Chikunguru

July 1
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July 3
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July 1. Pazuva rino mu1656, veQuaker vokutanga vakasvika muAmerica, vauya kune zvaizova Boston. Purogiramu yePuritan muBoston yakanyatsosimbiswa ne1650s nemitemo yakasimba yakabva kune chitendero chayo. Apo vaQuaker vakabva kuEngland vachienda ku1656, ivo vakakokwa vachipomerwa nezveuchenjeri, kusungwa, kuiswa mutorongo, uye chido chokuti vabve muBoston pavanotevera. Murairo unorema mari inorema pachikepe vatungamiri vaiunza Quaker kuenda kuBoston munguva pfupi yakapfuura neApitans. Vatori veQuaker vakamira pasi vavo mukurwisana vakapfuurira kurwiswa, kurohwa, uye vanenge vana vakaurayiwa vasati vatongerwa naCharles Charles II vakarambidza kuponda muNyika Itsva. Sezvo vamwe vagari vakasiyana-siyana vakatanga kusvika kuBoston Harbour, veQuaker vakawana kugamuchirwa kwakakwana kuti vagadzirise hukama hwavo muPennsylvania. Kutya kwePuritans, kana kuti kutya, kwakabatana muAmerica nechinangwa chekutanga chekusununguka uye kururamisira kune vose. Sezvo America yakakura, ndizvo zvakaitawo kusiyana kwayo. Kugamuchirwa kwevamwe kwaiva tsika yakakonzera zvikuru neVaQuaker, avo vakaratidzawo vamwe tsika dzekuremekedza vanhu vekuAmerica, varanda vanorwisana, kurwisana nehondo, nekutsvaka rugare. VaQuaker vePennsylvania vakaratidza kuti kune dzimwe makoloni tsika, mari, uye tsika zvekuita rugare pane kugadzirisa hondo. VaQuaker vakadzidzisa vamwe veAmerica pamusoro pekudiwa kwekubvisa uranda nemhando dzose dzechisimba. Nzira dzakawanda dzehurukuro dzakanakisisa dzinopfurikidza nemuAmerica inotanga neQuakers dzichisimudzira mafungiro avo sevanhu vakadzama vanopesana nedzidziso dzinogamuchirwa nenyika yose.

July 2. Pazuva iri mu1964, Mutungamiri weU.S. Lyndon B. Johnson akasayira Civil Rights Act ye 1964 kuti ive mutemo. Vanhu vakavigwa vakanga vava vagari veUnited States vane kodzero yekuvhota mu1865. Asi, kodzero dzavo dzakaramba dzichidzingwa munyika yose yeSouth. Mitemo yakapfuura nemunhu inotsigira kusarura, uye zviito zvechisimba nemapoka evanhu vemaoko makuru seKu Klux Klan akatyisidzira rusununguko rwavimbiswa kuva vevaranda. Muna 1957, Dhipatimendi reRubatsiro reUnited States rakaita sangano reHurumende dzeHurumende kuti riongorore mhosva idzi, dzisina kutorwa nemutemo wezvematongerwo enyika kusvikira Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy akatungamirirwa neHurumende yeHurumende kuendesa mushumo muna June we1963 achiti: "Iri nyika yakatangwa nevarume vemarudzi akawanda nemamiriro ezvinhu. Yakavakirwa pamutemo wekuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, uye kuti kodzero dzevanhu vose dzinoderedzwa apo kodzero dzomumwe murume dziri kutyisidzirwa. "Kuuraya kwaKennedy mwedzi mishanu gare gare kwakasiya Mutungamiri Johnson kutevera. MuHurumende yake yeUnited States, Johnson akakumbira achiti: "Regai iyi sangano reCongress rizivikanwe sechikamu chekuita zvakanyanya kune kodzero dzevanhu kunze kwemazana ekupedzisira masangano akabatanidzwa." Sezvo mushumo wacho wakasvika kuSeneate, nharo dzakapisa dzakabva kuSouth dzakasangana neine 75-day filibuster. Sangano re Civil Rights Act re1964 rakazopfuura nepakati pevatatu vovhoti. Iri Mutemo rinorambidza kusarura munzvimbo dzose dzevanhu, uye rinorambidza kusarurwa nevashandirwi nehurumende dzebasa. Yakagadzirisawo Mutengo Wakaenzana weKambani yeHurumende inopa rubatsiro rwepamutemo kune vagari vanoedza kurarama.

July 3. Pazuva iri mu1932, The Green Table, anti-war ballet kuratidza uhu uye uori hwehondo, yakaitwa kwekutanga kokutanga muParis pamakwikwi ekutsvaga. Yakanyorwa uye yakarongedzwa nemudhanzi wekuGermany, mudzidzisi, uye choreographer Kurt Jooss (1901-1979), iyo ballet inoratidzwa "dhaniro yorufu" inoratidzwa mumakore ekumaodzanyemba eGermany. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvisere zvinomiririra nzira yakasiyana iyo inowirirana nehurongwa hwehondo. Nhamba yeRufu inonyengedza vanyori vezvematongerwe enyika, varwi, mureza, mureza, musikana, mudzimai, amai, vapoteri, uye vashandi vemabhizimusi, avo vose vanounzwa mukutamba kwekufa nenzira imwe chete iyo vanogara muupenyu hwavo. Ndizvo chete chimiro chemudzimai chinopa chikonzero chekudzivisa. Anoshanduka kuva mupanduki anopandukira uye kuuraya musoja achidzoka kubva mberi. Nokuda kwechigumbu ichi, Rufu runomudzingira kure kuti aurawe nepfuti yepfuti. Pamberi pemapuranga okutanga, zvisinei, mudzimai anotendeukira kune Rufu uye anogunun'una. Rufu rwekupedzisira runomupupurira ruzivo rwekubvuma, zvino rinotarisa kune vateereri. Mukuongorora kwe 2017 The Green Table, freelance editor Jennifer Zahrt anonyora kuti mumwe muongorori pamabasa aakaenda akapindura achiti, "Rufu rwakatarira kwatiri wese sekunge tibvunze kana tikanzwisisa." Zahrt anopindura, "Hongu," sekunge kubvuma kuti kufa kwekufa kuhondo nguva dzose imwe nzira yakasimbiswa. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa, zvisinei, kuti nhoroondo yemazuva ano inopa zviitiko zvakawanda umo chikamu chiduku chevanhu vakapa, chakarongedzerwa sechisina chisimba chisimba, chakakwanisa kuvhara kudana kwaRufu kune wese.

July 4. Pazuva iri gore roga rega, nepo United States ichipemberera chiziviso chekuzvimirira kubva kuEngland mu1776, chisingaiti chisina chisimba chechirongwa cheboka chinotungamirirwa muYorkshire, England chinocherechedza "Independence kubva kuAmerica Day." Inozivikanwa seMenewith Hill Accountability Campaign (MHAC), chinangwa cheboka cheboka kubvira apo 1992 yave iri kuongorora uye kujekesa nyaya yehutongi hweBrithani sezvo inosanganisira zvigaro zveuto zveUnited States zviri kuUnited Kingdom. Chinangwa chikuru cheMHAC ndeche Menwith Hill US base muNorth Yorkshire, yakagadzirwa mu1951. Mhanya neUnited States National Security Agency (NSA), Menwith Hill ndiyo yepamusoro-soro yeUnited States kunze kweU.S. kuunganidzirwa kwekutsvaga nekuongorora. Kunyanya kuburikidza nekubvunza mibvunzo muparamende uye kuedza mutemo weBrithani mumatare ematare, MHAC yakakwanisa kugadzirisa kuti chibvumirano cheS1957 chakati pakati peU.S. neUk chinosangana neNSA Menwith Hill chakapfuura pasina kuongororwa kweparamende. MHAC yakaratidzawo kuti mabasa akatevedzerwa nehutariro mukutsigira hurumende yeUnited States yose, US inonzi iMissile Defense system, uye kushandiswa kwemashoko eNSA kwakakonzera zvakanyanya kuburusununguko rwevanhu uye magetsi ekuongorora maitiro asina kugamuchira hurukuro yavanhu kana yeparamende. Icho chinangwa chekupedzisira cheMHAC ndechokubviswa zvachose kwemauto ose eUnited States uye zvidzidzo muUnited States. Sangano rinoshamwaridzana, uye rinotsigira, mamwe makambani anotsigira pasi pose anogovera zvinangwa zvakafanana munyika dzavo. Kana kuedza kwakadaro kuchiguma kubudirira, vangave vanomiririra danho guru rekutarisa pasi rose. Iko US ikozvino inoshandisa mamwe makuru e800 ezvombo zvehondo munzvimbo dzinopfuura 80 nyika nenzvimbo kunze kwenyika.

July 5. Pazuva iri mu1811, Venezuela yakava yekutanga kuSouth America koloni kuti izivise kuzvimiririra kwayo. Hondo yeRusununguko yakange yarwa kubva muna Kubvumbi 1810. Republic yekutanga yeVenezuela yaive nehurumende yakazvimirira nebumbiro, asi rakangogara gore rimwe chete. Maseru eVenezuela akaramba kutongwa nechena vepamusoro veCaracas uye vakaramba vakavimbika kukorona. Gamba rakakurumbira, Simón Bolívar Palacios, akaberekerwa muVenezuela yemhuri ine mukurumbira uye kurwisa kweSpanish kwakapfuurira pasi pake. Akadaidzirwa El Libertador seChipiri Republic yeVenezuela yakaziviswa uye Bolivar yakapihwa masimba ekudzvinyirira. Akatarisa zvakare zvishuwo zvevasiri-vachena veVenzuelan. Yakatorawo gore rimwe chete, kubva muna 1813-1814. Caracas akaramba ari mukutonga kweSpanish, asi muna 1819, Bolivar akanzi mutungamiri weTatu Republic yeVenezuela. Muna 1821 Caracas yakasunungurwa uye Gran Colombia yakasikwa, ikozvino Venezuela neColombia. Bolivar akasiya, asi akaenderera mberi nekurwa kukondinendi uye akaona kurota kwake kweSpanish America yakabatana ichiuya kune chimwe chibereko muConfederation yeAndes ichibatanidza izvo zvava kunzi Ecuador, Bolivia, nePeru. Zvakare, hurumende nyowani yakaratidza kunetsa kudzora uye haina kuramba. Vanhu muVenezuela vakatsamwira guta guru reBogota kure-kure neColombia, uye vakapokana neGran Colombia. Bolivar akagadzirira kuenda kuhunhapwa kuEurope, asi akafa aine makore makumi mashanu nemana yetibhi muna Zvita 47, asati aenda kuEurope. Sezvaaive ave kufa, mununuri akashungurudzika wekuchamhembe kweSouth America akati "Vese vakashandira shanduko vakarima gungwa." Ndiko kusabatsira kwehondo.

July 6. Pazuva iri muna 1942, Anne ane makore gumi nematatu, Anne Frank, vabereki vake nehanzvadzi yavo vakatamira muchikamu chisina chinhu chakasununguka chechivako chehofisi muAmsterdam, Holland umo baba vaAnto, Otto, vakatakura bhizimisi rebhangi. Ikoko mhuri yechiJuda- maGerman maGerman avo vaive vatizira kuHolland zvichitevera kumuka kwaHitler muna 1933 - vakazvivanza kubva kumaNazi avo zvino vakatora nyika. Munguva yekuvanda kwavo, Anne akachengeta dhayari rinotsanangura chiitiko chemhuri icho chingamuita mukurumbira wepasirese. Mhuri iyi payakawanikwa uye ikasungwa makore maviri gare gare, Anne naamai vake nehanzvadzi yake vakaendeswa kumusasa wevasungwa weGerman, uko vese vatatu vakakundwa mukati memwedzi ne typhus fever. Zvese izvi zivo yakajairika. Vashoma maAmerican, zvisinei, vanoziva iyo yakasara yacho nyaya. Zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa muna 2007 zvinoratidza kuti Otto Frank anoramba achiedza kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe muna 1941 kuchengetedza mavhiza aizoendesa mhuri yake kuUS kwakakanganiswa nekuwedzera kusarura maitiro eUS. Mushure mekunge Mutungamiri Roosevelt vayambira kuti vapoteri vechiJuda vatove muUS vanogona "kuve vasori vachimanikidzwa," kwakapihwa mvumo yekutonga iyo yairambidza US kugamuchira vapoteri vechiJuda nehama dzepedyo kuEurope, zvichibva papfungwa dzisiri dzechokwadi dzekuti maNazi anogona kubata avo hama dzinotapwa kuitira kumanikidza vapoteri kutora husori hwaHitler. Mhinduro iyi yakaratidza hupenzi uye nhamo dzinogona kuguma apo kutya-kunotyiswa nehondo pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kunotungamira pane kunetseka kwevanhu. Izvo hazvina kungo ratidza kuti ethereal Anne Frank anogona kumanikidzwa kushanda se spy yeNazi. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kunge zvakakonzera kurufu runodzivirirwa rwehuwandu husingaverengeke hwevaJudha veEuropean.

July 7. Pazuva iri mu2005, zvakakonzerwa nekurwiswa kwevapanduki kwakaitika muLondon. Varume vatatu vakazvitsaurira mabhomba ega voga asi panguva imwe chete mumabhegi avo muLondon Underground uye chechina vakaita zvakafanana nebhazi. Kusanganisira magandanga mana, vanhu makumi mashanu nevaviri vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana vakafa, uye mazana manomwe vakakuvara. Ongororo dzakawana kuti 95% yekuzviuraya kwevapanduki inokonzerwa nechishuwo chekuita kuti mukuru weuto apedze basa. Idzi kurwiswa kwakanga kusiri kunze kwekutonga ikoko. Chikonzero chakanga chiri kupedza basa reIraq. Gore rapfuura, musi waMarch 11, 2004, Al Qaeda mabhomu akanga auraya 191 vanhu muMadrid, kuSpain, nguva isati yaitwa sarudzo iyo imwe sangano raive richirwisa kuparidzira kuSpain muhondo yakatungamirirwa neUnited States kuIraq. Vanhu veSpain vakabvumira maSocialists kuti vave simba, uye vakabvisa mauto ose eSpain kubva kuIraq naMay. Kwakanga kusina mabhomba muSpain. Kutevera kurwiswa kwe2005 muLondon, hurumende yeBritain yakazvipira kuramba ichiita mabasa ane utsinye eIraq neAngland. Kurwiswa kwegandanga muLondon kwakatevera 2007, 2013, 2016, uye 2017. Zvinofadza kuti munhoroondo yenyika huwandu hwakawanda hwekuzviuraya kwevapanduki hwakave hwakanyorwa kuti hwave huchitungamirirwa nekutsamwa kwezvipo zvekudya, mishonga, zvikoro, kana simba rakachena. Kuderedza kuzvidzivirira kuzviuraya kunogona kubatsirwa nokuderedza kutambura kwevanhu pamwe chete, kushaiwa, uye kusaruramisira, uye kuburikidza nekupindurwa kune zvisiri izvo zvekukumbira, izvo zvinowanzotanga kuita zvechisimba asi kazhinji zvinowanzorambwa. Kurapa mhosva idzi semhosva, panzvimbo pekuita mabasa ehondo kunogona kuparadza kukanganisa.

July 8. Pazuva iri mu2014, mumakwikwi manomwe evhiki akazozivikanwa seA2014 Gaza War, Israeri yakatanga mhepo yevhiki manomwe uye yakagumbura Hamas-yakatonga Gaza Strip. Icho chinonzi chinangwa chekuvhiya kwacho ndechekuregedza rocket moto kubva kuGaza kuIsrael, iyo yakawedzera mushure mokunge kubata kweJune uye kuponda kwevana vatatu vechiIsrael nevana vaviri veHamas varwi muWest Bank vakanga vatangisa kuparadza kweIsrael. Kune chikamu chayo, Hamas akatsvaka kuunza mhirizhonga munyika yose yeIsrael kuti isimudze kubviswa kwayo kweGaza Strip. Hondo payakapera, zvisinei, kufa kwevanhu, kusima, uye pokusava nevakange vaine imwe-pamwe chete neGazan yakatarisana-nepamusoro pevagari ve2000 Gazan vakafa, vachienzanisa neVaIsrael chete-kuti chikamu chakakosha cheRwanda Tribunal yePalestina chakanga chiri vakadanwa kuti vaongorore kugonekana kwekuparadzwa kwevaIsraeri. Dare redzimhosva rakanga risina kuoma kugumisa kuti nzira yeIsrael yokurwisa, pamwe nekusarudzwa kwayo zvisingaenzaniswi, yakave kune mhosva dzevanhu, sezvo vakapa chirango chekuunganidza kune vanhu vose vevanhu. Izvo zvakare yakaramba maIsrael kuti zviito zvaro zvinogona kururamiswa sekuzvidzivirira kuzvirwisana ne rocket kurwisa kubva kuGaza, sezvo izvo zvinorwisana zvakagadzirisa zviito zvekurwisana nevanhu vaitambura mukuranga kutonga kweIsrayeri. Kunyange zvakadaro, jeri rakaramba kudana maitiro eIsrael "chizvarwa," sezvo izvo zvisingatenderwi zviri pamutemo zvinoda kubvumidza uchapupu hwe "chinangwa chokuparadza." Zvechokwadi, kumakumi ezviuru zvevakafa, vakakuvadzwa, uye vasina pokugara vaGaza, izvi zvikwanganiso zvakanga zvisina zvigaro . Kwavari, uye nokuda kwenyika yose, mhinduro chaiye yekutambudzika kwehondo inoramba iri kubviswa zvachose.

July 9. Pazuva rino mu1955, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell nevamwe vanomwe vanosayenzi vakanyevera kuti chisarudzo chinofanira kuitwa pakati pehondo uye kuponesa kwevanhu. Masayendisiti akakurumbira pasirese, kusanganisira Max Born weGerman, uye French Communist Frederic Joliot-Curie, akabatana naAlbert Einstein naBertrand Russell mukuyedza kupedza hondo. Manifesto, gwaro rekupedzisira rakasainwa naEfa asati afa, rakaverenga kuti: "Tichifunga nezvekuti mune ramangwana hondo yenyika yose zvombo zvenyukireya zvichashandiswa, uye kuti zvombo zvakadaro zvinokanganisa kuvapo kwevanhu, tinokurudzira hurumende pasi rose kuti vazive, uye vabvume pachena, kuti chinangwa chavo hachienderere mberi nehondo yenyika, uye tinovakurudzira, nekudaro, kuti vawane nzira dzerunyararo dzekugadzirisa nyaya dzese dzekupokana pakati pavo. " Aimbova Munyori wezveDziviriro muUnited States, Robert McNamara akataura kutya kwake kuti njodzi yenyukireya yaisagona kudzivirirwa kunze kwekunge zvombo zvenyukireya zvabviswa, achiti: "Musoro wehondo weUnited States une simba rekuparadza kakapetwa ka20 bhomba reHiroshima. Pamakumi masere emakumi masere anoshanda kana anoshanda ehondo dzeUS, zviuru zviviri zviri pavhudzi-rinochenjedza… Iyo US haina kumbobvira yatsigira mutemo wekuti 'hapana kutanga kushandiswa,' kwete mumakore angu manomwe semunyori kana kubvira. Isu takagara uye takagara takagadzirira kutanga kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya - nesarudzo yemunhu mumwe, mutungamiri… .Mutungamiri akagadzirira kuita sarudzo mukati memaminitsi makumi maviri anogona kuvhura chimwe chezvombo zvinoparadza pasi rose. Kuzivisa hondo kunoda chiito cheCongress, asi kuvhura kuuraya kukuru kwenyukireya kunoda kukurukurirana kwemaminetsi makumi maviri nemutungamiriri wenyika nevarairidzi vake.

July 10. Pazuva iri muna 1985, hurumende yeFrance yakarova uye yakamisa Greenpeace flagship The Warrior Warrior, yakamhanyira pane imwe nzvimbo muAuckland, guta guru muNew Zealand North North. Kutsvaka kufarira kwayo kuchengetedza zvisikwa, Greenpeace yaive ichishandisa chikepe ichi kutarisa imwe yemakwikwi ayo asingaiti zvekudzivirira kurwisana neFrance nuclear enyu muPacific. New Zealand yakatsigira zvakasimba kupemberera, kuratidzira basa rayo semutungamiri musangano repasi rose rinorwisa nuclear. France, kune rumwe rutivi, yakaona kuongorora kwenyukireya sekukosha kwekuchengeteka kwayo, uye kutya kunowedzera kukwidziridzwa kwepasi pose kunogona kumanikidza kupera kwayo. VaFrance vainyanya kunyanya kuronga zvirongwa zveGreenpeace kuti vafambise ngarava kubva kuAuckland wharf uye shanho zvakare chimwe chibvumirano kuFrance Polynesia kuMururoa Atoll iri kumaodzanyemba kwePacific. Sezvo ari mhiri, Murwi weWallbow aigona kutungamirira flotilla yezvinyorwa zviduku zvekupikisa zvingave nemaitiro asingasviki mauto eFrance angawana zvakaoma kutonga. Chikepe chacho chaive chakakura zvakakwana kutakura zvakakwana zvigadzirwa nemichina yekukurukurirana kuti ichengetedze kupesana kwenguva refu uye kubuda kweredhiyo nekunze kwenyika uye nhoroondo uye mapikicha kune dzimwe nyika masangano emasangano. Kuti udzivise izvi zvose, maFrench Secret Service agents akanga atumwa kunyura chikepe ndokudzivirira kuti isapfuurira. Chiito chacho chakaita kuti kuora kwakanyanya muhukama pakati peNew Zealand neFrance uye vakaita zvakawanda zvokusimudzira kuwedzera muhutano hweNew Zealand. Nokuti Britain neUnited States vakakundikana kutonga chiito ichi chegandanga, zvakaomesawo kutsigira mukati meNew Zealand nokuda kwezvematongerwe enyika akazvimirira.

July 11. Pazuva rino gore rega rega, UN-inotsigirwa World Population Day, yakagadzwa mu1989, inonyanya kufunga nezvezvinhu zvakadaro zvine chokuita nekukura kwevanhu semhuri, urongwa hwehutano, hutano hwevanhu nehupenyu hwehupenyu, dzidzo, hutano hwezvemari, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Pamusoro pezvekunetsekana uku, nyanzvi dzehuwandu hwevanhu dzakaonawo kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu munyika dzine hurombo kunoisa kushushikana pane zviwanikwa zviripo izvo zvinogona kukurumidza kukonzera kusagadzikana munharaunda, kurwisana kwevanhu, nehondo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi muchikamu chakakosha nekuti kuwedzera nekukurumidza kwehuwandu hwevanhu kunowanzo kuburitsa huwandu hwakakura hwevanhu vari pasi pemakumi matatu. Kana vanhu vakadai vakatungamirwa nehurumende isina kusimba kana yekutonga, uye ikakundikana pazvinhu zvakakosha nedzidzo yekutanga, hutano, nemikana yebasa kune vechidiki, inova nzvimbo inopisa yekukonana kwevanhu. IWorld Bank inodudza Angola, Sudan, Haiti, Somalia, neMyanmar semienzaniso yakanyanyisa ye "nyika dzine mari shoma pasi pekushushikana." Mune ese iwo, kudzikama kunokanganiswa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu iyo mitero inowanikwa nzvimbo uye zviwanikwa. Kana dzangopedzwa nemakakatanwa evagari vemo, nyika dzakadai dzinozviona zvakaoma kutangazve kusimudzira hupfumi - kunyangwe ivo vakapfuma zviwanikwa. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinonyevera kuti nyika dzine huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye vasina zviwanikwa zvakakwana zvekuwanisa vanhu vavo zvingangoita mhirizhonga munharaunda imomo. Ehezve dzinonzi nyika dzakasimukira dzinotengesera kunze zvombo, hondo, zvikwata zvekufa, coups, uye kupindira, panzvimbo pekubatsira nerubatsiro rwezvakatipoteredza, zvinowedzera mhirizhonga munzvimbo dzakatambura uye dzakazara vanhu pasi, dzimwe dzadzo hadzina kuwandisa vanhu, vangori varombo , kupfuura Japan kana Germany.

July 12. Pazuva iri muna 1817 Henry David Thoreau akaberekwa. Kunyangwe zvichida zvichizivikanwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwefilosofi yake-yekuti, sei Walden, akaona kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa semafungiro emitemo yemweya-Thoreau aivewo asingatendi uye aitenda kuti tsika dzetsika hadzisi kubva pakuteerera kune simba kunze kwehana yehana. Aya maonero akajekeswa munyaya yake yakareba Civil Kusateerera, iyo yakafuridzirwa hurumende dzekodzero dzepamusoro dzinotsigira saMartin Luther King naMahatma Gandhi. Nyaya dzakawanda dzaibata Thoreau dzaiva varanda uye Hondo yeMexico. Kuramba kwake kubhadhara mutero kunotsigira hondo muMexico kwakaita kuti ave musungwa, uye kupikisa kuuranda hwezvinyorwa zvakadai se "Muranda muMassachusetts" uye "A Plea Mutungamiri John Brown." Kudzivirira kwaThoreau kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwematongerwo enyika John Brown yakanamatira kuparadzirwa kweBruwn mushure mekuedza kwake kuisa varanda varanda nekubira zvombo zveHarper's Ferry arsenal. Kuparadza kwakaguma nekufa kweimwe US ​​Marine pamwe nevatatu vevapanduki. Brown akapomerwa mhosva yokuuraya, kupandukira, nekukurudzira kupandukira kwevaranda, uye pakupedzisira akarembera. Thoreau, zvisinei, akaramba achidzivirira Brown, achicherechedza kuti vavariro dzake dzaive dzakasununguka uye dzakaberekwa nekunamatira kune hana uye US Constitutional Rights. Hondo Yenyika iyo yakatevera yaizoita kuti vanhu vashoma vawane 700,000. Thoreau akafa apo hondo yakatanga muna 1861. Asi, vazhinji vakatsigira hurumende vanokonzera, mauto nemauto, vakaramba vakafuridzirwa nehutano hwaThoreau kuti kubvisa uranda kwaidiwa kurudzi ruchareva kubvuma vanhu, tsika, kodzero, uye hana.

July 13. Pazuva iri muna 1863, pakati peHondo Yenyika, hondo yekutanga yehondo yehurumende yevanhu veUnited States yakawedzera mazuva mana emhirizhonga muNew York City iyo inotarisana pakati pemvura yakazara uye yakaipisisa mumhoroondo yeUnited States. Kuvhiringidza hakuna kunyanya kuratidza kushorwa kwetsika kuhondo. Chikonzero chinogona kunge chaiva kubviswa kwekotoni kunotengeswa kubva kuSouth iyo yakashandiswa mu40 muzana yezvinhu zvose zvakatumirwa kubva pachikepe cheguta. Kuzvidya mwoyo kwakabudiswa nekurasikirwa kwebasa kwakabva kwawedzererwa neMutungamiri weEmancipation Proclamation muna September 1862. Murairo waLincoln wakakonzera kutya pakati pevarume vachena kuti zviuru zvekusunungura vatema kubva kuSouth zvingakurumidza kuzviisa mumatengesi emabasa kare. Vachikurudzirwa nekutya uku, vazhinji vatsvene vakatanga kutora zvakashata VaAfrica -America vane mhosva yekuita hondo nehupenyu hwavo husina chokwadi hwehupfumi. Kupera kwemurairo wezvematongerwo enyika mushure mekutanga kwe1863 iyo yakabvumira vapfumi kuti vaite chimwe chinhu kana kuti kutenga nzira yavo yekubuda nayo, vakatungamirira vazhinji vatsvene vashandi vachiita nharo. Vakamanikidzwa kuisa upenyu hwavo pangozi nokuda kweUmoja avo vaifunga kuti vakanga vatengesa, vakaungana nezviuru munaJuly 13th kuti vaite zvechisimba zvekutsamwira vanhu vemavara, dzimba, uye mabhizinesi. Inofanirwa nenhamba yevanhu vakaurawa kusvika ku1,200. Kunyangwe kupopotedzana kwakapera musi waJuly 16 nekusvika mauto ehurumende, hondo yakanga yadzoka zvakare nhamo yakaipa isingatarisirwi. Asi, ngirozi dziri nani dzaizoitawo basa. Nhamba yeNew York yeAmerican yezvekuregererwa kwekupedzisira zvishoma nezvishoma yakasimuka zvakare kubva ku dormancy kufambisa kuenzana kwekunyama muguta uye kuchinja sangano rayo kuti rive nani.

July 14. Pazuva iri mu1789, vanhu veParis vakadzura ndokuputsa Basilika, nhare yeumambo uye jeri rakanga rauya kuzofananidzira kudzvinyirira kweFrench Bourbon madzimambo. Kunyange zvazvo vaine nzara uye vachibhadhara mitero inorema iyo vafundisi nevakuru vaisunungurwa, varimi uye vashandi vemaguta vaifamba vachienda kuBastille vakatsvaka kungotora pfuti yeuto pfuti yakachengeterwa ikoko kuti ipe varwi vamambo mambo akanga asarudza kumira pedyo neParis. Apo kusatarisirwa kwakaitwa hondo yakatevera, zvakadaro, vaifamba vakasunungura vakasungwa uye vakasunga gavhuna wejeri. Izvo zviito zvinoratidza kutanga kwekufananidzira kweFrance Revolution, makore gumi emhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika akaunza hondo uye akaita humwe hutongi hwekutonga pamusoro pevadzivisi vezvematongerwo enyika umo makumi ezviuru zvevanhu, kusanganisira mambo navakadzikadzi, vakaurayiwa. Mukuona kwemigumisiro iyoyo, inogona kuitirana nharo kuti chimwe chiitiko chinogutsa muRevolution yekutanga kuitika chakaitika muna August 4, 1789. Musi iwoyo nyika itsva yeNational Constituent Assembly yakasangana uye yakashandura kuchinja kwakagadzirisa kwakaguma kwakagumisa hutsika hwekuFrance hwekare, nemitemo yekare yekare, mitero yemitero, uye ropafadzo dzinofadza vakuru nevefundisi. Kune chikamu chikuru, varimi veFrance vakagamuchira kuchinja, vachivaona semhinduro dzemibvunzo yavo yakaoma zvikuru. Asi, Revolution pachayo inotambanudza kwemakore gumi, kusvikira Napoleon yakagamuchira simba rezvematongerwo enyika munaNovember 1799. Kusiyana neizvi, kugadziriswa kweAugust 4 chete kunoratidzira kuzvipira kunoshamisa kune chikamu chevakasununguka vakakurudzira kuisa runyararo nekugara zvakanaka kworudzi rwacho pamberi pezvido zvevamwe pachavo sekufanirwa kwenyika-nhoroondo.

July 15. Pazuva iri mu1834, Inquisition yeSpain, inozivikanwa zvakajeka seThe Court of the Holy Office yeInquisition, yakagadziriswa zvachose panguva yekutonga kwakanyanya kweMambokadzi Isabel II. Hofisi yakanga yagadzwa pasi pechiremera chapapa muna 1478 nemaMonarchs echiKatorike akabatana eSpain, King Ferdinand II weAragon naMambokadzi Isabella I weCastile. Chinangwa chayo chekutanga chaive chekubatanidza kubatanidza humambo hweSpanish hwakanga huchangobva kubatanidzwa nekubvisa vanyengeri kana vodzokera shure vechiJuda kana vechiMuslim vatendeukira kuchiKaturike. Hutsinye uye nzira dzinonyadzisa dzakashandiswa mukuteedzera ese magumo uye kuramba kuchikura kurwisa kwechitendero kusabatana. Mumakore mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu ekubvunzurudza, mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu ezviuru zvemaJuda, maMuslim, maPurotesitendi uye vafundisi veCatholic vasina mhosva vakatongwa. Pakati pavo, 350 150,000 kusvika ku3,000 5,000 vakaurayiwa, zvikuru nekupiswa padanda. Pamusoro pezvo, maJuda anosvika 160,000 XNUMX vakaramba rubhabhatidzo rwechiKristu vakadzingwa muSpain. Inquisition yeSpain ichagara ichirangarirwa seimwe yezvikamu zvinosiririsa kwazvo munhoroondo, asi mukana wekusimuka kwesimba rinodzvinyirira unoramba wakadzika midzi mumazera ese. Zviratidzo zvacho zvinogara zvakangofanana: inogara ichiwedzera kutonga kwevanhu vazhinji kune hupfumi uye kubatsirwa kwevakuru vanotonga; hupfumi hunowedzera kupera uye rusununguko rwevanhu; uye kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa, kusazvibata kana hutsinye nzira dzekuchengeta zvinhu zvakadaro. Kana zvikwangwani zvakadaro zvikaonekwa munyika yanhasi, zvinogona kusangana nemazvo neanopokana nevezvematongerwo enyika vanoshandura kutonga kune vagari venyika. Ivo vanhu pachavo vanogona kuvimbwa zvakanakisa kutsigira zvinangwa zvine hunhu izvo zvinomanikidza avo vanovatonga kuti vasatsvage simba remukurumbira, asi zvakajairika.

July 16. Pazuva iri mu1945 US inokunda kuongorora bhomba yekutanga yebhomu at IAlamogordo bhomba iri muNew Mexico. Bhomba iyi ndiyo yakagadzirwa neyinzi Manhattan Project, tsvakurudzo uye kubudirira kwekuita kwakatanga zvakasimba pakutanga kwe1942, apo kutya kwakamuka kuti maGermany akanga achivandudza bhomba ravo reatomu. Basa reUnited States rakaguma pane imwe nzvimbo muLos Alamos, New Mexico, umo matambudziko ekuwana kukwana kwakakwana kwakakosha kukonzera kuputika kwe nyukireya uye kugadzirwa kwebhomba rinounza rakashandiswa. Apo bhomba rekuedzwa rakasvibiswa muNew Mexico murenje, rakapisa shongwe iyo yaigara, yakatumira chiedza chekudzivirira maziso 40,000 mumhepo, uye yakaunza simba rinoparadza ra 15,000 kune 20,000 tani dzeTTT. Pasina mwedzi gare gare, musi waAugust 9, 1945, bhomba rekugadzirwa kwakadaro, inonzi Fat Boy, yakakandwa paNagasaki, Japan, ichiuraya anofungidzirwa 60,000 kuvanhu 80,000. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, rutsanga rwezvombo zvenyukireya rwakagadzirwa pakati peU.S. neSoviet Union iyo pakupedzisira, kana kuti kwechinguva, yakagadziriswa nehuwandu hwemauto ekudzivirira zvombo. Vamwe vakazobviswazve nehurumende yeUnited States vachitsvaga mauto ehurumende muhukama hwepasi rose. Vashomanana vangave vachikakavadzana, zvisinei, kuti kushandiswa kwakarongwa kana kusinganzwisisiki kwezvombo zvombo zvenyukireya zvinowedzera kukuvadza vanhu uye mamwe marudzi, uye kuti zvakakosha kusimbisa zvimbiso zvekusagadzirisa hurumende pakati pemasimba makuru enyukireya. Vagadziri vesungano itsva yokurambidza zvombo zvenyukireya vakapiwa Nobel Peace Prize mu2017.

July 17. Pazuva iri mu1998, chibvumirano chakagamuchirwa pamusangano wezvematongerwo enyika muRoma, inozivikanwa seRoma Statute, yakasimbisa International Criminal Court. Chinangwa cheDare ndechekuita sarudzo yekupedzisira yekuedza vatungamiri vehondo nevematongerwo enyika mune imwe nyika inosayina pamhosva dzekuparadza, mhosva dzehondo, kana mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu. Mutemo weRoma wakamisa Dare rakatanga kushanda musi waJuly 1, 2002, sezvo rakagamuchirwa kana kuti ikasainwa nenyika dzinopfuura 150-kunyange kwete neU.S., Russia, kana China. Kune rumwe rutivi, hurumende yeUnited States yakaramba ichirwisana nedare renyika dzakawanda raigona kubata vatungamiri varo vezvematongerwe enyika uye vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vave nehutano hwehutano hwepasi pose. Vakuru veClinton vakatora chikamu chekuita chibvumirano chechibvumirano chekugadza Dare, asi vakatsvaka Security Council yekuongorora nyaya dzingadai dzakagonesa US kuti veto vese kushorwa kwaiipikisa. Sezvo Dare rakaswedera pakutevedzwa mu2001, Bush administration yakarwisana nayo, kukurukurirana zvibvumirano pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika zvine chinangwa chekuita kuti vese vekuAmerica vange vasina kudzivirirwa kubva pakutongwa. Makore mushure mokutongwa kweDare, hutungamiri hweTrump zvichida hwakaratidza zvakajeka nei nei hurumende yeUnited States ichiri kurwisana nayo. Muna September 2018, hurumende yakaraira kupfigirwa kwehofisi yePalestine Liberation Organisation muWashington uye yakatyisidzira zvimhosva pamusoro peDare kana zvichinyanya kupfuurira kuongororwa pamusoro pemhosva dzemhosva dzehondo neU.S., Israel, kana imwe yeruzhinji. Izvi zvingareva here kuti kushorwa kweUnited States kune International Criminal Court hakusi kwekuita nekudzivirira mutemo wehurumende yenyika kunze kwekudzivirira rusununguko rwakasununguka rwekuita zvekuita zvinogona kupfuura?

July 18. Ichi chiitiko chinoratidza kuchengetwa kwegore negore kweUnited Nations 'Nelson Mandela International International Day. Kubatana nemusi wekuzvarwa kwaMandela, uye akatungamirirwa mukukudza mimwe michero yakawanda kune tsika yorugare uye rusununguko, Zuva rakaparidzirwa zviri pamutemo neUUN munaNovember 2009 uye yakatanga kuonekwa munaJuly 18, 2010. Sezvo ari gweta rekodzero dzevanhu, musungwa wehana, uye mutungamiri wekutanga wezvematongerwo enyika akasunungurwa weSouth Africa rusununguko, Nelson Mandela akazvipira hupenyu hwake kune zvikonzero zvakakosha pakusimudzira democracy uye tsika yorugare. Dzinosanganisira, pakati pevamwe, kodzero dzevanhu, kukurudzirwa kwehutano hwevanhu, kuyananisa, hukama hwemadzinza, nekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Pamusoro peRugare, Mandela akataura mutauro weJanuary 2004 muNew Delhi, India: "Chitendero, rudzi, mutauro, hutsika uye tsika tsika ndezvezvinhu zvinowedzera hupenyu hwevanhu, zvichiwedzera kuupfumi hwehutano hwedu. Sei vachifanira kubvumirwa kuva chikonzero chekupatsanurana uye zvechisimba? "Mupiro waMandela kuhutano hwakanga husingatauri nehutano hwekugumisa hutongi hwepasi rose; kuisa pfungwa kwake, iyo pasina mubvunzo kunotsigira kupera ikoko, kwaiva kuunza mapoka akaparadzana pamwe chete mumatunhu emunharaunda uye emunyika mune imwe pfungwa itsva yekugoverana. UN inokurudzira avo vanoda kurumbidza Mandela paZuva rake kuti vape mienzaniso ye67 yenguva yavo-miniti imwe yega yega yemakore ake emakore 67 emusangano wevanhu - kuita chiito chiduku chekubatana nevanhu. Pakati pezano rayo yekuita izvi ndezviyero zvishoma: Batsira mumwe munhu kuwana basa. Famba uri ndoga imbwa pane imwe nzvimbo yemhuka. Iva neshamwari kune mumwe munhu kubva kune tsika dzakasiyana.

July 19. Pazuva iri mu1881, Sitting Bull, mukuru weSioux Indian madzinza eAmerica Great Plains, akapihwa nevateveri vake kuenda kuUnited States Army mushure mekuzodzokera kuDadota Territory mushure memakore mana ekutapwa kuCanada. Kugara Bull kwainge kwatungamira vanhu vake kuyambuka muganhu kuenda kuCanada muna Chivabvu 1877, zvichitevera kutora chikamu kwavo gore rapfuura muHondo yeRin'i Nyanga Huru. Ndiko kwakave kwekupedzisira kweGreat Sioux Wars yema1870, umo maPlains maIndia akarwira kuchengetedza nhaka yavo sevatsigiri vezvinyati vakazvimiririra vane utsinye kubva kuVhite Man. MaSioux akange akunda paLittle Big Nyanga, achitouraya mukuru akapembererwa weUS Seventh Cavalry, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer. Kukunda kwavo, zvisinei, kwakakurudzira mauto eUS kuti awedzere-pasi kuyedza kumanikidza maPlains maIndia kunzvimbo dzekuchengetedza. Yakanga iri chikonzero ichi kuti Kugara Bull kwainge kwaendesa vateveri vake kune chengetedzo yeCanada. Mushure memakore mana, zvisinei, kudzimwa chaiko kwenzizi dzeMapani, zvichikonzerwa nekuvhima kunotyisa, kwakaunza nhapwa kumucheto kwenzara. Vakabatwa nezviremera zveUS neCanada, vazhinji vacho vakananga kumaodzanyemba kunzvimbo dzekuchengetedza. Pakupedzisira, Sitting Bull akadzokera kuUnited States nevateveri 187 chete, vazhinji vakura kana vanorwara. Kutevera makore maviri ekuvharirwa, uyo aimbozvikudza sabhuku akapihwa nzvimbo kuStanding Rock munzvimbo yanhasi yeSouth Dakota. Muna 1890, akapfurwa ndokuuraiwa mukusungwa kukakavadzana nevamiriri veUS neIndia vaitya kuti angabatsira kutungamira iri kukura Ghost Ghost kufamba kwakanangana nekudzoreredza nzira yeSioux yehupenyu.

July 20. Pazuva iri mu1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer yakatungamirira simba rekufamba-famba rinosanganisira vanhu vanopfuura 1,000 nemabhiza nemombe dzeUnited States Seventh Cavalry kune yakange isingazivikanwi Black Hills yeSouth Dakota yemazuva ano. Chibvumirano cheFort Laramie cha1868 chakaisa parutivi nzvimbo dzekuchengetera munzvimbo yeBlack Hills muDakota Territory kumarudzi eSioux Indian emaNorth Great Plains avo vakabvuma kugara ipapo, uye vachirambidza vachena kupinda. Iyo Custer expedition chinangwa chepamutemo ndechekuonanisazve nzvimbo dzinogona kuwanikwa dzemasoja emauto mukati kana padyo neBlack Hills iyo yaigona kudzora madzinza eSioux anga asina kusaina kuLaramie Chibvumirano. Muzvokwadi, zvakadaro, rwendo rwacho rwakatsvaga kutsvaga runyerekupe rwezvicherwa, matanda, uye goridhe izvo vatungamiriri veUS vaishuvira kuwana nekuzvidza chibvumirano. Sezvazvakaitika, rwendo rwacho rwakatowana goridhe, rwakakwevera zviuru zvevashandi zvisiri pamutemo kuBlack Hills. IUS yakanyatso kusiya Chibvumirano cheLaramie muna Kukadzi 1876, uye zvakatevera June 25^th Hondo ye Little Bighorn iri kumaodzanyemba-nechepakati peMonta yakaunza mukusatarisira Sioux kukunda. MunaSeptember, zvisinei, hondo yeUnited States, vachishandisa maitiro akadzivirira Sioux kudzokera kuBlack Hills, akavakunda muhondo yeSlim Buttes. Sioux inonzi hondo iyi "Kurwisana Kwatakasiya Hondo Dzvuku." Asi US, kunyange zvakadaro, inogona kunge yakave yakakunda kukunda kwetsika. Mukudzivisa vaSioux venyika yakachengeteka iri pakati pemitemo yavo, yakagamuchira mutemo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika pasina mitemo yevanhu pamagariro avo ekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika nehondo.

July 21. Pazuva iri muna 1972, muvakidzani wemutambo wechirongwa weGregory George Carlin akasungwa pamhosva dzekusazvidzora uye kusvibisa mushure mekuita "Mamwe Mashoko manomwe Asingambogoni Kushandisa paTerevhizheni" purogiramu yegore reYouckfest music festival muMilwaukee. Carlin akange atanga kusimuka basa rake mukupera kwema1950 seyakachena-akachekwa komiki anozivikanwa nekuchenjera kwake mazwi uye kuyeuka kwake kwekuIreland kushanda-kirasi yekurera muNew York. Pakazosvika 1970, zvakadaro, akange azvigadzirisazve nendebvu, vhudzi refu, uye majini, uye maitiro enyambo ayo, sekutaura kwemumwe mutsoropodzi, akanyura mu "zvinodhaka uye mutauro wakashata." Iko kushandurwa kwakaunza kukurumidza kubva kune varidzi veclub yehusiku nevateveri, saka Carlin akatanga kuoneka padzimba dzekofi, makirabhu evazhinji, uye makoreji, uko vateereri vadiki, vanogunun'una vakagamuchira mufananidzo wake mutsva uye zvinhu zvisina ruremekedzo. Ipapo kwakauya Summerfest 1972, apo Carlin akaziva kuti rake rakarambidzwa "Mazwi Anomwe" rakanga risingachagamuchirwa pachikuva paMilwaukee pamberi pegungwa pane paterevhizheni. Kwemakumi emakore akatevera, zvakadaro, iwo mazwi mamwechetewo - aine mavambo spfccmt - akasvika kuzogamuchirwa zvakawandisa sechikamu chechisikigo chekutaura kwekunyepedzera. Iko shanduko yakaratidza kudzikisira kwetsika dzeAmerica here? Kana kuti kwaive kukunda kwekutaura kwakasununguka kusingabvumirwe kwakabatsira vechidiki kuona kuburikidza nehunyengeri hunoparadza uye nehumambo hwehupenyu hwepachivande nehwevanhu veAmerica? Comedian Lewis Black akambopa maonero ekuti nei kunyadziswa kwake-kwakarongedzwa kutsamwa kwavo hakuna kumboita sekunge kwabuda. Izvo hazvina kukuvadza, akadaro, kuti hurumende yeUS nevatungamiriri vayo vaimupa kuyerera nguva dzose kwezvinhu zvitsva zvekushandira kubva.

July 22. Nezuva iri mu1756, pacifist Religious Society of Friends mukolonial Pennsylvania, inowanzikanwa seQuakers, yakasimbiswa "The Friendly Association yekuwanazve nekuchengetedza Rugare nemaIndia nePacific Measures." Chikamu chechiito ichi chakanga chakaiswa mu1681, apo mutungamiri weChirungu William Penn, avo vekare veChiaker uye muvambi weParamende yePennsylvania, vakasaina chibvumirano chorugare naTammany, mutungamiri weIndia weDelaware Nation. Nzira yepamusoro yekufambisa iyo Shamwari yeChirungu inoshuva yaifambiswa nechitendero cheQuaker chekuti Mwari anogona kuonekwa kunze kwekugoverana kwevafundisi uye kuti vakadzi vakanamatira mune zvemweya nevanhu. Izvo zvibvumirano zvinowirirana nehuwandu hwemhando yehutsika hwevanhu vekuAmerica, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti maIndia agamuchire maQuaker semamishinari. Kune veQuakers, iyo Association yaifanira kushanda semuenzaniso wakajeka kune vose vaIndia nevamwe veEurope kuti hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hunofanira kuitwa sei. Mukuita, naizvozvo, kusiyana nemamwe masangano eEurope, iyo Association yakashandisa mari yayo kuIndia hurumende, haina kutonga zvitendero zveIndia, uye yakagamuchira maIndia muimba yeCheaker yekunamata. Muna 1795, veQuaker vakagadza komiti kuti vauye maIndia kune zvavakafunga kuti ndiyo inyanzvi yekugadzira hupenyu, zvakadai semhuka. Vakapawo mazano ekuteerera, vachikurudzira Seneca, somuenzaniso, kuti vave vakangwara, vakachena, nguva, uye vanobudirira. Havana kuedza, zvisinei, kuti vatendeuke maIndia kune kutenda kwavo. Kusvikira zuva ranhasi, chiduku chinonzi Friendly Association chinoramba chichizivisa kuti nzira yakasimba yekuvaka nyika iri nani iri kuburikidza nerunyararo, ruremekedzo, uye hukama hwepedyo pakati pemarudzi.

July 23. Pazuva iri muna 2002, Prime Minister weBritish Tony Blair akasangana nevakuru vakuru vehurumende vekuUnited States, vekudzivirirwa, uye vane njere ku10 Downing Street, iyo hurumende inogara munzvimbo yepamutemo muLondon, kuzokurukura tariro inotarisana nehondo inotungamirirwa neUnited States neIraq. Maminitsi emusangano iwoyo akanyorwa mune rimwe bhuku rainzi Downing Street "Memo," iro rakabudiswa risina mvumo yepamutemo Iyo [London] Sunday Times muna May 2005. Kuratidza zvakare kuti Hondo Ndiyo Nhema, Memo inoratidzika pachena kwete chete kuti US Bush Administration yakanga yaita pfungwa yayo kuenda kuhondo kurwisana neIraak isati yatadza kuedza kubvumirwa kweUU kuti iite izvozvi, asi zvakare kuti vaBritain vakanga vatotenderana kuti vatore chikamu muhondo semasoja ehondo. Chibvumirano ichocho chakanga chasvika pasinei nekuzivikanwa kwevakuru veBritish kuti nyaya yekurwisana neIraq yaiva "yakaonda." Bush administration yakanga yakagadzirisa nyaya yacho kupesana nehurumende yeSaddam pamusoro pekusimbiswa kwayo kubatana kwehugandanga uye zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru. Asi pakuita kudaro, vakuru veBritain vakataura, hurumende yakanga yakaronga huchenjeri nehutano kuti zvikwanisire purogiramu yayo, kwete chirevo chekufananidza huchenjeri uye chokwadi. IA Downing Street Memo haina kuuya kuzokurumidza zvakakwana kuti ibve kuhondo yeIraq, asi inogona kunge yakabatsira kuita hondo dzeAmerica munguva yemberi zvisingabviri kana dai veSouth media vhidhiyo vakaita zvakanakisisa kuti vauise kuvanhu. Pane kudaro, vhidhiyo vakaita zvakanakisisa kuti vadzivirire uchapupu hweMemo hwakarongedzwa hwekubiridzira apo yakazopedzisira yabudiswa makore matatu gare gare.

July 24. Zuva iri mu1893 rinoratidza kuberekwa muNegley, Ohio, yevakanyanya kukanganwa muAmerica murunyararo weAmerican Hennacy. Akaberekerwa nevabereki veChiaker, Hennacy akaita mararamiro ega ehutano activism. Haana kubatana nevamwe nekurwisa zvakananga hurongwa hwakaoma hwemasoja eUnited States anotsigira hondo. Pane kudaro, mune izvo ainzi "One-Man Revolution," akakurudzira hana yevanhuwo zvavo nekupikisa hondo, kuurayiwa kwehurumende, nemamwe marudzi echisimba kakawanda pangozi yekusungwa kana nekutsanya kwenguva refu. Achizviti muKristu anarchist, Hennacy akaramba kubvuma basa rechiuto muhondo mbiri dzepasi rose, achishumira makore maviri ari mujeri nokuda kwokuramba kwake kwekutanga-ari oga ari oga mujeri. Akarambawo kubhadhara mitero yemari, iyo yaizoshandiswa mune chikamu kutsigira mauto. Muzvinyorwa zvake Bhuku raAmoni, Hennacy anokumbira vamwe vekuAmerica kuti varambe kunyoresa pamutemo, kutenga zvigaro zvehondo, kugadzira zvombo zvehondo, kana kubhadhara mitero yehondo. Akanga asingatarisiri nzira dzezvematongerwe enyika kana masangano ekuunza shanduko. Asi zviri pachena kuti aitenda kuti iye pachake, pamwe chete nevamwe vashoma vanogara murugare, vakachenjera, uye vane ushingi, vanogona, kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wezvetsika wemashoko avo nezviito zvavo, vanoita kuti vazhinji vavo vagari vemo varambe vachishora kuti kukakavadzana pane Nharaunda inogadziriswa nenzira ine rugare. Hennacy akafa muna 1970, apo Hondo yeVietnam yakanga isati yapera. Asi angangodaro aitarisira zuva iro runyararo rwemazuva ano runyararo rusingarambi ruchireva asi rwechokwadi: "Ngatiti ivo vakapa hondo uye hapana munhu akauya."

July 25. Pazuva iri muna 1947, US Congress yakapa Mutemo weNational Security Act, iyo yakagadzira hurongwa hwakawanda hwehutungamiri hwekuita nokushanda kwehurumende yenyika kunze kweCold War uye mberi. Mutemo waiva nezvinhu zvitatu: wakabatanidza Dhipatimendi reNavy neDhipatimendi yeHondo pasi peDhipatimendi reNyika reNyika; iyo yakasimbisa National Security Council, iyo yakakonzerwa nekugadzirira maminiti mashomanana aMutungamiri kubva mukuwedzera kwekutsvaga kwemashoko ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehuchenjeri; uye yakamisa Central Intelligence Agency, iyo yakatongerwa kwete nekuunganidza huchenjeri kubva kumatare ehondo ehurumende uye neDhipatimendi reHurumende, asiwo nekuitisa basa kune dzimwe nyika. Kubva pakuvamba kwavo, masangano aya akakura zvishoma maererano nehurumende, ukuru, bhajeti, uye simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvose magumo ayo ayo ave akashandiswa, uye nzira dzavanochengetedza, dzakasimudza mibvunzo yakadzika nemitemo. ICIA inoshanda muchivande pamusana pekutonga kwemutemo uye yekwanisi yekutonga kwehurumende. Imba yeVhite House inobata uye hondo dzevanhu pasina Congressional kana United Nations kana hurumende yehurumende. Dhipatimendi rekudzivirira rinotarisira bhajeti iyo ne2018 yakakura kudarika iyo yevanotevera zvinomwe zvinoshandiswa nemauto-kushandisa mari kushandiswa kwemarudzi pamwe chete, asi inongova sangano rehurumende reUnited States risingafaniri kuongororwa. Izvo zvinhu zvakashata zvakashata pamhirizhonga zvinogona kushandiswa kubatsira kugadzirisa zvinowanzodiwa zvepanyama uye zvehupfumi zvevanhuwo zvavo muUnited States uye pasi rose.

July 26. Pazuva iri mu1947, Mutungamiri Harry Truman akasayira hurumende yakagadziriswa inopedzisa kugumisa kusarura kwemarudzi muUnited States Armed Forces. Mutungamiri weTruman wakanga uchienderana nekuwedzera rubatsiro rwakakurumbira rwekugumisa kusarura kwemadzinza, chinangwa chaaitarisira kuti aite zvishoma pamutemo kuburikidza neChristian law. Apo maitiro aya airehwa nekutyisidzirwa kweSouthbus filibuster, mutungamiri akazadzisa zvaaigona kuburikidza achishandisa masimba ake makuru. Chinhu chaainyanya kukosha chakanga chiri chekuregererwa kwemauto, pasina chikamu chiduku nokuti chakanga chisingatauri kupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika. VaAfrica vemuAmerica vakaumba vanenge 11 kubva muzana yevanyori vose vakanyoresa basa rechiuto uye chikamu chepamusoro chekudzivirira mumatavi ose ehondo kunze kweMarine Corps. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatariri vanobva kumapazi ose ehondo vakaratidza kushorwa kwavo kubatanidzwa, dzimwe nguva kunyange pachena. Kubatanidzwa kwakakwana hakuna kuuya kusvikira Hondo yeKorea, apo kuurawa kwakaremara kwakamanikidza zvikamu zvekubatana kuti zvibatanidze kuti zvipone. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, kuzvidzora kwemauto akazvimiririra kwakaratidza danho rokutanga kurudzi rwemadzinza muUnited States, rakasara risina kukwana kunyange mushure mekuita mitemo huru yekodzero dzevanhu ye1960s. Kupfuura izvozvo, zvakare, zvichiri kuisa nyaya yehukama hwevanhu pakati pevanhu venyika-iyo, sezvakaratidzwa paHiroshima neNagasaki, yakaramba iri bhiriji kure kwazvo kuna Harry Truman. Asi, kunyange parwendo rwemakiromita ane chiuru, nhanho dzokutanga dzinodiwa. Izvo chete nekuenderera mberi nekufambira mberi pakuona zvimwe zvido zvedu sezvedu kuti isu rimwe zuva tinokwanisa kuona chiratidzo chehama dzehukama nehanzvadzi munyika ine rugare.

July 27. Pazuva iri mu1825, US Congress yakabvumira kugadzirwa kweIndia Territory. Izvi zvakagadzirisa nzira yekugadziriswa kwekumanikidzwa kweainzi anonzi Five Civilized Tribes pa "Trail of Tears" kuti ape zuva reku Oklahoma. Mutemo weIndia Removal wakasimbiswa neMutungamiri Andrew Jackson mu1830. Idzi madzinza mashanu akabatanidzwa aiva Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, uye Seminole, vose vakamanikidzwa kuti vasateerere uye vararame pasi pemutemo weUnited States kana kuti vabva kumisha yavo. Vainzi Madzimambo Akabudirira, vakanga vaine zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana mumagariro ekumadokero uye, mune zvakaitika kuCherokee, vakagadzira mutauro wakanyorwa. Vakadzidziswa vakwikwidzana nevashambadzi vatsvene mukati mekutsamwa kukuru. Seminoles akarwisa, uye pakupedzisira akabhadhara kuti atame. ICreeks yakabviswa nesimba nemauto. Hapana chibvumirano chakaitwa neCherokee, uyo akaunza nyaya yavo kuburikidza nematare kuenda kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States uko vakarasikirwa. Ikoko kwakanga kune huwandu hwakawanda hwezvematongerwe enyika kumativi ose uye shure kwemakore matanhatu, Sangano reNew Echota rakaparidzirwa kushanda neMutungamiri. Yakapa vanhu makore maviri kuyambuka kumavirazuva pamusoro peMisissippi kuti vagare muIndia Territory. Pavakanga vasingafambi, vaipinda nechisimba, dzimba dzavo dzichipiswa uye dzakapambwa. Makumi makumi manomwe nemazana Cherokees akapoteredzwa uye akaiswa mumusasa wevasungwa, akatakurwa mumotokari motokari, ndokumanikidzwa kufamba. Zviuru zvina zvakafa pa "Trail of Tears." Ne 1837, mutungamiri Jackson akanga abviswa nehondo uye maitiro ezvakaipa, 46,000 vanhu vemuAmerica, vachizarura 25 mamiriyoni emiganhu yenyika kuti vagarise vagari vatsvene uye vave varanda.

July 28. Muna 1914, Austria-Hungary yakaratidza hondo kuSerbia, ichitanga WWI. Mushure mekunge mugari wenhaka yehurumende yeAustro-Hungarian, Franz Ferdinand, akaurayiwa pamwe nemudzimai wake nemumwe wekuSerbia wenyika mukuzvitsivira nokuda kwekukakavadzana nenyika yake, Hondo Yenyika I yakatanga. Kuwedzera nyika, mauto, zvemhirizhonga, uye kurwisana kwehondo munyika yose yeEurope kwakamirira kutyisa kwakafanana nekuurayiwa. Sezvo nyika dzainge dzaedza kuzvisunungura kubva pamutongi wekutonga, Industrial Revolution yakanga yakasvibisa rudzi rwehondo. Kutonga kwakange kwabvumira Umambo hweAustro-Hungarian kutonga nyika dzakawanda gumi nematatu, uye kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga kwakakonzera kunyanya kuwedzera kuburikidza nekukura masimba ehondo. Sezvo ukoloni hwakaramba huchienderera mberi, umambo hwakatanga kuparara uye zvakare kutsvaga kubatana. Umambo hweOttoman pamwe neGermany neAustria, kana Central Central, yakabatana neMambo weAustro-Hungarian, apo Serbia yakatsigirwa neAllied Powers yeRussia, Japan, France, Italy neBritain Empire. IUnited States yakabatana neAllies mu1917, uye vagari vanobva kunyika dzose vakazviwana vachitambura uye vakasamanikidzwa kusarudza rutivi. Anopfuura mamiriyoni mapfumbamwe emasondo, uye vazhinji vasina vagari vakafa vasati vawa kweGermany, Russian, Ottoman, uye Austro-Hungarian Empires. Hondo yakapera nekugadziriswa kwekuzvidzivirira izvo zvakagara zvichitungamirira kutungamira kuhondo inotevera yenyika. Rusununguko, masimba, uye hurumende yakaramba ichienderera mberi pasinei nekutyisa kunokonzerwa nevanhu pasi rose. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, kupesana kwakakonzerwa nokuzadzika kwematambudziko ekurwa kwehondo kwakarambidzwa mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, apo kuparadzirwa kwehondo kwakapinda mairi sesimba guru rekugadzirisa hutano.

July 29. Nezuva iri muna 2002, Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakatsanangura 'Axis of Evil' iyo yainzi inotsigira hugandanga, mune yavo State of the Union kero. Iyo Axis yaisanganisira Iraq, Iran, uye North Korea. Yakanga isiri chirevo chekutaura. Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUS rinodoma nyika dzinonzi dzinopa rutsigiro kuzviito zvehugandanga zvepasi rose. Zvirango zvakaomarara zvakatemerwa nyika idzi. Masanctions anosanganisira, pakati pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu: kurambidzwa kwekutengeswa kwezvinhu zvine chekuita nezvombo, zvinorambidzwa rubatsiro rwehupfumi, uye kurambidzwa kwemari kusanganisira kurambidza chero mugari wemuUS kuita bhizinesi rezvematongerwo enyika nehurumende yemagandanga, pamwe nekurambidzwa kupinda muUnited. Nyika. Kunze kwezvirango, United States yakatungamira hondo ine hukasha kuIraq kutanga muna 2003, uye yakaramba ichityisidzira kurwiswa kwakafanana kuIran neNorth Korea kwemakore mazhinji. Mimwe midzi ye axis yezano rakaipa inogona kuwanikwa muzvinyorwa zvetangi rekufunga rinonzi Project for the New American Century, rimwe rawo rakati: “Hatigone kubvumira North Korea, Iran, Iraq… kudzikisira hutungamiriri hweAmerica, kutyisidzira veAmerica. vanobatana, kana kutyisidzira nyika yekuAmerica pachayo. ” Webhusaiti yetangi rekufunga yakazotorwa pasi. Aimbova director director wesangano iri akataura muna 2006 kuti "rakatoita basa raro," zvichipa pfungwa yekuti "maonero edu akagamuchirwa." Hondo dzinoparadza nedzisingabatsiri dzemakore anotevera 2001 dzakadzika midzi mune zvairwadza kwazvo chiratidzo chehondo isingaperi uye chisimba - chiratidzo chinoenderana nepfungwa isina musoro yekuti nyika diki, dzakashata, dzakazvimiririra, dzinotyisidzira nyika. Nyika dzakabatana.
KURURAMA: IZVI ZVINOFANIRA KUVA MUNA JANUARY, KWETE JULY.

July 30. Zuva iri, sezvakaziviswa mu2011 nekugadzirisa kweUnited General Assembly, rinoratidza kuchengeta kwegore negore reZuva Rese Roushamwari. Sarudzo inocherechedza vechidiki sevatungamiri vemangwana, uye nzvimbo dzinonyanya kusimbiswa pakuzvibatanidza mumabasa emunharaunda anosanganisira tsika dzakasiyana uye kukurudzira kunzwisisa kwenyika uye kuremekedza kune zvakasiyana. Zuva Rokudyidzana Dzepasi Pose rinotevera pazvisarudzo zviviri zvekare zveUUN. Tsika Yorugare yakagadziriswa, inoparidzirwa muna 1997, inocherechedza kukuvadza kukuru uye kutambura kunokonzerwa kuvana kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzemakakatanwa uye chisimba. Zvinokonzera kuti nyaya idzi dzinogona kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya apo midzi yavo inotarisana nechinangwa chokugadzirisa matambudziko. Imwe yekutanga yeZuva Rokudyidzana Dzepasi rose ndeye 1998 chisarudzo cheUnited Nations chichizivisa yeMarudzi gumi kweMutemo weRugare uye Kwete Chisimba chevana veNyika. Ichicherechedza kubva ku2001 kusvika ku2010, sarudzo iyi inoratidza kuti chinhu chikuru chekune dzimwe nyika rugare nerubatanidzwa ndechekudzidzisa vana kose-kose pamusoro pekukosha kwekurarama murugare nekubatana nevamwe. Zuva Rokudyidzana Dzepasi Pose rinobva pane izvi zvinotanga kukurudzira shoko rokuti ushamwari pakati penyika, tsika, uye vanhu vanogona kubatsira kuburitsa nheyo dzekutendwa dzinodiwa kune dzimwe nyika kuedza kukunda masimba mazhinji ekuparadzanisa anokanganisa kuchengeteka kwevanhu, hupfumi hwehupfumi, hukama hwehutano , nerugare munyika yanhasi. Kuchengeta Zuva Roushamwari, UN inokurudzira hurumende, masangano epasi rose, uye mapoka ehurumende kuti aite zviitiko uye zviitiko zvinobatsira kuedza kwevanhu vemunyika yose kukurudzira hurukuro inotarisirwa kuti ibudirire kubatana kwepasi pose, kunzwisisa pamwe, nekuyananisa.

July 31. Pazuva rino mu1914 Jean Jaurès akaurayiwa. Anoshingairira humanist uye pacifist mutungamiri weFrench Socialist Party, Jaures akapokana zvakasimba nehondo, uye akataura achipesana neiyo imperialism ichikurudzira. Akazvarwa muna 1859, kufa kwaJaures kwakatariswa nevazhinji sechimwe chikonzero chekupinda kweFrance muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Nharo dzake dzekugadzirisa runyararo kukakavara dzakakwevera makumi ezviuru kuzvidzidzo zvake uye zvinyorwa, uye nekufunga zvakanakira kubatana kweEuropean kuramba kurwisa kwemauto. Jaures anga ari mubato rekuronga vashandi vekuratidzira kwakave pamwe chete nguva pfupi hondo isati yatanga paakapfurwa ndokuurayiwa agere padyo nepahwindo muresitorendi yeParis. Mhondi yake, mutungamiriri wenyika yeFrance Raoul Villain, akasungwa ndokuregererwa muna 1919 asati atiza France. Vaimbove vanopikisa Mutungamiri Francois Hollande vakapindura kufa kwaJaures nekuisa korona pacafe, nekubvuma basa rake rehupenyu hwese "runyararo, kubatana, uye kuunganidzwa kwenyika." France yakazopinda muWWI netariro yekudzosera kurasikirwa kwekuonekwa pamwe nenzvimbo yakawanikwa neGerman zvichitevera Hondo yeFranco-Prussian. Mashoko aJaures anogona kunge akakurudzira sarudzo ine hungwaru: "Ramangwana richange rakaita sei, apo mabhirioni izvozvi akaraswa mukugadzirira hondo achishandiswa pazvinhu zvinobatsira kuwedzera hupenyu hwevanhu, pakuvaka dzimba dzakanaka. yevashandi, pakuvandudza kutakurwa, pakudzorera ivhu? Fivha ye imperialism yave chirwere. Ichi chirwere cheruzhinji rwusingazivi kushandisa simba rahwo pamba. ”

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

Tenga chinyorwa chakadhindwa, Kana PDF.

Enda kumafaira ekuteerera.

Enda chinyorwa.

Enda kumifananidzo.

Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.