisinei, zvakatevera kusarudzwa kwake sekuru mukuru UN negotiator muhurukuro dzaive nechinangwa chokugumisa Hondo yekutanga yeArabhu neIsraeli. Achitevera mwedzi mishanu yekusawirirana kusina kuremekedza uye akaoma, akakwanisa kuwana chikwata muna June 1946 zvichienderana nezvibvumirano pakati peIsrael nevana vehurumende dzeArabhu. Nokuda kwezvakaitika kare zvekukurukurirana kwenyika dzakawanda, Bunche yakapiwa 1949 Nobel Peace Prize, ikava wekutanga weAfrica American kuti iremekedzwe zvikuru. Mumakore akatevera, Bunche akaenderera mberi achitamba kuchengetedza kwakanyanya kwekuchengetedza uye kupindirana kwebasa mukukakavadzana kunosanganisira nyika dzinotanga kubuda nyika. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake mu1950, akanga atsigira nhaka muUnited Nations iyo zvichida yakatsanangurwa nehurukuro yekuremekedzwa yaaishanda navo. Nemhaka yokuti Bunche akave nemimba, uyewo akashandiswa, maitiro akawanda nemaitiro anoshandiswa mumabasa ekuchengetedza rugare rwepasi rose, akanga asvika pakuonekwa kwose se "Baba veKuchengetedza Rugare."

August 8. Nezuva iri mu1883, Mutungamiri Chester A. Arthur akasangana naChishanu Washakie weMabvazuva Shoshone rudzi uye Chief Black Coal weNorthern Arapaho dzinza kuMhepo River Reservation mu Wyoming, nokudaro ndokuva mutungamiri wekutanga weUnited States kuti ashanyire zvakasununguka kusarudzwa kweNative America . Kubvira kwaArthur kuWhite River kwaive kwakangofanana nechinangwa chikuru chekureba kwake kwemafambi kuenda kumadokero, iyo yaizoshanyira Yellowstone National Park uye kuisa chido chake chekubata hove mumipata yaro yakazara. Dhipatimendi rekuchengetedza rakamubvumira, zvisinei, kuti aedze kugona kwerongwa raakange ataura mukugadzira kwake 1881 Annual Message ku Congress kuti agadzirise zvaanonzi America "zvinetso zveIndia." Chirongwa, icho gare gare chakaiswa mu Dawes Several Mutemo we1887, wakadanwa kuti "mugove muzviverengana," kune vaIndia sezvavakada, "yevhu rakawanda [nokuda kwekurima, iro raifanira kuchengetedzwa kwavari nepamutemo, uye ... rakagadzirirwa makumi maviri kana makumi maviri -kugara kwemakore. "Hazvishamisi kuti vatungamiri vemarudzi ose vakaramba zvachose urongwa, sezvo hwaizove huri pasi pehutsika hwehutongi hwemunda uye nzira yehupenyu huri pakati pehupenyu hwevanhu vavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukanganisa kwehurumende kuWhite River kunoita sekupa chidzidzo chinokosha chemashure ekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi. Kuti uwane rugare rusingagumi, nyika dzine simba dzinofanira kuremekedza kodzero yevanhu vanobudirira uye vari kusimukira kusimbisa hupfumi hwavo nehutano hwevanhu, uye vave vanoda kushanda navo kuti vabatsire kugadzirisa zvinodiwa zvevanhu vavo. Nhoroondo yatove yakaratidza kuti nzira dzakamanikidzika dzinongobereka chete kusuruvara, kuvhunduka, uye kazhinji hondo.

August 9. Nezuva iri mu1945, bhomba reUnited States B-29 rakakonzera bhomba renyukireya paNagasaki, Japan, kuuraya vamwe varume veC39,000, vakadzi, nevana pazuva rekubhomba uye inofungidzirwa kuti 80,000 pakupera kwegore. Bhomba reNagasaki rakauya mazuva matatu chete mushure mekutanga kushandiswa kwechombo chenyukireya muhondo, kubhomba kweHiroshima uko mukupera kwegore kwakatora hupenyu hwevanhu vanofungidzirwa zana nemakumi mashanu ezviuru. Mavhiki apfuura, Japan yakanga yatumira teregiramu kuSoviet Union ichiratidza chishuwo chekuzvipira uye kupedza hondo. United States yakanga yatyora makodhi eJapan uye ikaverenga teregiramu. Mutungamiri Harry Truman akataura mudhayari rake ku "teregiramu kubva kuna Jap Emperor achikumbira rugare." Japan yakaramba kungozvipira pasina zviga uye nekusiya mambo wayo, asi United States yakaramba yakamisikidza aya kusvikira mabhomba adonha. Zvakare muna Nyamavhuvhu 150,000th vaSoviet vakapinda muhondo vachirwisa Japan muManchuria. United States Strategic Bombing Survey yakapedzisa ichiti, "… zvirokwazvo pamberi pa 9 Zvita, 31, uye mune mukana wese pamberi pa1945 Mbudzi, 1, Japan ingadai yakazvipira kunyangwe mabhomba eatomiki anga asina kukandwa, kunyangwe dai Russia isina kupinda Hondo, uye kunyangwe pasina kurwiswa kwakarongwa kana kufungidzirwa. ” Mumwe anopokana uyo akange ataura maonero mamwe chete aya kuna Secretary of War mabhomba asati aitika aive General Dwight Eisenhower. Sachigaro weJoint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy akabvuma, achiti, "Kushandiswa kwechombo chakaipa ichi kuHiroshima neNagasaki hakuna zvakwakatibatsira muhondo yedu neJapan."

August 10. Pazuva iri mu1964, Mutungamiri weU.S. Lyndon Johnson akapinda mutemo muGulf of Tonkin Resolution, iyo yakazarura nzira yekubatanidzwa kweUnited States yose muHondo yeVietnam. Nguva pfupi isati yapfuura pakati pousiku munaAugust 4, mutungamiri akanga apinda muzvirongwa zveTV nguva dzose kuti azivise kuti zvikepe zviviri zveUnited States zvakapisa mumvura yepasi rose yeGulf of Tonkin kubva kumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweVietnam. Mukupindura, akanga arayira maitiro emhepo pamusoro pe "zvivako muNorth Vietnam izvo zvave zvashandiswa mumabasa aya anonyadzisa" - pakati pavo mafuta ekuviga, mamivha emarasha, uye chikamu chakakura cheNorth Vietnam navy. Mazuva matatu gare gare, Congress yakapedza chisarudzo chekubatana chakagadza mutungamiri we "kutora matanho ose anodiwa kuti adzore chero zvombo zvehondo zvinopesana nemauto eU.S. uye kudzivisa kupfuurira mberi." Chigadziro ichocho, chakasainwa nemutungamiri munaAugust 10, 1964, zvinotungamirira nekuguma kwehondo muna 1975 kune kufa kwechisimba kwe3.8 mamiriyoni eVietnam pamwe nemazana ezviuru zveLaotians neCambodians uye nhengo dze58,000 dzeuto reUnited States. Zvingave zvakare zvinoratidzazve kuti "Hondo inhema" -kubva munyaya iyi mune zvinyorwa zvitsva zve 200 uye zvinyorwa zvine chokuita neGulf of Tonkin chiitiko chakasunungurwa makore anopfuura 40 gare gare. Chidzidzo chakazara neZimbabwe Security Agency, munyori wenhau dzakaitika, Robert Hanyok, akagumisa kuti mhirizhonga yeUnited States uye chikumbiro cheC Congressional mvumo yakange iripo kubva pane zviratidzo zvisiri izvo zvekutsvaga izvo zvakange zvakasarudzwa nemutungamiriri wenyika uye Munyori wezvinzi anonzi Robert McNamara " "Yekurwisa kusina kumboitika.

August 11.  Nezuva iri mu1965, mhirizhonga yakabuda muWatts district of Los Angles mushure mekutsvaira kwakazoitika apo white white California Highway Patrol mukuru akatora motokari ndokuedza kusunga vana vaduku uye vanotya mutyairi mushure mushure mekunge akundikana kuedza kwekutadza. Maminitsi, kutanga kupupurirwa kumigwagwa yemigwagwa kwakabatanidzwa neboka rakaungana uye mapurisa anotsigira, izvo zvakakonzera kuparara kwakakura. Mhirizhonga yakakurumidza kupararira pamusoro peWatts, yakagara kwemazuva matanhatu, inosanganisira vanhu 34,000, uye yakaita kuti 4,000 vasungwa uye 34 vakafa. Mukupindura kwavari, mapurisa eLos Angeles akashandisa "mauto" akatsigirwa naMukuru wavo, William Parker, uyo akafananidza kupesana neView Cong kutonga muVietnam. Parker zvakare akadana munharaunda ye2,300 National Guardsmen uye akatanga chirongwa chekusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda uye blockades. Mukuzvitsivira, vaiti vezvakaipa vakakanda zvidhina kuVadardsmen nemapurisa, uye vakashandisa vamwe kuti vashandise motokari dzavo. Kunyange zvazvo kukwidza kwacho kwainyanya kukanganiswa nemangwanani eAugust 15, yakabudirira mukuyeuchidza nyika yechokwadi chinokosha. Apo imwe nharaunda yevanhu vashoma munharaunda yakawanda yakabudirira inotongerwa kugadzikana kwehupenyu hwekugara, zvikoro zvisingatambudziki, zvisingatauri mikana yekuzvifambira mberi, uye zvinowanzotarisana nekupikisana nemapurisa, zvinogona kupandukira pakarepo, zvichipiwa kutsamwa kwakarurama. Mutungamiri wekodzero dzevanhu Va Bayard Rustin akatsanangura kuti kupindura kwacho kungave kwakadzivirirwa sei muWatts: "... Negro jaya-risina basa, risina tariro-harinzwi sechikamu chevanhu veAmerica .... [Tine] ... kuti tivawane vachishanda, dzimba dzakanaka, dzidzo, kudzidziswa, saka vanokwanisa kunzwa chikamu chechimiro. Vanhu vanonzwa sechikamu chechimiro havachirwise. "

August 12. Pazuva iri mu1995, pakati pe3,500 ne6,000 varatidzi vePhiladelphia vakapinda mune imwe yemapurisa makuru pane chirango chekufa muAmerica. Vatongi vacho vaida mutsva mutsva weMumia Abu-Jamal, mutori wenhau weAfrica-America uye mutori wenhau uyo ​​akanga atongerwa mu 1982 kuurayiwa kwe1981 wePilladelphia mapurisa ndokutongerwa rufu pamutsara wePennsylvania weGreece State Correctional Institution. Abu-Jamal aive aripo pamusana pekuuraya kuparadza, kwakaitika apo iye nemukoma wake vakagumburwa mumugwagwa wenguva dzose yemapurisa uye mapurisa akarova hama yacho nechiedza panguva yekushungurudzika kwakatevera. Asi, vazhinji vari munharaunda yeAfrica neAmerica vakavhiringidza kuti Abu-Jamal ainge aita kuponda kana kuti kururamisira kwaizoshandiswa nekumuita. Uchapupu hwekubuda kunze hwakanga hwakapiwa mukutongwa kwake, uye kwaiva nekupokana kwakapararira kuti zvose zvaakatenda uye kutongwa zvakanga zvakasvibiswa nekusarura kwemarudzi. Ne 1982, Abu-Jamal ainyatsozivikanwa muPhiladelphia seye aimbova mutauri weNyant Panther Party uye aikwanisa kutaura nezvemapurisa evanhu vePhililadelphia. Ari mujeri, akava radhiriri mukuru weRational Public Radio, achirondedzera mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka mumajeri eUnited States uye kusungwa zvisina kukodzera uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vemaAmerica. Abhur-Jamal mukurumbira wekuwedzera akafambisa kune dzimwe nyika "Free Mumia" kufamba kwakaguma kubereka zvibereko. Murongo wake wekufa wakadonhedzwa mu 2011 uye akatumirwa kuupenyu hwejeri kuFrackville State Correctional Institution yePennsylvania. Uye apo mutongi akadzorera kodzero dzake dzekukumbira muna December 2018, akapiwa izvo gweta rainzi "mukana wakanakisisa watakawana wekusununguka kwaMumia mumakumi emakore."

August 13. Pazuva iri muna 1964, chirango chekufa chakaitwa kwenguva yekupedzisira muGreat Britain, apo varume vaviri vasina basa, Gwynne Evans, 24, naPeter Allen, 21, vakasungirirwa mujeri dzakasiyana dzekuponda kweChnUMX- akachera mabhodhi van vashairi pamba pake muCumbria. Vashandi vacho vakanga varonga kupamba munhu akabatwa, uyo mumwe wavo aiziva, asi akapedza kumuuraya. Kune avo vanoita zvakaipa, nguva yechipupuriro yakaratidza kuti haina kunyarara. Mwedzi miviri bedzi mushure mekunge vaurayiwa, Bato reBritish reBrazil rakauya kutonga muImba yeMakonheni uye yakatsigira rutsigiro rwezvakazoitwa 1965 Homicide Act. Mutemo mutsva wakamisa chirango chikuru muGreat Britain kwemakore mashanu, achigadziririra mutongo unomanikidzwa wehupenyu mujeri. Apo Mutemo wakasvika pakuvhota, wakagamuchira rubatsiro rwakakosha muRwanda neimba yeIshe. Nheyo imwechete yekutsigirwa yakaratidzwa mu1969, apo mavoti akatorwa kuti aite Mutemo usingagumi. Muna 1973, Northern Ireland yakagumisawo chirango chekufa kwekuponda, nokudaro kupedza tsika yayo yose muUnited Kingdom. Mukubvuma kwe 50^th Chiitiko cheMutemo wekuuraya mu2015, mutungamiri weAmnesty International wenyika yose, Audrey Gaughran, akataura kuti vanhu veUnited States vanogona kudada kugara munyika yave ichidzivirira kwenguva yakareba. Mukubata nokutendeseka nemigumisiro yechirango chikuru, kunyanya kusagadzikana, pane kukumbira kudzorerwa kwayo se "kugadziriswa nokukurumidza, kunyanya kupoteredza nguva dzasarudzo," akadaro, UK yakabatsira kukurudzira kuenderera mberi kwekutsika muhuwandu hwekuuraya pasi pose.

August 14. Pazuva iri muna 1947, kumativi e11: 00 masikati, zviuru zvevaIndia vakaungana pedyo nezvivako zvehurumende muDelhi kuti vanzwe kero ne Jawaharlal Nehru, uyo aizova mutungamiriri wekutanga wenyika yavo. "Makore mazhinji apfuura takaita kuyedza nehupenyu," akadaro Nehru. "Pakurova kwepakati pehusiku, apo pasi panorara, India inomuka kuupenyu nerusununguko." Nguva payakasvika, zvichiratidza zviri pamutemo kuburitswa kweIndia kubva mukutonga kweBritain, zviuru zvakaungana zvakapinda mukufara kupemberera kweZuva rekutanga reIndendence, iro rave kucherechedzwa gore Nyamavhuvhu 15. Zvikurukuru asipo pachiitiko, zvisinei, aive murume uyo mumwe mutauri, wekuBritain. Lord Mountbatten, akarumbidza se "mugadziri werusununguko rweIndia kuburikidza nekusaita mhirizhonga." Izvi zvaive, zvedi, Mohandas Gandhi, uyo, kubvira 1919, aive akatungamira rusununguko rusina mhirizhonga rweIndia iro rakasunungura zvine mutsindo kubata kweBritish. Mountbatten akagadzwa kuve gavhuna weIndia uye akapomerwa mhosva yekutengesa kurusununguko. Mushure mekukundikana kutaurirana chibvumirano chekugovana masimba pakati pevatungamiriri vechiHindu nevechiMuslim, zvakadaro, akange afunga kuti mhinduro chete yaive yekuparadzanisa Indian subcontinent kuti igare neHindu India neMuslim Pakistan- vekupedzisira vachiwana hutongi zuva rapfuura. Kwaive kupatsana uku kwakakonzera Gandhi kupotsa chiitiko cheDelhi. Mukuona kwake, nepo chikamu cheiyo subcontinent chingave mutengo werusununguko rweIndia, yaive zvakare nharo yekusagadzikana kwechitendero uye kurova kwechinangwa cherunyararo. Nepo vamwe maIndia vaipemberera kuzadzikiswa kwechinangwa chakatsvakwa kwenguva refu, Gandhi akatsanya netarisiro yekukwezva rutsigiro rwakakurumbira rwekupedza mhirizhonga pakati pevaHindu nevaMuslim.

August 15. Pazuva iri mu1973, sezvinodiwa neChristian law, United States yakagumisa kubvumira mabhomba kuCambodia, kupedza hondo yayo kuVietnam uye Southeast Asia iyo yakauraya uye yakaremara mamiriyoni, kunyangwe varimi vasina kugadziriswa. Ne 1973, hondo yakanga yakamutsa kushorwa kwakasimba mu US Congress. Chibvumirano cheParise Runyararo chakasayirwa munaJanuary chakanga chichida kugadziriswa muSouth Vietnam uye kubviswa kwevarwi vose veUnited States nevanopa mazano mukati memazuva makumi matanhatu. Congress inonetseka, zvisinei, izvi hazvingavhiringidzi Mutungamiri Nixon kuti adzokerezve mauto eUnited States pamusana pekupesana patsva pakati peNorth uye South South Vietnam. Senatori Clifford Case neFrank Church saka vakataura mushumo mukupera kweJanuary 1973 iyo yakadzivisa kushandiswa kupi kwepi kwemauto eUnited States muVietnam, Laos, neCambodia. Mutemo uyu wakagamuchirwa neSeneti munaJune 14, asi wakarohwa apo Mutungamiri Nixon akashora mutemo wakasiyana wakanga waguma kuputika kweUnited States kweKhmer Rouge kuCambodia. A modified Case-Church Bill yakabva yasvika kumurairo, yakasayirwa nemutungamiri weJuly 1. Izvo zvakabvumira bhomba kuCambodia kuti ienderere kusvikira muna August 15, asi yakarambidza kushandiswa kwose kwemauto eUnited States muSouth-East Asia mushure mokunge musi iwoyo usati wagamuchirwa neCongress. Gare gare, zvakaratidzwa kuti Nixon aive akavimbisa pachivande mutungamiriri wenyika yeVietnam Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu kuti veUnited States vacharamba vachiita bhomba muNorth uye kuSouth Vietnam kana zvakakosha kuisa hukama hwekugadzirisa rugare. Izvo zvakakonzerwa neCongress zvingave zvakadzivirira kuwedzera kwekutambudzika nekufa kune vanhu veVietnamese kupfuura hondo isingazivikanwi yehondo yeUnited States yakanga yatovaunza.

August 16. Pazuva iri mu1980, kurohwa kwevashandi vehurumende muzvikepe zveGdansk muPoland zvakabatana nevamwe vashandi vevashandi vePoland kuti vaite chikonzero chaizoita basa guru mukupedzisira kwekuparadzwa kweSoviet muCentral neEastern Europe. Basa rekubatana raive rakakurudzirwa nesarudzo yehutongi hwevatariri vengarava yekudzinga mukadzi mushandi muchiitiko chemubatanidzwa mwedzi mishanu chete isati yaenda pamudyandigere. Kune vevashandi vePoland, danho iri rakamisikidza pfungwa nyowani yekutumwa, ichisimudza kubva kuhurumende-inodzorwa nharo dzechingwa-ne-bhotera nyaya kune yakazvimirira pamwe kutsvaga kutsvaga kwakakura kwevanhu. Zuva rakatevera kuGdansk, makomiti akabatana ekuramwa mabasa akaisa zvishuwo makumi maviri nezviviri, zvinosanganisira kuumbwa zviri pamutemo kwemasangano evashandi akazvimirira nekodzero yekuramwa, izvo zvakagamuchirwa nehurumende yemakomunisiti. Musi waAugust 21, iyo Gdansk kufamba kwakatenderwa kwoga, mushure mezvo makumi maviri emubatanidzwa akabatana achitungamirwa naLech Walesa kuita sangano rimwe chete renyika rinonzi Solidarity. Munguva ye31s, Solidarity yakashandisa nzira dzekushora kwevanhu kusimudzira kodzero dzevashandi uye shanduko yemagariro. Mukupindura, hurumende yakaedza kuparadza mubatanidzwa, kutanga nekumanikidza mutemo wemauto uyezve kuburikidza neudzvanyiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pakupedzisira, zvakadaro, hurukuro nyowani pakati pehurumende nevanopikisa mubatanidzwa dzakatungamira kusarudzo dzakasununguka muna 1980. Hurumende yemubatanidzwa inotungamirwa neSolidarity yakaumbwa, uye, muna Zvita 1989, Lech Walesa akasarudzwa semutungamiri wePoland musarudzo dzakasununguka. Izvo zvakagadzirisa runyararo rwunopokana nemakomunisiti mukati meCentral neEastern Europe, uye, neKisimusi, 1990, Soviet Union pachayo yakanga yaenda uye dzese dunhu dzayo dzaive dzave nyika dzakazvimiririra.

August 17. Pazuva iri mu1862, Dakota maIndia aida kupararira akarwisa mhepo yakachena pedyo neMvura River, kutanga dambudziko rehondo reDadota War. IMinnesota Dakota Indian yaiva nemapoka mana emadzinza aigara munzvimbo dzakadzivirira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwe Minnesota Minnesota, kwavakatamirwazve nechibvumirano mu 1851. Mukupindurwa nekuwedzera kwevanhu vanogara vatsvene munzvimbo iyi, hurumende yeUnited States yakakunda kuDadotas kuti iwane 24-million acres yenyika yavo yakaorera yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero eMinnesota kwemadhora emamiriyoni matatu emari uye annuities gore negore. Nekupedzisira kwe1850s, zvisinei, kubhadhara mari yekusunungura kwave kuchiwedzera kushaya kuvimbika, zvichiita kuti vatengesi vazopedzisira vakaramba chikwereti kuDadotas nokuda kwekutenga zvinokosha. Muzhizha re1862, apo maworworm akaparadza zvizhinji zvezviyo zvekudya zveDadotas, mhuri dzakawanda dzakasangana nenzara. Nyevero yemufundisi weMinnesota inoti "Rudzi runodyara utera huchakohwa kukohwa kweropa" munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Musi waAugust 17th, kuedza kwevarume vana vaduku veDadota kubira mamwe mazai kubva kumhuri yekurima yekurima yakachinja zvechisimba ndokutungamirira kune kufa kwevashanu vemhuri. Achinzwa kuti chiitiko chacho chaizoita hondo neAmerica isingadzivisiki, vatungamiri veDadota vakatora danho racho ndokurwisa masangano ehurumende uye nzvimbo yakachena yekugara kweNew Ulm. Kurwiswa kwakaurayiwa pamusoro pevagari vechena va500 uye kwakabvumira kupindira kweUnited States Army. Kwemwedzi mina inotevera, vamwe vaCarotas 2,000 vakaunganidzwa uye pamusoro pevarwi ve300 vakatongerwa rufu. Hondo yacho yakakurumidza kupera musi waDecember 26, 1862, apo 38 Dakota varume vakasungirirwa mukurusa kukuru kwevanhu muAmerica.

August 18. Pazuva iri mu1941, anenge mwedzi 4 isati yasangana neJapan Pearl Harbor, Winston Churchill akasangana nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuti Mutungamiri Roosevelt aida kutora zviito zvinopesana neJapane izvo zvaizotora US kuhondo yechipiri yenyika vazhinji veAmerica vaida kudzivisa. Mumashoko aChurchill, Mutungamiri akanga amuudza kuti "zvinhu zvose zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidzira chiitiko." Churchill akanga achitarisira kwenguva refu kuti Japan icharwisa United States. Hondo yeUnited States inobatanidzwa muEurope yakakosha kukunda maNazi, asi Congressional kubvumirwa kwakanga kusingaiti nokuti vaNazi havana kupa mhirizhonga kuUnited States Kusiyana neizvi, kuhondo kweJapan kumusasa weuto reUnited States kwaizoita kuti Roosevelt ataure hondo yose muJapan uye, ne kuwedzera, maAxis pamwe chete, Germany. Zvichienderana nemagumo iwayo, Roosevelt akanga atora mutungamiri mukuru munaJune kubvongodza zvinhu zveJapan, uye vose veUnited States neBrithani vakanga vatema mafuta nematanda kuJapan. Izvi zvaiva kushungurudza zvakajeka kuti vakuru vakuru veUnited States vaiziva vaizoita kuti mauto eJapan apindure. Kubva Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson, mubvunzo uyu waiva "maitiro atinofanira kuvamanikidza kuti tiende kunzvimbo yekupinza pfuti yekutanga pasina kubvumira dambudziko guru kwatiri." Mhinduro yacho yaiva yenyengeri, asi iri nyore. Kubvira kubva pamitemo yakaputsika yave ichiratidza kutyisa kwemaJapan kuPearl Harbor mumavambo aDecember, iyo Navy yaizochengeta zvikepe zvayo panzvimbo uye vafambisi vayo vari murima pamusoro pekutsvaga kwakatarirwa. Yakasvika musi waDecember 7, uye zuva rakatevera Congress yakanyorera zvehondo.

August 19. Pazuva iri mu1953, US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) yakagadzira hurumende yekutonga iyo yakabvisa hurumende yakasarudzwa yehurumende yeIranese. Mbeu dzekutora dzakanga dzakasimwa muZ1951, apo Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh akagarisa makambani emafuta eIran, ndokudzorwa neAnglo-Iranian Oil Company. Mossadegh aidavira kuti vanhu veIranian vaiva nekodzero yekubatsirwa nemafuta makuru emunyika yavo. Britain, zvisinei, yakanga yakatsunga kubhadhara mari inoshandiswa kune imwe nyika kune dzimwe nyika. Kutanga muna 1953, CIA yakashanda neBrithani Intelligence kuderedza hurumende yaMosseadegh nemabasa ekuputira, kupomerwa, uye kurongedza mhirizhonga. Mukupindura, mutungamiriri wehurumende akadana vatsigiri vake kuti vauye kumigwagwa mukupikisa, zvichiita kuti Shah abve munyika. Apo huchenjeri hweBritain hwakatsigira kubva kune dhiyabhorosi, CIA yakashanda payo nehurumende ye-pro-Shah uye neuto reIranian kuti rironge kupikisana naMossadegh. Vamwe vanhu ve300 vakafa mumoto mumigwagwa yeTehran, uye mutungamiriri wehurumende akaparadzwa uye akatongerwa makore matatu mujeri. The Shah yakakurumidza kudzoka kuzotora simba, ikasainira makumi mana kubva muzana emazana emafuta eIrish kumakambani eSU. Akatorwa nemadhora eU.S. nemaoko, akachengetedza kutonga kwemhirizhonga kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri. Muna 1979, zvisinei, iyo Shah yakamanikidzwa musimba uye yakatsiviwa nehurumende yeIslami republic. Gare gare gore iroro, vanhu vakatsamwa vakabata hurumende yeUnited States muTehran uye vakabata vaAmerica vashandi kusvika munaJanuary 1981.Iyi ndiyo yaiva yekutanga kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda pashure pekutsvaga kwehurumende yehurumende yekutanga yehurumende yeIrish iyo ichazovhiringidza kuMiddle East uye inoratidza kuti inogara nokusingaperi migumisiro.

August 20. Pausiku hwezuva iri mu1968, 200,000 Warsaw Pact mauto uye 5,000 matangi akauya muCzechoslovakia kuparadza nguva pfupi yekusununguka munyika yekomunistist inozivikanwa se "Prague Spring." Achitungamirwa nemuvandudzi Alexander Dubcek, ipapo mumwedzi wake wechisere saMunyori wekutanga weCommunist bato reCentral Committee, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakasimbisa sarudzo dzesununguko, kumiswa kwekudzvinyirira, rusununguko rwekutaura nechitendero, uye kuguma kwekurambidzwa kufamba. Rutsigiro rweveruzhinji kune izvo zvinonzi naDubcek "gutsaruzhinji nechiso chemunhu" zvaive zvakavakirwa zvakanyanya zvekuti Soviet Union nemasatellite ayo vakazviona sekutyisidzira kutonga kwavo kuEastern Europe. Kuti varwise kutyisidzira, mauto eWarsaw Pact akashevedzwa kuti vatore Czechoslovakia uye vauye nayo chitsitsinho. Zvisingatarisirwi, mauto akasangana kwese-kwese nezviito zvenguva dzose zvekusapokana nekuzvidzivirira izvo zvakavatadzisa kuwana kutonga. Pakazosvika Kubvumbi 1969, zvisinei, kumanikidza kweSoviet kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakabudirira kumanikidza Dubcek kubva pasimba. Shanduko dzake dzakakurumidza kudzoserwa uye Czechoslovakia zvakare yakave nhengo yemubatanidzwa weWarsaw Pact. Zvakangodaro, iyo Prague Chitubu mukupedzisira yakatamba chinzvimbo chinokurudzira mukudzosera democracy kuCzechoslovakia. Mukuratidzira kwekungoitika mumugwagwa kutanga muna Nyamavhuvhu 21, 1988, mukuru 20^th chiitiko chekuuya kweSoviet-kutungamirirwa, vafambi vemabhiza vakaimba zita raDubcek uye vakadana rusununguko. Gore rinotevera, Czech playwright uye munyori wezvinyorwa Vaclav Havel vakatungamirira sangano rakarongeka risina kukwana rainzi "The Velvet Revolution" iro rakagumisira kuguma kuSoviet kutonga kwenyika. Musi waNovember 28, 1989, mutambo weCoschoslovakia weCommunity wakazivisa kuti waizosiya simba uye kuparadza nyika imwe chete.

August 21. Nezuva iri muC1983, Philippines inonzi nonviolent rusununguko rwomusimba Benigno (Ninoy) Aquino akaurayiwa nepfuti kumusoro kuManila International Airport mushure mokunge aenda ndege yakanga yamuvigira kumba kubva kumakore matatu ekutapwa muUnited States. Ne 1972, Aquino, Liberal Party senator uye muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika wehupfumi hweMutungamiri Ferdinand Marcos, akanga atova akakurumbira zvikuru uye aidiwa kukunda Marcos mumutungamiri wepurezidhendi ye 1973. Marcos, zvisinei, akazivisa mutemo wehondo muSeptember 1972, iyo isina kungoparadza rusununguko rwemutemo asi yakaita kuti Aquino ave musungwa wezvematongerwe enyika. Apo Aquino akatambura chirwere chemwoyo mujeri mu1980, akabvumirwa kuenda kuUnited States kunovhiyiwa. Asi, mushure mokunge awedzere kugara kwake muUnited States, akafunga kudiwa ne 1983 kudzokera kuPhilippines uye kunyengetedza Mutungamiri Marcos kudzorera hurumende kuburikidza nenzira ine rugare. Nhamba yebhururu rekudenga yakagumisa basa iroro, asi, panguva yekusavapo kwaAkino, kuwanda kwehupfumi muPhilippine kwakanga kwave kwakonzera kusagadzikana kwehurumende. Pakutanga 1986, Marcos akamanikidzwa kushevedza sarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika mushure mokumhanya kwake kumudzimai waAkino, Corazon. Rudzi rwacho rwakanyanyisa kubatsirana "Cory," asi kupararira kwakawanda nekunyengera kwakaita kuti sarudzo dzive nemigumisiro. Sezvo vasina imwe sarudzo, mamwe mamiriyoni maviri ePhilippines, achiimba "Cory, Cory, Cory," vakagadzirisa purogiramu yavo yeropa risina ropa muDowntown Manille. Musi waFebruary 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino yakavhurwa Mutungamiri ndokuenderera mberi kudzorera hurumende kuPhilippine. Asi, kuFhilippines uyewo gore negore vanopemberera murume uyo akapa sarudzo yekuvandudza kwavo. Kune vazhinji, Ninoy Aquino inoramba iri "mutungamiri mukuru wevasati tambova."

August 22. Pazuva iri mu1934, Marti Corps Mukuru Jinda General Smedley Butler akakurudzirwa nebhadha mutengesi weWall Street mune zvemari kuti atungamirire coup d'état inopesana neMutungamiri Roosevelt nehurumende yeUS. Zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zvakange zvakagadzirwa neWall Street vezvemari avo vainyanya kushungurudzwa nekutongerwa kweMutungamiri weDambudziko rekudengenyeka kweGold Standard, iyo yavakatenda kuti inogona kuparadza zvose pfuma yebhizimisi uye yebhizimisi uye inotungamirira kukasarudzwa kwenyika. Kuti vadzivise dambudziko iro, mumiriri weWall Street akaudza Butler kuti avo vakarangana vakanga vaunganidza 500,000 veterans veHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yekutanga vaigona kukunda nyika dzisina simba dzemauto ehurumende dzekurarama uye vachizarura nzira yekuumba hurumende yepascist iyo inofadza zvebhizimisi. Butler, ivo vaitenda, ndivo vakanga vakagadzirira kutungamira hurumende, sezvo iye airemekedzwa nevakuru vechirwere kuti vatsigire vanhu vose neBonus Army purogiramu yekubhadhara kwokutanga kwemari yakawanda iyo hurumende yakanga yavimbisa. Vayori, zvisinei, vakanga vasingazivi chimwe chinhu chinokosha. Pasinei nehutungamiri hweButler hwakanga husina maturo muhondo, akanga auya kuzotsamwisa kushandiswa kwenyika nguva dzose kweuto sekushanda kwekambani. Ne 1933, akanga atanga kutonga pachena mabhengi uye hupfumi. Asi, iye akagarawo akasimudzirwa. Musi waNovember 20, 1934, Butler akarondedzera hurumende yeComputer Un-American Activities Committee, iyo iyo yakashuma iyo yakabvuma uchapupu huripo hwekugadzirira kubvumirana, asi hauna kutora mhosva yemhosva. Nokuda kwake, Smedley Butler akapfuurira kuparidzira Hondo iRacket, iyo yaikurudzira kuchinjisa mauto eU.S. kuva mauto ekudzivirira chete.

August 23. Nezuva iri mu1989, inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vane mamiriyoni maviri vakabatana nemaoko mumutambo we-400-mile kumativi eBaltic nyika dzeEstonia, Latvia, uye Lithuania. Muchiratidziro chisina kubvumirana chisingatauri chinonzi "The Baltic Way," vairamba vachirwisana nekuenderera mberi kwenyika dzavo neSoviet Union. Kupikisa kwakawanda kwakagadzirwa pamakore makumi mashanu ekupemberera Hitler-Stalin isiri yechisimba chibvumirano cheAugust 23, 1939, breeched neGermany muna 1941. Asi chibvumirano ichocho chaivawo nemitemo yakavanzika iyo yakatsanangura kuti nyika mbiri idzi dzichazoparadzanisa sei nyika dzeEastern Europe kuti dzisarudze zvido zvavo pachavo. Paiva pasi pemitemo iyi iyo Soviet Union yakatanga kutora maBaltic nyika mu1940, ichimanikidza vanhu vavo vekuMadokero kuti vararame pasi pekudzvinyirira kweCommunist Party. Asi, kusvikira 1989, veSoviet vaiti Hitler-Stalin Pact yakanga isina zvinyorwa zvakavanzika, uye kuti Baltic nyika yakanga ichingobatana neSoviet Union. MuBaltic Way kuratidza, vatori vechikamu vakakumbira kuti Soviet Union ione pachena mitemo uye inobvumira kuti Baltic ipezve hurumende itsva. Zvinoshamisa, chiratidziro chikuru, icho chakaguma pamakore matatu emakortiro, chakanyengetedza Soviet Union kuti pakupedzisira vabvumire kune zvinyorwa uye vazivise kuti hazvina maturo. Pamwe chete, makore matatu ekuratidzira kusina kukodzera akaratidza kuti simba rekudzivirira rinogona kuva rakadini, kana richiita chinangwa chakafanana muhama nehanzvadzi. Mushandirapamwe wakashanda semuenzaniso wakaisvonaka kune dzimwe nyika dzeEastern Europe dzichitsvaka rusununguko, uye rwakaratidza chikonzero chekubatanidzazve muGermany. VaBaltic vanotizve vakazvimirira ivo pachavo mushure mokuwa kweSoviet Union muna December 1991.

August 24. Pazuva rino muna 1967, Abbie Hoffman & Jerry Rubin vakakanda mazana matatu emadhora emabhaconi kubva pabharanda kuenda pasi peNew York Stock Exchange kukanganisa bhizinesi senguva dzose. Abbie Hoffman, nyanzvi yemasayendisiti anofarira zvepfungwa, akatamira kuNew York mu1960s sevashanduri uye vanopesana nehondo vainge vachigadzira mapepa uye mapurisa muCentral Park. Hoffman akanga aine chikwata chevashandi chakabatanidzwa kumitambo, iyo Diggers, muSan Francisco. Nokuburikidza nezviitiko ikoko, akadzidza kukosha kwemaitiro pamusoro pekucherechedza zvinokonzera, sezvo mhirizhonga uye kufamba kunenge kwava kuwanzana zvikuru dzimwe nguva vaisatendwa nevanhau. Hoffman akasangana nemumiririri Jerry Rubin uyo akazvidza kushora kwake kwehukuru hwechisimba sechikonzero chehondo nekusaenzana muUnited States. Vose pamwe chete nevanokurudzira gay-kodzero Jim Fouratt, Hoffman naRubin vakaronga kuratidzwa muNew York Stock Exchange vachikoka Marty Jezer, mupepeti weWar Resisters League nyanzvi yeWIN magazini, korean Korean War veteran Keith Lampe, uye mutsigiri wekurwisana Stewart Albert, pamwe ne gumi nevamwe, nevanyori venhau. Bhuku racho rakakumbira kushanya kwechivako cheN NYSE apo Hoffman akagovera zvishoma zvidhinari rimwe chete neyechimwe nechimwe vasati vatungamirirwa kudivi rechipiri pavakamira vachitarisa pasi pavatengesi veWall Street. Izvo zvikwereti zvakakandwa ipapo pamusoro penzira, ichidonhera pasi pasi pasi. Mabhengi akamira kutengesa kwavo sezvavakatsvaga kuti vatore mari yakawanda sezvinobvira, zvichiita kuti vataure zvingave zvakakonzerwa nekutengeserana. Hoffman gare gare akatsanangura kuti: "Kudurura mari kune vatengesi veWall Street yaiva yezera rezera reTV yekutyaira vatinhi vemari kubva mutemberi."

August 25. Pazuva iri mu1990, UN Security Council yakapa nyika yenyika kodzero yekushandisa simba kusimbisa kupesana kwekutengeserana kwebhizimisi kuIraq. United States yakafunga kuti chiito chacho kukunda kukuru. Yakanga ichishanda zvakaoma kugutsikana neSoviet Union, China, uye kukanganisa nyika yeTatu yenyika kuti zvakakurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu chaidiwa kutarisa kutyora kwematambudziko akakura ezvematongerwe enyika akange aiswa kuIraq mushure mekutsvaga kweAugust 2 kweku Kuwait. Zvisungo izvi, zvisinei, zvakakundikana kumanikidzira kubviswa kwemauto eIraqi. Vakanga vari panzvimbo yavo vakadzingwa neuto kumagumo eFebruary 1991 muGulf War inotungamirirwa neU.S. Asi, kunyange nekudzorerwa kweKaitiiti kuzvimiririra, zviyeuchidzo zvakachengetwa munzvimbo, zvinonzi semuviri wekutengesa zvombo zveIraq nezvimwe zvinangwa. Muzvokwadi, zvisinei, zvose zveUnited States neUnited States zvakagara zvichiratidza zvakajeka kuti vaizovhara chero kusimudzira kana kuchinja kwakakomba kwezvimirango chero bedzi Saddam Hussein akaramba ari mutungamiriri weIraq. Izvo zvakanga zviri pasinei nezviratidzo zvakasimba zvekuti chirango chacho chakanga chisisakwanisi kukumanikidza Saddam asi chakange chichikuvadza zvakanyanya vagari vasina mhosva veIraqi. Iyi mamiriro akapararira kusvikira muna March 2003, apo US uye UK zvakare vakagadzira hondo muIraq uye vakabvisa hurumende yeSaddam. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge, veUnited States vakashevedza uye vakawana kusimudzirwa kwezvimhosva zveUN, vachizvipa zvakakwana kutengesa mafuta eIraq nemabhizimisi. Makore gumi nematatu ematambudziko, zvisinei, akanga abudisa zvakanaka kutambura kwevanhu. Izvozvo zvave zvichibva pakusimudza kusava nechokwadi mukati mevanhu vemunyika yose pamusoro pekubudirira kwematambudziko ezvoupfumi pakuzadzisa zvinangwa zvepamutemo uye mutemo wavo pasi pemutemo wepasi pose unotarisira kubatsira uye kodzero dzevanhu.

August 26. Pazuva iri mu1920, Munyori wehurumende yeUnited States Bainbridge Colby akapupura kuti 19^th Chirongwa chekuiswa mumutemo weUnited States, kupa vakadzi veUnited States kodzero yekuvhota musarudzo dzose. Izvi zvakagara zvichiitika muUnited States kodzero dzaiva mugumo weboka revakadzi re suffrage, iro rakadzokera kumashure pakati pe19^th zana remakore. Kushandisa maitiro akadai semapurisa, kumira kwakanyarara, uye nzara inouraya, vakadzi vakatevera mazano akasiyana-siyana munyika dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vawane kodzero yekuvhota-kazhinji pavanotarisana nekutsamwa kwevanopikisa avo vaidzvinyirirwa, vakaiswa mujeri, uye dzimwe nguva vachivatambudza. Ne 1919, suffragettes akanga atora kodzero dzakakwana dzokuvhota mune gumi nemashanu kubva makumi mana nemasere enyika, kunyanya kumavirira, uye akawana zvishoma zvishoma mune zvizhinji. Panguva iyoyo, zvisinei, masangano makuru ezvokutenderera akanga akabatana mukutenda kuti kodzero dzakakwana dzekuvhota munyika dzose dzaigona kubudirira kuburikidza neBumbiro reMitemo. Izvozvo zvakazova chinangwa chakakwanisa mushure mekunge Mutungamiri Wilson ataure rutsigiro rwake rwekugadzirisa mu 1918. Akaudza Sénate kuti: "Ndinoona kuwedzererwa kwevanhukadzi kune zvakakosha pakupomerwa kwekubudirira kwehondo huru yevanhu iyo yatinenge tichibvumirana nayo." Kuedza kwakakurumidza kupedza sarudzo yakarongwa yakakundikana muSeneti nemavhoti maviri chete . Asi paMay 21, 1920, yakapfuurirwa zvikuru neImba yeVamiririri, uye vhiki mbiri gare gare neSeneti neidiwa maviri-chetatu vazhinji. Chigadzirocho chakagamuchirwa muna August 18, 1920, apo Tennessee yakava 36^th we48 inotaura kuti ichibvumirana nayo, nokudaro kuwana chibvumirano chinodiwa chematatu-mana ematunhu.

August 27. Iri ndiro zuva, mu1928, apo Kellogg-Briand Pact kuparadza hondo yakagamuchirwa muParis nemarudzi makuru enyika. Yakatumidzwa mushure mevanyori vayo, Secretary of State weUnited States Frank Kellogg uye Gurukota rezvekunze kuFrance Aristide Briand, Chibvumirano chakatanga kushanda muna Chikunguru 1929. Yakaramba hondo sechiridzwa chemutemo wenyika uye yakaraira kuti makakatanwa epasi rose echinhu chero chipi zvacho anofanira kugadziriswa chete nepacific. zvinoreva. Hondo yega yega kubva 1928 yakatyora chibvumirano ichi, icho chakadzivirira dzimwe hondo uye chakashanda sehwaro hwekutanga kutongwa kwemhosva yehondo pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, kubvira panguva iyoyo nyika dzakapfuma dzakashonga nhumbi dzisina kuenda kuhondo neimwe neimwe. zvimwe - kusarudza pachinzvimbo kuti urwe uye kuitisa hondo pakati penyika dzine urombo. Post Post-Hondo yechipiri, kutorwa kwenzvimbo kwakanyanya kupera. Gore 1928 rakava mutsetse wekuparadzanisa kuona kuti ndedzipi kukunda kwaive pamutemo uye ndedzipi. Makoroni akatsvaga rusununguko, uye nyika diki dzakatanga kuumbwa nezvizhinji. Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations chakamonyanisa runyararo rwePact Chibvumirano chehondo kurambidza hondo dzisingadziviriri kana kupihwa mvumo neUnited Nations. Hondo idzo dzave zvisiri pamutemo kunyangwe pasi peUN Charter, asi idzo dzakawanda dzakataura kana kufungidzira kuti dzaive pamutemo, dzakasanganisira hondo kuAfghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, Libya, Yemen, neSyria. Anoda kusvika makore makumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekugadzirwa kweKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo International Criminal Court yakatora mutemo wekupomera mhosva yehondo, asi nyika inogadzira hondo, United States, yakati kodzero yekushanda kunze kwemutemo. .

August 28. Nezuva iri mu1963, American Civil Rights inotsigira Martin Luther King Jr. yakapa televiziyo yake munyika yose "Ndine Hope" kutaura pamberi pevanhu vakawanda ve250,000 paMarch kuWashington. Kutaura uku kwakashandisa zvine hungwaru zvipo zvaMambo zvemashoko enhetembo, izvo zvakamugonesa kutora kodzero dzakaenzana dzevanhu vemuAfrica nekukumbira kumweya unobatanidza uyo unovhara kupatsanurwa kwevanhu. Kutevera kutaura kwekutanga, King akashandisa fananidzo kutsanangura kuti vafambi vauya kuguta kuzotora mari "chivimbiso" icho chakavimbisa hupenyu, rusununguko, uye kutsvaga mufaro kune wese muAmerica, asi akange adzoka kare kuvanhu vemavara. yakanzi “mari isingakwane.” Inenge pakati nepakati pekutaura, King akabva parugwaro rwake rwakagadzirirwa kuti anyore kubva mundangariro zvaakamboedzwa "Ndine hope" anodzora. Imwe yehope idzi ikozvino yakadzikadzika mukuziva kwenyika: "kuti vana vangu vana vadiki rimwe zuva vachararama murudzi umo vasingazotongwa neruvara rweganda ravo asi nezvakanyorwa nehunhu hwavo." Kutaura uku kwakapedziswa nekupenya kwekupedzisira kwekunyepedzera kwekutaura, kwakavakirwa pachiridzwa "Runyararo ngarureruke": "Kana tichiirega ichirira kubva mumusha wese nemusha wese…," akadaro Mambo, "tichakwanisa kumhanyisa zuva iro." apo vana vaMwari vese… vachakwanisa kubatana maoko nekuimba mumazwi ekare maNigro pamweya: 'Kusununguka pakupedzisira! Kusununguka pakupedzisira! Tinotenda Mwari Samasimba, takasununguka pakupedzisira! '”Muna 2016, nguva Magazini yakagamuchira mutauro semumwe wematongerwo gumi ekutanga munhau.

August 29. Pazuva rino gore rega rega, United Nations International Day pamusoro peNuclear Tests inoonekwa. Misangano yorugare pasi pose inoshandisa zuva rekudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro pekudiwa kwekugumisa kuongorora kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvepasi rose, izvo zvinoita kuti zvingangova nengozi kune vanhu, zvisikwa, uye nyika. Chokutanga chakaonekwa muna 2010, International Day against Nuclear Tests yakafuridzirwa nekuvhara kwaAugust 29, 1991 yezvombo zvenyukireya nzvimbo yekuedzwa muKazakhstan, iyo iyo chikamu cheSoviet Union. Mazana emagetsi enyukireya akanga avharwa ipapo pamusoro pemakore makumi mana, zvose kumusoro nepamusoro pevhu, uye zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwemazuva evanhu vakavapoteredza. Sezvakaita 2016, mazhenje emvura muvhu uye mvura pedyo neguta reSemey (raimbova Semipalatinsk), 100 mairaira kumabvazuva kwewaiti, yakanga ichiri kakapetwa katatu kupfuura yakasarudzika. Vacheche vairamba vachiberekwa vane maronda, uye, kwehafu yevanhu, tarisiro yehupenyu yakaramba iri pasi pemakore 60. Mukuwedzera kune nyevero dzayo pamusoro pekukuvadza kwezvombo zvenyukireya kuongororwa, International Day kurwisa Nuclear Tests inoshanda kukuyeuchidza nyika kuti chibvumirano chakatorwa neUnited States kupedzisa kuedza kwakadaro hachina kushanda. I1996 Yakazara Inogadziriswa Nechibvumirano Chekugadziriswa kweNyukliya (CTBT) yaizobvisa kuongorora kwezvinhu zvenyukireya kana kuputika chero kupi zvako. Asi zvinogona kuita izvi chete kana vose 44 vachiti ivo vakabatanidzwa mukubvunzurudza kuti vagadzire chibvumirano, uye vane simba renyukireya kana tsvakurudzo dzinoitwa panguva iyoyo, vakazvigamuchira. Makumi makumi maviri gare gare, masere masere, kusanganisira United States, akanga asati aita saizvozvo.

August 30. Pazuva iri mu1963, "Hot Line" kuyanana kwekubatanidza kwakagadzwa pakati pe White House neKremlin yakagadzirirwa kushevedza kushamwaridzana kwemasangano pakati pevatungamiri vemarudzi maviri pamusana pekudaidzira. Hutsvaidzo hwakanga hwakurudzirwa neCuban Missile Crisis yaGumiguru 1962, umo kutumira teregiramu kwakatora maawa kuti vasvike kune rimwe divi, zvichiwedzeredza nhaurirano dzakatosimba pakati pesimba renyukireya-rinoshingairira nyika. Nekombuta nyowani yeHot Line, meseji dzenhare dzakanyorwa muchina we teletype dzinogona kusvika kune rimwe divi mumaminitsi mashoma. Neraki, hapana chikonzero cheiyo Hot Line yakamuka kusvika 1967, apo Mutungamiri Lyndon Johnson akaishandisa kuzivisa panguva iyoyo-Soviet Gurukota Alexei Kosygin wezano rehunyanzvi raaifunga nezvekupindira muArab-Israeli Hondo Yemazuva matanhatu. Pakazosvika 1963, Mutungamiri Kennedy neSoviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev vaive vatotanga hukama hune zvibereko zvichibva pakunzwisisana nekuvimbana. Chaive chikuru chigadzirwa chekutsinhana kwemakore maviri akatsetseka eemutemo uye etsamba tsamba. Imwe huru hombe yematsamba yaive yekufungidzira kwakamisikidzwa kwakange kwapedza Cuban Missile Crisis. Izvo zvakange zvapa kukurudzira kune vese kune mashoma muyedzo yenyukireya kurambidza chibvumirano chaAugust 5, 1963, uye Mutungamiri weAmerican University kutaura mwedzi miviri yapfuura pahukama hweUS-Soviet. Ikoko, Kennedy akadaidzira "kwete rugare chete munguva yedu asi rugare rwekusingaperi." Mutsamba yaipa mutero kuna Kennedy mushure mekufa kwake, Khrushchev akamuratidza se "murume ane maonero akajeka aitsvaga kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika uye kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko asina kugadzikana epasi rese kuburikidza nekutaurirana."

August 31. Pazuva iri muna 1945, vamwe vanhu zviuru zviviri muLondon Westminster Central Hall vakagadzira musoro we "World Unity kana World Destruction" mukurwisana nekupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya. KuWestminster, sekupoteredza nyika, mabhomba aHiroshima neNagasaki masvondo mashomanana zvisati zvaitika akange aita kuti zviuru zvevanhu zvibatanidzwe mune mhirizhonga yakakurumbira kuponesa vanhu kubva mukuparadzwa kwe nyukireya. Pakutanga, kutya kwekuparadza kwenyika yenyukireya kwakaenderera mberi pamwe chete nepfungwa yehurumende yenyika. Yakasimbiswa naBertrand Russell, pakati pevamwe, ndokukwevera mapoka ezviuru kumisangano yepachena apo yakakurukurwa. Mutsara wokuti "Nyika imwe kana kuti kwete" yakatongerwa kwete Russell chete, asi naGandhi naEinstein. Kunyange yeLondon Times akasimbisa kuti "inofanira kuitwa kuti isagoneke kuti hondo itange, kana zvisinei vanhu vanoparara." Mumwedzi inotevera nemakore, zvisinei, vakurukuri vekuBrithani vanorwisana nehondo, vachiramba vachipa mhosva mabhomba eJapan, vakatangawo kutsigira zvombo zvenyukireya kudzora nekudzivirira. NeC1950s, "World One" yakanga isisati iri nheyo inokosha yekushungurudza bhomba, asi kunyanya chido cheve pacifists uye vatsigiri vehurumende yenyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuburikidza nekusimbisa njodzi inogona kuitika yehuwandu husina kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, rugare nemapoka ezvokurwisana muBritain uye kumadokero kweHedheni vakabatsira kuchinja mukufunga kwakakurumbira kune kugamuchirwa kwemiganhu pahurumende yenyika. Zvakatarisana nenjodzi dzisina kumboitika dzehondo yenyukireya, vanhu vakaratidza chido chinoshamisa kugamuchira mafungiro matsva nezvehukama hwepasi pose. Kutenda kwedu kumunyori wenhau dzakaitika Lawrence S. Wittner, ane mabhuku akazara pamusoro pezvombo zvenyukireya akapa ruzivo rwechikamu chino.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

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Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.