Chikumi

June 1
June 2
June 3
June 4
June 5
June 6
June 7
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June 10
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June 12
June 13
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June 16
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June 18
June 19
June 20
June 21
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June 23
June 24
June 25
June 26
June 27
June 28
June 29
June 30

June 1. Pazuva iri mu1990, US Mutungamiriri weGeorge Bush nemutungamiri weSoviet Mikhail Gorbachev vakasayina chibvumirano chekare chekugumisa kugadzirwa kwemakemikari uye kutanga kuparadzwa kwemarudzi maviri aya akachengetedzwa. Chibvumirano ichi chakadaidzira kudzikira makumi masere muzana muzana yezvombo zvemakemikari zvemarudzi maviri, chiitiko chakatangwa muna 80 pasi pekutariswa kwakaitwa nevaongorori vakatumirwa nenyika imwe neimwe kune imwe. Pakazosvika ma1992, nyika zhinji dzaive nehunyanzvi hwaidikanwa kuvaka zvombo zvemakemikari, uye Iraq, kune imwe, yakanga yatoishandisa muhondo yayo neIran. Nekudaro, chimwe chinangwa chebvumirano cheBush / Gorbachev chaive chekugadzira mamiriro ekunze matsva ayo aizoodza moyo nyika diki kubva kuunganidza zvombo zvemakemikari zvekushandisa muhondo. Icho chinangwa chakabudirira. Muna 1990, nyika dzinopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu dzakasaina kuenda kuChemical Weapons Convention, chibvumirano chinorambidza zvombo zvemakemikari pasi rese zvakatenderwa neSeneti yeUS muna 1993. Gore rimwe chetero, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika riri muThe Hague, Netherlands, rinozivikanwa seOrganisheni iyo Prohibition yeChemical Weapons, yakavambwa kuti itarise kuitwa kwekurambidzwa kwezvombo. Basa rayo raisanganisira kuongororwa kwekugadzira zvombo zvemakemikari uye nzvimbo dzekuparadza, pamwe nekuferefetwa kwezviitiko apo zvombo zvemakemikari zvinonzi zvakashandiswa. Kubva muna Gumiguru 150, inenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yepasi rose rezviwanikwa zvemakemikari zvanga zvaparadzwa. Izvi zvinomiririra chiitiko chakaitika kare, zvichiratidza kuti zvirongwa zvakafanana zvekurambidza uye kuparadza zvombo zvenyukireya, uye pakupedzisira kurwisa zvombo pasi rose nekumiswa kwehondo, hazvisi zvinopfuura kugona kwevanhu uye kutsunga kwezvematongerwo enyika.

June 2. Nezuva rino mu1939 chikepe cheGermany chakazara nevaJudha vapoteri vakasara vakafamba zvakakwana kuti vaone mwenje weMiami, Florida, asi vakashandurwa, sezvo Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt avhara zvose muCongress kubvuma vapoteri vevaJudha. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka raunofanira kuyeuka kuti zvikonzero zvehondo dzimwe nguva zvinongororwa chete pashure pokunge hondo dzapfuura. Musi waMay 13, 1939, mapfumbamwe mazana mapfumbamwe evapoteri vakapinda muSt. St. Louis weHamburg-America Line yakananga kuCuba kutiza mumisasa yevasungwa muGermany. Vakanga vasina mari shoma panguva yavakamanikidzwa kuenda, asi mari inotyisa yakagadzirirwa rwendo irworwo yakaita zvirongwa zvekutangira munyika itsva kunyanya kutyisa. Vangosvika kuCuba, vaidavira kuti pakupedzisira vaizogamuchirwa kuUnited States. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukanganisa mukati mechikepe kwakatungamirira kune vashomanana kuzviuraya vasati vapinda mahombekombe eCuba apo vakanga vasingabvumirwi kuburuka. Mutungamiri akasimudzira kuzviuraya kuti arambe achicherechedza vafambi munguva dzeusiku dzavakapedza muchiteshi, vachiedza kunzwisisa chikonzero. Ipapo, vakarayirwa kuti vaende. Mutungamiri wechikepe akafamba nemhenderekedzo yeFlorida achitarisira kuona zviratidzo zvekugamuchira, asi ndege dzeUnited States nemigwagwa yeCôte Guard yakauya chete kuti vadzidzise. Pakazosvika June 7, pakanga pane zvokudya zvishoma zvakasara apo mutungamiriri akazivisa kuti vaifanira kudzokera kuEurope. Sezvo nyaya yavo yakapararira, Holland, France, Great Britain, uye Belgium vakapa kugamuchira vapoteri. Pakazosvika June 13-16, muSt. Louis vakaungana nezvikepe zvinotungamirira nyika idzi, zvichisvika sezvo WWII yakatanga.

June 3. Pazuva iri 1940, Hondo yeDunkirk yakapera nokukunda kweGermany uye ne mauto eAllies akazara zvizere kubva kuDunkirk kuenda kuEngland. Kubvira muna May 26 kusvika munaJune 4, masimba ehurumende akabatwa kubva kumhenderekedzo, iyo yakaoma zvikuru. Mazana ezvikepe zveBritain neBuritain zvekuzvidira zvakashanda sechikepe kune uye kubva kune zvikepe zvikuru; mauto akamirira kwemaawa akarere-akadzika mumvura. Pamusoro pe300,000 British, French, nemaBelgium mauto akaponeswa. Yakazivikanwa se "Zvishamiso zveDunkirk" zvichienderana nekutenda kuti Mwari akanga apindura minyengetero, zvirokwazvo, ndiyo yaiva mugumo wemifananidzo yakaipisisa yezvinotyisa zvehondo. Germany yakanga yasvika kuchamhembe kweEurope muAll Countries uye kuFrance. Blitzkrieg yakatevera uye naMay 12 vaDutch vakanga vapa. Pakazosvika May 22, maGermany panamambo akaenda kuchamhembe kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeCalais neDunkirk, iyo yekupedzisira inopukunyuka zvikepe zvakasara. VaBrithani vakatambudzwa zvakanyanya uye Britain pachayo yakatyisidzirwa. Zvinenge zvose zvayo midziyo yakaremara, matangi, zvombo zvehondo, kutakura motokari uye kupfuura mauto e50,000 akasiyiwa muRepanent, akawanda akatorwa nemaGermany. Vanopfuura gumi kubva muzana vavo vakaurawa. Mauto ane chiuru eBritish akarasika panguva yekubuda. Pakanga ichigadzirirwa kumirira kuponeswa, mhirizhonga ye16,000 French yakafa. Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe zvezana zveDunkirk zvakaparadzwa munguva yehondo. Masoja e300,000 akabuda anokonzera kushushikana mukuedza kweBritish neUnited States muhondo yose yavakanga vasina nguva kana kukwanisa kubudisa vaJudha kubva kuGermany.

June 4. Pazuva iri gore rega rega, UN-inotsigirwa International Day yeVasina Vana Vakatambudzwa neHurugress inoonekwa pasi rose. Vana Vakatambudzwa zuva rakagadzwa munaAugust 1982 nekereke inokosha yeUnited Nations inopindura kufa kwevana vazhinji veLebanana muBeirut nemamwe maguta eLebanese mushure mekutanga kwemauto eErazil kuElban 4, 1982. Mukuita, vana Vakatambudzwa zuva rakagadzirirwa kushumira zvidimbu zviviri zvakakosha: kubvuma vana vakawanda munyika yose avo vanotambudzwa mumuviri, mupfungwa, uye mupfungwa, kana muhondo kana murugare, kana kumba kana kuchikoro; uye kukurudzira vanhu nemasangano munyika yese kuti vazive kukosha uye kukonzerwa nekushungurudzwa kwevana uye kudzidza kubva, kana kutora chikamu, mishandirapamwe inosungirwa kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kodzero dzavo. Sezvo Munyori Mukuru weUnited Nations Javier Perez de Cuellar akataura mumharidzo yake yeZuva reVana Vakatambudzwa nevana, "Vana vanotambura kusaruramisirwa uye urombo hunoda kudzivirirwa uye kusimbiswa nenyika yakakura inoita izvi, kwete chete kuburikidza nezviito zvavo zvakananga asiwo nenzira isina kukwana kuburikidza nezvinetso zvepasi rose zvakadai sekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuguta kwemaguta. "International International Children's Victims isongova rimwe chete rinopfuura 1983 gore negore rakacherechedza UN International Days. Mazuva acho ariwo chikamu chepurogiramu yakawanda yeUIDS yekudzidzisa mune zviitiko kana nhau dzakasanganiswa nemazuva chaiwo, vhiki, makore, nemakumi emakore. Mhemberero dzakadzokororwa dzinovaka ruzivo rwevanhu nezvezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana kana nyaya, uye kukurudzira zviito kutarisa izvo zvinoramba zvichienderana nezvinangwa zveUN.

June 5. Pazuva rino mu1962, Hurisiro yePort Huron yakapedzwa. Iyi yaive manifesto yakaburitswa neVadzidzi veDemocratic Society, uye yakanyanya kunyorwa naTom Hayden, mudzidzi kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan. Vadzidzi vaipinda mayunivhesiti eUS muma1960 vakanzwa vachimanikidzwa kuita chimwe chinhu nezvekushayikwa kwerusununguko uye kodzero dzevanhu dzavaipupurira munyika "ye, neyavanhu." Chirevo chakataura kuti "Chekutanga, chokwadi chakazara uye chinoshungurudza chekukanganisa kwevanhu, chakaratidzirwa nehondo yekumaodzanyemba yekurwisa rusaruro, chakamanikidza vazhinji vedu kubva kunyarara kusvika pakuita zvematongerwo enyika. Chechipiri, chokwadi chakavharika cheCold War, chinomiririrwa nekuvapo kweBhomba, chakaunza ruzivo rwekuti isu pachedu, neshamwari dzedu, nemamirioni evamwe 'vamwe' vatinoziva zvakanyanya zvakananga nekuda kwenjodzi yedu, tinogona kufa chero nguva … Nesimba renyukireya maguta ese anokwanisa kupihwa magetsi, asi nyika-dzinotonga dzinoita sedzinokwanisa kuburitsa kuparadzwa kwakakura kudarika kwakaitika muhondo dzese dzevanhu. ” Vanotyawo kusanzwisisana kwerudzi: "Kubuka kwepasirese kurwisa hukolonialism nehumambo hwehumambo, kuisirwa simba kwehutongi, kutyisidzira kwehondo, kuwandisa kwevanhu, kusagadzikana kwenyika, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi - maitiro aya aiyedza kusimba kwekuzvipira kwedu kune democracy uye rusununguko… isu pachedu takazara nekukurumidzira, asi meseji yenzanga yedu ndeyekuti hapana imwe nzira inoitikazvino. ” Chekupedzisira, gwaro iri rakaburitsa chikumbiro chekukurumidzira "kushandura mamiriro ehunhu… basa rakadzika midzi muchirevo chekare, chisina kuzadzikiswa chemunhu anowana simba pamusoro pemamiriro ake ehupenyu."

June 6. Pazuva iri mu1968, pa 1: 44 ini, muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika Robert Kennedy akafa nemapfupa evanhu vakaurayiwa anouraya mushure mekunge pakati pousiku masikati. Kupfura uku kwakaitika mukicheni kicheni cheAmbassador Hotel muLos Angeles, iyo Kennedy aibuda mushure mekupemberera kukunda kwake muCalifornia mutungamiri wepuraimari nevatsigiri. Kubva pachiitiko ichocho, vanhu vakabvunza, Nyika yaizove yakasiana sei dai Robert Kennedy akange ave mutungamiri wenyika? Chero mhinduro inofanira kusanganisira bako kuti Kennedy anga asiri shangu-mukati kuti asarudzwe mutungamiri. Kunyange vatengesi vemagetsi muDemocratic Party kana avo vanonzi "Silent Majority" vekuAmerican- vanotya kupesana vatema, maHippies, nevanyanyisa vekoreji- vangangomutsigira zvakanyanya. Zvakadaro, mafungu ekuchinja kwetsika muma1960 anga aita kuti zvikwanisike kuvaka mubatanidzwa wevanazvo nevasina-avo vaida kupedza hondo muVietnam nekugadzirisa matambudziko erudzi nehurombo. Bobby Kennedy airatidzika kune vazhinji mumiriri uyo aigona kwazvo kugadzira mubatanidzwa. Mukutaura kwake kwekusatenderera kune vatema-veguta husiku pahusiku hwekuurawa kwaMartin Luther King, uye rake rekumashure-zviitiko mukutaurirana kupera kweCuban Missile Crisis, anga aratidzira pachena hunhu hwekunzwira tsitsi, kushuva, uye neuto zvine musoro izvo inogona kukurudzira shanduko yeshanduko. Congressman uye mukurumbira wekodzero dzevanhu John Lewis akati nezvake: “Aida… kwete kungochinja mitemo…. "Aida kuvaka pfungwa munharaunda." Arthur Schlesinger, mubatsiri wemushandirapamwe weKennedy uye munyori wenyaya, akataura zvakajeka kuti: "Dai akasarudzwa semutungamiri muna 1968 tingadai takabuda muVietnam muna 1969."

June 7. Nezuva rino mu1893, mukutanga kwake kwekusateerera kwevanhu, Mohandas Gandhi vakaramba kutevera mitemo yekusarura kwemadzinza pachitima cheSouth Africa uye vakamanikidzwa kuendeswa kuPietermaritzburg. Izvi zvakakonzera upenyu huchishandiswa kurwisana nekodzero dzevanhu kuburikidza nenzira dzisingasviki, kuunza rusununguko kune vaIndia vakawanda muAfrica, uye kuHuhuru rusununguko kubva kuBritain. Gandhi, murume akangwara uye anokurudzira, aizivikanwa nokuda kwekunamata kwakapoteredza zvitendero zvose. Gandhi akatenda mu "Ahimsa," kana kuti simba rakanaka rerudo, achizvibatanidza muhuzivi hwake hwezvematongerwe enyika ye "kubatisisa zvakasimba kuchokwadi kana kusimba mune chikonzero chakarurama." Kutenda uku, kana kuti "Satyagraha," kwakabvumira Gandhi kuchinja nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika vane tsika uye vakarurama ivo chaizvoizvo vari. Paaipona kuedza katatu paupenyu hwake, kurwiswa, zvirwere, nekuvharirwa kwenguva refu, Gandhi haana kumboedza kudzorera vavengi vake. Pane kudaro, akakurudzira runyararo kuchinja, achikurudzira vose kuti vaite zvakafanana. Panguva yeBritain paakaisa rusarura rweMunyu weMunyu kune varombo, akapa hupenyu kurwendo rweIndia Independence kuburikidza nekufambisa kuIndia kusvika kugungwa. Vakawanda vakafa kana vakaiswa musungwa vasati vaBritain vachibvumirana kusunungura vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika. Sezvo Britain yakashaya kutonga nyika, India yakadzokerazve kuzvimiririra. Anozivikanwa saBaba vorudzi rwake, zita raGandhi rakazoshandurwa kuva Mahatma, rinoreva "mweya." Pasinei nekusava nehanya kwake, zvakataurwa kuti hurumende yose inopikisa Gandhi pakupedzisira yaifanira kubvuma. Chipo chake kune nyika chaiva kuparadza kwake kwekutenda kuti hondo inogara ichidiwa. Kuberekwa kwaGandhi, Gumiguru 2, kunopembererwa pasi rose seZuva Rese rekusaremekedza.

June 8. Pazuva iri muna 1966, vadzidzi ve270 kuYunivhesiti yeNew York vakabuda pamitambo yekupedza kudzidza kupikisa kutaura kwechiremera chekuremekedza kune Munyori wezvokudzivirira Robert McNamara. Nezuva rimwe chete gore rimwe gare gare, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevadzidzi vakapedza kudzidza paBrown University vakafuratira Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, mutauri wekupedza kudzidza. Kuratidzira uku kwese kwakaratidza kupatsanurwa kwaiitwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwevadzidzi vekoreji veUS kubva pane zvakaitwa nehurumende yavo muHondo yeVietnam. Pakazosvika 1966, mushure mekunge Mutungamiri Lyndon Johnson vasimudzira zvakanyanya huto hweUS nekuvapo kwemabhomba kuVietnam, hondo yaive yave yevadzidzi nzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika. Vakaita kuratidzira, vakapisa makadhi ekunyora, kuratidzira kwemauto neDow Chemical basa pamusangano, uye vakaimba maslogani akadai sekuti "Hei, hesi, LBJ, wauraya vana vangani nhasi?" Kuratidzira kwakawanda kwaigara munharaunda- kana kembasi, asi zvinenge zvese zvakafemerwa nechinangwa chakajairwa: kudimbura hukama pakati pemuchina wehondo weUS neyunivhesiti, nemafungiro ayo "akasununguka". Kune vamwe vadzidzi, icho chinangwa chinogona kunge chakakonzerwa nemaonero ehungwaru akawanzowanikwa muzvidzidzo zveyunivhesiti. Vamwe vadzidzi vakatsigira rusununguko rweyunivhesiti-rwakanangana nevadzidzi nezvikonzero zvakasiyana, uye vazhinji vaizvipira kuzviisa pangozi yekukuvadzwa kana kusungwa nekuzvikumbira muzviito zvakanangana nekugara zvivakwa zveyunivhesiti nemahofisi emahofisi. Iko kuda kuyambuka miganho yepamutemo yezvinangwa zvehunhu kwakaonekwa muongororo yakaitwa muna 1968 na Milwaukee Journal. Ikoko, makumi manomwe nemashanu kubva muzana yemuenzaniso wemumiriri wevadzidzi vose vakaratidza kutsigira kwavo kwekuratidzira kwakarongeka se "nzira inobvumirana yekuratidza mheremhere yevadzidzi."

June 9. Pazuva iri mu1982 General Efraín Rios Montt akazivisa Mutungamiri weGuatemala, deposing mutungamiri akasarudzwa. Rios Montt akanga apedza kudzidza mukurumbira weSchool of the Americas (chikoro chemauto eUnited States chakarovedza vanhu vakawanda vekuLatin America nevatambudzi). Rios Montt akagadzira junta yevanhu vatatu nemunhu semuongorori. Pasi pemutemo wemartial, sangano rakasimudzwa, uye pasina bumbiro rezvemitemo, junta iyi yakabata mitemo yakavanzika, uye mapoka ezvematongerwe enyika akadzivirirwa uye masangano emabasa. Rios Montt akamanikidza vamwe vaviri mujunta kusiya. Akataura kuti campesinos uye vagari vomunharaunda vaiva maKomonisiti, uye vakatanga kutora, kuvhudza, uye kuuraya. Hondo ye guerilla yakagadzirirwa kurwisana neRio Montt, uye hondo yevagari veA36 yemakore yakatevera. Mazana makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vasiri varwi vakaurawa uye "vakanyangarika" nehurumende pamwero wepamusoro we3,000 pamwedzi. Mutungamiri weReagan uye Israeri vakatsigira udzvinyiriri nemaoko uye vakapa tsvina uye kudzidziswa. Rios Montt akazvimanikidza nekutorwa mu1983. Kusvikira 1996 kuurayiwa kwakaenderera mberi muGuatemala mune tsika yekuregererwa. Kurambidzwa kunomirira mutungamiriri wenyika neMutemo, Rios Montt aive muCongressman pakati peC1990 ne2007, kudzivirirwa kubva pakupomerwa. Apo kusununguka kwake kwakaguma, akakurumidza kuwana mhosva yehutongerwo enyika uye mhosva dzevanhu. Akatongerwa makore 80 mujeri, Rios Montt akanga asina kuiswa mujeri pamusana pekufungidzirwa senility. Rios Montt akafa musi waApril 1, 2018, pazera remakore 91. Muna March 1999, Mutungamiri weUnited States Bill Clinton akakumbira rutsigiro rweUnited States rwekudzvinyirira. Asi chidzidzo chekutanga chekukuvadza mukutsvaga mhirizhonga hachifaniri kudzidzwa.

June 10. Pazuva rino muChinyamutungamiri John. F. Kennedy akataura achitsigira rugare paAmerican University. Mwedzi mishanu pfupi asati aurayiwa, zvakataurwa naKennedy parunako rwemayunivhesiti uye nezvechinzvimbo chavo zvakatungamira kune mamwe mazwi asingakanganwike ehungwaru anosanganisira anotevera: “Naizvozvo, ndakasarudza nguva ino nenzvimbo ino kuti ndikurukure nezvenyaya yekusaziva zvakare inowanzo kuwanda uye chokwadi hachiwanzo kunzwisiswa- asi ndiwo musoro wakakosha pasi pano: rugare rwepasi… ndinotaura nezverunyararo nekuda kwechiso chitsva chehondo. Yese hondo haina musoro muzera apo masimba makuru anogona kuchengetedza makuru uye asingakundiki masimba enyukireya uye kuramba kuzvipira pasina kuita kune iwo mauto. Hazvina musoro muzera apo chombo chimwe chete chenyukireya chine kanokwana kagumi simba rekuputika rakaunzwa neese akabatana nemweya mhepo muPiri Hondo Yenyika. Hazvina musoro muzera apo huturu hunouraya hunogadzirwa nekuchinjana kwenyukireya hwaizotakurwa nemhepo nemvura nevhu nembeu kumakona ekure epasi uye kuzvizvarwa zvisati zvazvarwa… Chekutanga: Ngatinzverei mafungiro edu kurunyararo pacharwo. . Vazhinji vedu tinofunga kuti hazvigoneke. Vakawandisa vanofunga kuti hazvisi zvechokwadi. Asi icho chinotyisa, chinokunda kutenda. Zvinotungamira kumagumo ekuti hondo haidziviririke - kuti vanhu vaparadzwa - isu takabatwa nemasimba atisingakwanise kudzora. Hatidi kubvuma maonero akadaro. Matambudziko edu akagadzirwa nevanhu - saka, anogona kugadziriswa nemunhu. ”

June 11. Pazuva rino mu1880 Jeannette Rankin akaberekwa. Mukadzi wokutanga akasarudzwa kuCongress akanga apedza kudzidza kuYunivhesiti yeMontona uyo akatanga basa rake mumagariro evanhu. Sezvo vose pacifist uye anokwana, Rankin akabatsira vakadzi kukunda kodzero yekuvhota nekutaura mushumo unovapa hukama hwekusununguka nevarume vavo. Sezvo Rankin akagara pachigaro munaApril 1917, kuUnited States kuWWI kwaitaurirana. Akavhota HERE, pasinei nekupikiswa kwakanyanya, zvichiita kuti arasikirwa neshoko rechipiri. Rankin akabva aenda kunoshanda kuMusangano weNyika wekudzivirira kweHondo asati ashanyira Congress zvakare zvakare neshoko rokuti "Gadzirira Kurairwa Kwekudzivirira; Chengetedza Varume vedu kubva kuEurope! "Akafunga kuti wechipiri akakunda mu1940 kuvakadzi vaikoshesa voti yavo pamusoro peWWI. Rankin aiva kumashure muCongress apo Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akakumbira Congress kuti ivhote Chiziviso Chehondo paJapan kutora United States kuWWII. Rankin ndiyo yaiva yega yekupesana. Pakati pemakore akawanda, akaenderera mberi nebasa rake, kusanganisira kuronga Jeannette Rankin Brigade kwekambani ye1968 kuWashington kuratidzira hondo yeVietnam. Rankin akadanwa paCongress kuti agadzirise zvinodiwa nevanhu, achifananidzira zvisarudzo zvakapiwa vakadzi "vanorega vana vavo kuenda kuhondo nokuti vanotya varume vavo vacharasikirwa nebasa ravo mumhizha kana vachipikisa." Akachema kuti vagari vemuUnited States vakangopiwa " chisarudzo chezvakaipa, kwete mazano. "Mashoko aRinin ainge asingaoneki apo hondo dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi pasinei nemaitiro akajeka akashanda muupenyu hwose. Akati: "Kana tikasununguka, taizova nyika yakachengeteka munyika."

June 12. Pazuva rino mune 1982 vanhu vane mamiriyoni mumwe vakaratidza kuti varwisana nezvombo zvenyukireya muNew York. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokupikisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Kunyange zvazvo United Nations yakabata Session inokosha pamusoro pezvokudzivirira, boka revanhu muCentral Park rakanyatsotarisa pasi rose nhamba yevanhu veAmerica vanopikisa nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya. Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg aiva mumwe wevatungamiri vatungamiri ve "Nuclear Freeze," uye nhamba yevaparidzi vanopinda naye muNew York vakatungamirira kune izvo zvakanzi "ndezvekuratidza zvezvematongerwe enyika mune nhoroondo yeAmerica." Forsberg akagamuchira "Genius award" kubva kuMacArthur Fellowship ichibvuma basa rayo kune nyika iri nani, ine rugare kuburikidza nekutaura nezvematambudziko anowanikwa mukugadzirisa hurongwa hwezvombo zvenyukireya. Panguva iyo, Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan akanga asingadi kuonga, achienda kusvika pakupa kuti nhengo dzeSangano reNuclear Freeze dzinofanirwa kunge dzisina "sangano," "vatsigiri vevaKomonisiti," kana zvichida kunyange "vatorwa vezvekune dzimwe nyika." Neshoko rake rechipiri, kutonga kwake vakange vachinzwa zvakamanikidzwa kuti vatange hurukuro kuburikidza nekuderedza ukuru hwezvombo zvenyukireya. Musangano wakarongeka neSoviet Union, uye hurukuro dzakatanga pakati peMutungamiri Reagan nemutungamiri weSoviet Mikhail Gorbachev kubvisa zvombo kubva kuEastern neWestern Europe nekubatana kubvuma kuti "Hondo yenyukireya haigone kupiwa, uye haifaniri kurwiswa." Izvi yakatevera musangano muReykjavik, Iceland, uko kugadziriswa kwe Gorbachev kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya gore rose 2000 haina kugamuchirwa neUnited States. Asi ne1987, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty yakasayirwa kunoda kuti nyika mbiri dzitange kuderedza zvombo zvavo.

June 13. Pazuva rino mu1971, Pentagon Papers yakabudiswa muNew York Times, yakapa tsanangudzo yekushanda kweUnited States muVietnam kubva pakuguma kweHondo Yenyika II kusvika ku1968. Musi waJune 13, 1971, mushure memakore ekupikisa kupikisana nehurumende, kuuraya kwenguva refu muVietnam, uye kuchema kwechikonzero chakanga chisina kupindurwa nehurumende yeUnited States, New York Times yakagamuchira mamwe mashoko "akarongwa" kubva kune aimbova muongorori wemauto. Akakanganiswa nokuedza kwake kuenderera mberi kwekumisa hondo, Daniel Ellsberg akataurirana neThe New York Times, achivabvumira kuona zvishoma zvikonzero izvo United States yakanga yava musoja wehurumende: "Kuongorora kukuru kwekuti United States yakaenda sei kuhondo muIndochina , inotungamirirwa nePentagon makore matatu apfuura, inoratidza kuti hurumende ina dzakaramba dzichiwedzera pfungwa yekuzvipira kune vemuVietnamiti yeCommunist, kugadzirira kurwisana neNorth kudzivirira South, uye kushungurudzika kwekupedzisira nemabasa aya - kusvika pamwero mukuru pane zvinyorwa zvavo zvepachena zvinobvumirwa panguva iyoyo. "US Attorney General akatsigira Times yekuputsa mutemo nekuzivisa zvakavanzika zvehurumende, achivadzivisa mazuva maviri gare gare. IWashington Post yakatanga kuparidzira nyaya yacho, uye yakaunzwawo pamberi peDare Court. Nyika yakamirira kusatenda kusvikira chisarudzo chekuita rusununguko rwehurukuro chakazoitwa. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatonga mukuda kuparidzirwa nemumwe wevatongi, Hugo L. Black, kusunungura mashoko anotevera: "Mukuratidza kushanda kwehurumende kwakatungamirira kuHondo yeVietnam, mapepanhau akaita zvakanaka izvo izvo Vabereki Vakatanga vatarisira uye vakavimba kuti vaizoita. "

June 14. Pazuva rino mu1943 Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakarambidza chikamu chinosungirirwa mureza yevana vechikoro. Iyo yepakutanga "Pledge to the Flag," yakanyorwa mu1800s pamutambo wekuwanikwa kweAmerica, ichiti: "Ndinovimbisa kuvimbika kuChiradzi yangu, uye kuRipublic inomiririra, Nation imwe, indivisible, neRuberty uye Justice kune vose. "Munguva yeWWII, vezvematongerwe enyika vakawana rubatsiro mukushandura chibvumirano ichi mumutemo. Mashoko okuti "United States," ne "America" ​​akawedzerwa; uye ne1945, zita racho rakashandurwa, uye mitemo ine chokuita nekukwazisa kwakakodzera kwemureza yakange yakawedzerwa. Kukwazisa kunotonga kwakachinjwa pazvaifananidzwa neaNazi Germany kubva kune yekutanga: "Mira, simudza ruoko rworudyi nechigunwe chakaiswa pachena pahuma;" ku: "Mira, uise ruoko rworudyi pamwoyo." Mashoko "pasi Mwari "akawedzerwa mushure me" Rudzi rumwe, "uye akapinda mutemo neMutungamiri Eisenhower mu1954. Pakutanga, 35 inorayira kuti vadzidzi vekuchikoro kubva kuK-12 vamire kukwazisa mureza zuva rimwe nerimwe nemaoko pamusoro pemwoyo yavo pavanodzokorora "Chibvumirano Chokutendeseka." Sezvo nhamba yehutano yakakura ichienda ku45, vazhinji vakabvunza unyengeri hwe mutemo unoda vana kuti vataure kuvimbika kune firgi inomiririra "Rusununguko uye Ruramisiro kune vose." Vamwe vakaona kupesana pakati pevimbiso nechitendero chavo, vachitaura kuputsa kwekodzero dzekutanga. Kunyange zvazvo yakabvumidzwa nematare e1943 kuti vadzidzi havagoni kuverengerwa kuvimbika kune mureza, avo vasingasimiri, kukwazisa, uye kubvuma zuva nezuva vanoramba vachitsoropodzwa, kusarudzwa, kumiswa, uye vakanyorwa kuti "Unpatriotic."

June 15. Pazuva rino mu1917, uye May 16, 1918, Espionage uye Sedition Acts zvakapedzwa. IEespionage Act yakagadziriswa sezvo US yakave yakabatanidzwa muHondo Yenyika I yekudzivisa vagari vemo kuita chinhu chipi zvacho chinogona kuparadza hondo muchirwisana chayo neGermany nevakabatana nayo. Mutemo wakashandurwa kudarika gore rakatevera mune izvo zvakazozivikanwa seDester Act of 1918. The Sedition Act yakanga yakanyanyobatanidzwa, ichiita chero chinhu chakaitwa, chakati, kana chakanyorwa pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kweUnited States muWWI mhirizhonga. Izvi zvakasiira vagari vakawanda vemuUnited States vachitya kusungwa nekuda kwekutaura mafungiro avo kupikisana neuto rehondo kana kupinda muhondo, pamwe nekubvunza mibvunzo iyi kuputsa kodzero yekusununguka kutaura. Chero kushorwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, rondedzero, mureza, hurumende, mauto, kana kunyange yunifomu yeuto yakaitwa zvisiri pamutemo. Izvo zvakare yakave isina mvumo kune ani zvake kuti avhare kutengeswa kwezvisungo zveUnited States, kuratidza mureza weGermany mumisha yavo, kana kutaura achitsigira chero chinokonzera nyika inofungidzirwa kuva vavengi veU.S. Chero kukanganisa kwemitemo iyi mitsva kwakatungamirira kusungwa nemari yeusvika zviuru gumi zvemadhora, uye kutonga izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuusungwa kwemakore makumi maviri. Zvinenge makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu mapepanhau aisabvumirwa kushandura chero chinhu chipi zvacho pamusoro pehondo kana vaitarisira kuramba varipo, uye vanhu ve2,000 vakasungwa. Paiva nevarume 1,000, vazhinji vavo vakapinda kune dzimwe nyika, vakatongerwa uye vakasungwa panguva ino. Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo Wechirongwa wakabviswa muna 1921, mitemo yakawanda iri pasi peMutemo weEespionage yakaramba ichishanda muUnited States sezvo hondo imwe yakatungamirira kune imwe.

June 16. Pazuva rino mu1976, kuurayiwa kweSoweto kwakaitika. Vana 700 vakaurayiwa nekuda kwekuramba kudzidza Afrikaans. Kunyange pamberi peNationalist Party ikatora mu1948, South Africa yakarwa nechisarura. Kunyange zvazvo dzidzo yevatsvene yaiva yakasununguka, vana vakaderera vakanga vasina hanya neBantu School System. Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvezvikamu zvidema zvekuSouth Africa zvakange zvichishandiswa nevamishinari veKaturike vasina ruzivo rwehurumende. Muna 1953, Bantu Education Act inodhura mari yose yezvemari kubva kumari yekushandiswa kwevaAfrica, inoteverwa neYunivhesiti Dzidzo yeMutemo inorambidza vadzidzi vemauto kuti vasaenda kumayunivhesiti machena. Kutama kwakatungamirira kumhirizhonga yeSoweto kwaiva murairo weBantu kuti mutauro unoshandiswa pakudzidzisa nekuongorora kuti kunyange vadzidzisi vakanga vasinganzwisisi, Afrikaans. Sezvo nguva yekuongorora yakauya, vadzidzi vezvikoro zviviri zvepamusoro vakafuridzirwa ne South African Students Movement akaronga iyo Komiti yeActions yeSoweto Students Representative Council (SSRC) kuronga kuratidzira runyararo pamusoro pezvinenge zvichinyanya kuoma kudai. Kufambisa kwakatanga kuSoweto kupfuura dzimwe dzikoro dzakakwirira kwavakabatanidzwa nevadzidzi vanobva kune zvikoro, uye vakaramba vachisangana kusvikira zviuru zvaifamba pamwe chete ku "Manama Tom" kuMusasa weMasvingo kuOrlando. Panguva yavakasvika, vakanga vambovhiringidzika nemapurisa uye vakarwa nemafuta emabvudzi nemabhomba. Nenguva yekuputika kwemahombekombe kwakatanga, vatengesi vainge vabatanidzwa nevadzidzi veChNUMX vatsvuku uye vashandi vakawanda vemauto mukurwisana nehupombwe neBantu dzidzo. Utsinye hwemapurisa hwakasangana nekudzikama kwakadzikama nevadzidzi vapenyu nevatsigiri vakapfuurira kwemwedzi yakaoma kurwisana kwekuenzana kwakafuridzirwa neyekuyeukwa kwe "African Day".

June 17. Pazuva iri mu1974, Chirongwa cheIrish Republican Army chakarova Imba yeParamende muLondon, ichikuvadza gumi nerimwe. Ichi chiitiko chinoshamisa chaive chimwe chekuputika kwemakore makumi matatu e "Zvinetso." Muna 1920, mukuedza kubvisa chisimba, Paramende yeBritain yakapedza Mutemo wakaparadzanisa Ireland, uye zvikamu zviviri zviri muchikamu cheUnited Kingdom. Panzvimbo pehutano hwakagadziriswa, basa rekurwisana rakawedzera pakati pekuchamhembe kwePurotesitendi vakavimbika kuUk uye kumaodzanyemba eKaturike aida Ireland yakazvimirira uye yakabatana. Kushanda nemauto eBritain mu1969 kwakawedzera chisimba. IRA yakarova mabheji muEngland kubva ku1972 kusvika 1996. Iyo nyika yakashambadzirwa ikati 175 inorarama. Zvimwe zvibvumirano zvekugumisa kuguma zvakagadzirwa asi zvakaputsika. Kuurayiwa kwepamusoro kwepamatambudziko kwakasvika apo IRA Provisional inouraya mazororo eBritish Lord Louis Mountbatten muNorth Ireland mu1979 nebhomba iri muchikepe chake. I1998 Yakanaka yeChishanu Chibvumirano yakagumisa kurwisana, nekugoverana simba kwehurumende muhurumende. Mumakumi makumi emakore ekurwiswa kwekutya kwakatangwa nevose vezvematongerwo enyika uye vamiririri vehurumende, vanhu vanoda kusvika 3600 vakarasika. Asi njodzi ichiri kuisa pasi payo pasi. Mhedzisiro yakaoma yeU UK yekuvhota kubva kuEuropean Union, inonzi Brexit, yakakonzera kukakavara pamusoro pemagadziro emangwana emangwana, sezvo Ireland yaizoparadzaniswa pakati peEuropean Union uye kwete yeEuropean Union. Bhomba yemotokari muLondonderry, Northern Ireland, yakapomerwa mhosva yeReal Irish Republican Army, boka rinorwisana neIreland yakabatana makore zana mushure mekugoverana. Chiito ichocho, semakore evamwe mumakore, akaratidza kusabatsiri kwechisimba uye migumisiro inobatsira yekurova vanhu.

June 18. Pazuva rino mu1979, chibvumirano cheSART II chekugadzirisa zvombo zvekare uye mabhomba yakasayirwa naVaPresident Carter naBrzhnev. Chibvumirano ichi pakati peUnited States of America neUnited Soviet Republics chakaitwa sekuti zvose zvakava: "Kuziva kuti hondo yenyukireya inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa kuvanhu vose ..., "uye"Kusimbisa chido chavo chekutora matanho ekuwedzera kwekugadzirisa uye nekuderedza kuderedza kwemaoko ezvigadziro, mune mupfungwa yechinangwa chekuzadzikisa kusagadzikana kwevanhu vakawanda uye zvakakwana ... "Mutungamiri Carter vakatumira chibvumirano kuCongress apo nhaurirano yakaenderera mberi kusvikira kuRussia kusvika kweAustralia kusara haina kuratidzika. Muna 1980, Mutungamiri Carter vakataura kuti, zvisinei, United States yaizoenderana nemitemo mikuru yechibvumirano kana Russia ichidzorera, uye Brezhnev akabvumirana. Nheyo dzezvibvumirano zveSART zvakatanga apo Mutungamiri Ford vakaungana naBrzhnev kuti vateerere nheyo iyo yakagadzirisa muganhu wezvimwe zvinotarisirwa kuti zvigadziriswe motokari dzemagetsi, kurambidzwa kwekuvakwa kwenyika itsva-based inter-continental ballistic missile launchers, kushandiswa kwemauto matsva anogumbura , mazano ekugadzirira zvombo zvenyukireya, uye akachengeta chibvumirano chinobvumirwa kuburikidza ne1985. Mutungamiri Nixon akabvumirana, sezvakaitwa Mutungamiri Reagan, uyo akabva ataura kuputsa kwevarusi veRussia mu1984 uye 1985. Muna 1986, Reagan yakazivisa kuti "... US inofanira kusimbisa zvisarudzo pamusoro pesimba rayo rekugadzirisa masimba pamusoro pemaitiro uye hukuru hwehutsotsi hunokonzerwa nemauto eSoviet uye kwete pamitemo iri muSART sangano ..." Akawedzera kuti US "... rambai muchiita zvakanyanya kudzivirira, muchidzivirira kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa, kuitira kubatsira kukurudzira mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa ekuderedza kukuru kwezvigadziriswa zvemashure emativi ose maviri."

June 19. Pazuva rino gore negore, vazhinji veAmerica vanopemberera "Juneteenth," 19^th yaJune muna 1865 apo veAfrica -America vachiri varanda muGalveston, Texas vakaziva kuti vakanga vasunungurwa zviri pamutemo 2-1 / 2 makore akapfuura. Mutungamiri Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, yakaburitswa paZuva reGore Idzva, 1863, yakaraira kusunungurwa kwevaranda vese kumatunhu nenzvimbo vachipandukira Union muHondo Yenyika, asi varanda veTexas vangave vakasarudza kusaita maererano nemutemo kudzamara vamanikidzwa . Zuva iri rakauya apo zviuru zviviri zvemauto eMubatanidzwa akasvika kuGalveston musi wa19 Chikumi 1865. Major General Gordan Granger vakaverenga zvinonzwika gwaro rakaudza vanhu veTexas kuti “… maererano neChipupuriro kubva kuMukuru weUnited States, varanda vakasununguka… uye kubatana kwavepo pakati pe [vatenzi nevaranda] kunova uko pakati pemushandirwi nemushandi wepachena. ” Pakati pevaranda vakasunungurwa, maitiro kunhau aibvira mukuvhunduka kusvika mukufara. Vamwe vakanonoka kudzidza zvakawanda nezvehukama hutsva hwevashandirwi / mushandi, asi vamwe vazhinji, vakakurudzirwa nekunakidzwa kwerusununguko rwavo, vakabva vangonovaka hupenyu hutsva munzvimbo nyowani. Vatarisana nematambudziko makukutu, avo vaimbove varanda vekutama nekufamba kwenguva vakaita "yegumi nemana" yekusunungurwa kwavo chiitiko chegore rekubatanazve nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri kuGalveston kuchinjana kutsigirana kwekutsigira neminamato. Kwemakore, kupemberera kwacho kwakapararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo uye kwakakura mukuzivikanwa, uye muna 1980 Gumi negumi rakava zororo rehurumende muTexas. Nhasi, masangano matsva emuno neenyika gumi neshanu anoshandisa chirangaridzo kusimudzira ruzivo uye kukoshesa nhoroondo yeAfrican-America netsika, uku vachikurudzira kuzvisimudzira uye kuremekedza tsika dzese.

June 20. Uyu ndiwo Zuva reRefugee World. Secretary-General weSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, Antonio Guterres, akagadzwa muna Ndira 2017 mushure mehupenyu hwese hwaakashanda achimisa kutambura kusingaperi kunokonzerwa nehondo kune vasina mhaka. Akazvarwa muLisbon muna 1949, akawana dhigirii muinjiniya uye akanzwisisa chiPutukezi, Chirungu, ChiFrench neSpanish. Kusarudzwa kwake kuParamende yePortugal mu1976 kwakamuunza kuParamende yeParamende yeKanzuru yeEurope uko kwaakatungamira Komiti Yezve Demografi, Kutama, uye Vapoteri. Makore makumi maviri ekushanda seUnited Nations High Commissioner yevapoteri akatendera Guterres kupupurira kupfuura kutambura kukuru, nzara, kutambudzwa, chirwere, uye kufa kwevanhu vasiri varwi, vakadzi, uye vana mumisasa yevapoteri nenzvimbo dzehondo. Ndichiri kushanda saMutungamiriri wePortugal kubva muna 1995-2002, akaramba achibatikana mukuyedza kwepasirese semutungamiri weEuropean Council. Kutsigirwa kwake kwakatungamira mukugamuchirwa kweLisbon Agenda yemabasa nekukura, uye kuzita neUN muna Zvita wa2000 wezuva revapoteri venyika. Gumiguru 20 yakasarudzwa mukurangarira 1951 Refugee Status Convention yakaitwa makore makumi mashanu apfuura, uye kubvuma kuwedzera kuri kuwedzera kwenhamba yevapoteri pasi rose kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi matanhatu. Mashoko aGuterres akasarudzwa kuunza webhusaiti yeWorld Refugee Day: “Izvi hazvisi zvekugovana mutoro. Izvo ndezvekugovana mutoro wepasirese, zvakavakirwa kwete chete pane yakafara pfungwa yehukama hwedu hwevanhu asiwo nezvakanyanya chaizvo zvisungo zvemutemo wepasi rese. Zvinokonzera midzi ihondo neruvengo, kwete vanhu vanotiza; vapoteri ndevamwe vekutanga vakaurayiwa nehugandanga. ”

June 21. Pazuva iri muna 1971, Dare Repamusorosoro reRubatsiro rakatarisa kuti South Africa inofanira kubva kuNamibia. Kubva 1915 kusvika 1988 Namibia yaizivikanwa seSouth West Africa, inofungidzirwa kunge dunhu reSouth Africa. Yakanga yakakwidziridzwa zvakanyanya, kutanga neGerman kozoti neBritain. South Africa yakanga yakazvimirira neBritain neHondo Yenyika I, asi vakabudirira kupinda munzvimbo yeGerman mukutsigira Humambo. Sangano reMarudzi rakaisa SW Africa pasi pesimba reBritain nehutongi hweSouth Africa. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, United Nations yakaramba ichienderera mberi. Pakazosvika 1960 iyo South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) yaive yezvematongerwo enyika, ichitanga danidziro yegandanga nePeople's Liberation Army yeNamibia (PLAN). Muna 1966, UN General Assembly yakabvisa simba reSouth Africa, asi South Africa yakapesana nechiremera ndokumanikidza rusaruraganda, hurumende yevachena chete, uye bantustans, kana maghetto madema. Muna 1971 Dare repasi rose reJustice rakatsigira chiremera cheUN pamusoro peNamibia uye chakaratidza kuti kuve muSouth Africa kuNamibia kwaive zvisiri pamutemo. South Africa yakaramba kubuda, uye hondo inonetesa yakatevera munzvimbo yaienda kuAngola, iyo yakabatsirwa imomo nemauto eCuba. Nekuneta, uye kutya kuvapo kweCuba, South Africa yakasaina kumisa moto muna 1988. Hondo yakatora hupenyu hwemasoja eSouth Africa 2,500, uye yaiita bhiriyoni remadhora pagore. Kuzvimiririra kweNamibia kwakaziviswa muna 1990. Kucherwa kwemadhaimondi, mamwe mabwe anokosha, uye uranium muNamibia kwakasimudzira kufarira kweSouth Africa kwekukomberedza nzvimbo iyi. Iri izuva rakanaka rekutarisa zvikonzero zvechokwadi zvekukoloniwa, hondo dzinotevera, pamwe nemhedzisiro yavo

June 22. Pazuva iri mu1987, kupfuura 18,000 Japanese peace activists vakagadzira 10.4-mile yevanhu kuti varatidze kupfuurira kwemauto eUniteda eUnited States. Hondo yeOkinawa ya1945 ndiyo yakarwiswa zvakaipisisa muPacific Hondo - "mazuva makumi mana nemasere" dutu resimbi "rakasiya mazana maviri ezviuru vakafa. Vanopfuura zviuru zana zvemasoja eJapan vakaurayiwa, vakatorwa, kana kuzviuraya; maAllies akatambura vanopfuura 82 vakuvadzwa; uye kota yevagari vemo veOkinawa vakaurawa. Pasi pechibvumirano cha200,000, iyo US yakawana kutonga kuzere kweOkinawa ikatonga pamusoro pechitsuwa ichi kwemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe, ichitora nzvimbo yega yega kuvaka mabheseni nenhandare dzendege- kusanganisira neyaipararira yeKadena Air Base, yakazoshandiswa nemabhomba eU.S. kurwisa Korea neVietnam. Anopfuura makumi manomwe emakore, Pentagon yakasvibisa gungwa rechitsuwa, nyika, nemhepo ne arsenic, uranium, gasi remitsipa, uye makemikari anokonzera makemikari, zvichipa Okinawa zita remadunhurirwa rekuti, "Junk Murwi wePacific." Muna 100,000, chibvumirano chitsva chakatendera Japan kuti itorezve kutonga kweOkinawa asi 65,000 mauto eUS (uye makumi maviri nemaviri emhuri) vakasara vakamira ipapo. Uye kuratidzira kusiri kwechisimba kwakaramba kuripo nguva dzose. Muna 1952, vashandi zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu vakaumba cheni yevanhu kutenderedza Kadena Air Base. Na 27, 1972 US mabheseni uye makumi mana makumi masere nzvimbo dzekudzidzisa dzakafukidza 25,000% yechitsuwa. Kunyangwe makore ekuramba kwakadzika, iyo Pentagon yakatanga kuwedzera kuvepo kwayo neMarine Air Base kuHenoko kuchamhembe kweOkinawa. Henoko's yakanaka coral reef yaizovigwa pasi pematani ejecha, ichityisidzira kwete chete iyo coral, asi yegungwa turtles, panjodzi dugongs, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvisingawanzo zvisikwa.

June 23. Pazuva iri gore negore, United Nations 'Public Service Day inocherechedzwa nemasangano ehurumende uye masangano pasi rose. Yakagadzwa neUnited General Assembly muna December 2002, Public Service Day yakadzika pakuziva kuti ruzivo rwehurumende rwakakosha runoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira hutungamiri hwakabudirira uye kubudirira kwehupfumi nehupfumi. Chinangwa chezuva ndechekupemberera basa revanhu vari munzvimbo dzomunharaunda uye dzenyika dzakapoteredza nyika dzakatsunga kushandisa simba ravo uye unyanzvi kuti vashumire zvakanaka. Pasinei nokuti vatsigiri vanobhadhara vashandi vehurumende vakaita sevashandi vemakadhi, vanyori vemuraibhurari, uye vadzidzisi, kana vanhu vanopa rubatsiro rusina kubhadharwa kumasangano akadai semapazi emoto anozvipira uye matumbi emamulensi, vanosangana zvinodiwa nevanhu uye zvinokosha pakugara kwevanhu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Public Service Day inotarisirwawo kukurudzira vechidiki kuti vaite mabasa munzvimbo dzevanhu. Masangano uye masangano anotora muZuva zvinowanzoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti agadzirise zvinangwa zvaro. Zvinosanganisira kuisa matanda nematumba kubva kunopa ruzivo pamusoro pebasa rinoitirwa vanhu; kuronga mabiko nevatauri vevaeni; kuita mukati mhemberero mhemberero; uye kugadzira zvizivo zvakakosha kukudza vashumiri vehurumende. Vanhu vose vanokurudzirwa kuti vabatane nemweya wePublic Service Day nekutenderera avo vanopa runyararo nemitemo yepamutemo kunze kwekuti inofungidzirwa basa rekuita basa muhondo. Tingazvibvunza tose: Tingavepi kunze kwevashumiri vese vanodzorera simba redu mushure mokunge dutu rakaipa, kuchengetedza migwagwa yedu isina mahwendefa, uye kuunganidza marara edu?

June 24. Pazuva iri muna 1948, Mutungamiri Harry Truman akapinda mutemo weSelective Service Act, iyo yakatanga kuva hwaro hwemazuva ano ehurumende yeUnited States yekunyora varume vechidiki kuenda kuhondo. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kuti vese varume vane makore gumi nemasere zvichikwira vaifanirwa kunyoresa neSelection Service uye kuti avo vari pakati pemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri nematanhatu vanokodzera kunyoreswa kuitira chinodikanwa chebasa kwemwedzi makumi maviri nemana. Vashoma vechidiki vekuAmerican vakapokana nezvakanyorwa kusvika pakati pa18s, apo vadzidzi vazhinji vekoreji vakatanga kuzvibatanidza nekusahadzika pamusoro pekuwedzera kweUnited States kuVietnam. Vamwewo vakagumbuka kazhinji kazhinji zvine chekuita nesarudzo yekumisikidza yakapihwa nemabhodhi emunharaunda nekuda kwezvimiro zvemhuri kana kumira pachikoro. Muna 19, Congress yakapa mutemo wakagadzirisa nzira yekumisikidza asi haina kuita zvishoma kumisa kuramba kwevadzidzi kuchirongwa. Nekufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, zvigadziriso zvakaitwa kuSelection Service Act iyo yakabvisa masimba ayo ekumanikidzwa, uye, nhasi, mauto eUS akanyatsogadzwa seboka rinozvipira rese. Vazhinji vekunyorwa-zera maAmerican pasina mubvunzo vanokoshesa rusununguko urwo rwunovapa kuti varambe vachienderera nehupenyu hwavo. Izvo hazvifanire kufuratirwa, zvisinei, kuti majaya mazhinji anozvipira kushandira iyo nyika war muchina vanoita saizvozvo kunyanya nekuti inovapa ivo chete nzira yavanowana kubasa, basa rinoremekedzwa mutsika munharaunda, uye kuzviremekedza. Vashoma pakati pavo vanofunga zvizere kuti mabhenefiti anogona kuuya chete nekuisa hupenyu hwavo panjodzi nekukuvara kwakanyanya nekusaruramisira kune vamwe. Selective Service inoramba iri munzvimbo yezvichaitika zvemauto, chiitiko chakabviswa munyika zhinji.

June 25. Pazuva iri muna 1918, Eugene Debs, mutungamiri weUnited States 'Socialist Party uye mutauri ane mukurumbira anozivikanwa nekurwisa kwake kwakashata kune veruzhinji venyika, akasungwa nekutaura achipokana nekutora chikamu kweUS muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Debs neSocialists vakanga vasati vari voga mukushora kwavo, zvakadaro. Kupinda kweUnited States muhondo mu1917 kwakakurumidza kugadzirisa kusawirirana muCongress uye pakati pevanhu vehurumende libertarians uye vechitendero pacifists. Mukupindura, Congress yakapfuura Mutemo weEespionage, iyo yakaita kuti zvibvumirwe kune chero munhu kuti atsigire kupikisa kushingaira kuhondo. Madhimoni, zvisinei, akanga asina kuderedzwa. Muhurukuro muCanthon, Ohio munaJune 18, 1918, akataura chokwadi pamusoro pehondo munharaunda inogara yakakosha kudarika zana remakore gare gare. "Munhoroondo yose yenyika," akadaro, "tenzi yekirasi ave achizivisa hondo. Nyaya yechidzidzo yakagara ichirwa hondo .... Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti iwe wakakosha pane chimwe chinhu kunze kweuranda uye cannon fodder ... "" Kutaura kweCanton, zvisinei, kwaizoratidza kuva vaDebs vasati vasungwa. Musi waSeptember 12, 1918, akatongerwa nemhosva mudare reDare reUnited States muCleveland nekuputsa Mutemo weEprepiage. Mwedzi minomwe gare gare chivimbo chakasimbiswa pakukwirira kudare re Supreme Court reUnited States uye Debs akatongerwa makore 10 mujeri rehurumende. Kuenda kwake mushure memutanda muAtlanta, zvisinei, hazvina kumurambidza kushandira Mutungamiri mu1920. Avo vanoshandira rugare nhasi vanogona kukurudzirwa mukuti, pasinei nekuiswa kwaDebs, akagamuchira anenge mamiriyoni emavhoti akakurumbira mumusarudzo.

June 26. Pazuva iri gore rega reMusi weZuva rose reUnited of Victims of Torture rinotarirwa nenyika dzeUnited States, mapoka emasangano evanhu, uye vanhu vari pasi pose. Yakagadzwa muna December 1997 nekugadziriswa kweUnited General Assembly, Rutsigiro rweVatambudzi vekutambudzwa rinocherechedza Gungano reUnited Nations rinorwisana nekutambudzwa uye mamwe Mhirizhonga, Asingaoneki kana Kuora Mhosva kana chirango chakatanga muna June 1987 uye ikozvino chinogamuchirwa nenyika dzakawanda. Chinangwa chekuchengetedza kwegore negore ndechekubatsira kushanda zvakanaka kweChirongwa chekushungurudza, iyo inoona kutambudzwa semhosva yehondo pasi pemutemo wepasi rose uye inorambidza kushandiswa kwayo senhumbi yehondo chero mamiriro ezvinhu. Asi, muhondo dzemazuva ano, kushandiswa kwekutambudzwa nemamwe marudzi ehutsinye, hutsinye uye hutsinye huripo huri huzhinji. Zvinyorwa zvekushandiswa kwekutambudzwa neUnited States hazvina kupomerwa uye zvisingatauri. Kuchengetedzwa kweUn-sponsored in Support for Victims of Torture inobata basa rinokosha mukushevedza dambudziko. Masangano akadai seMutemo wekuRaibhabhitswa weMarudzi wekutambudzwa neAmnesty International ave achiita basa rinoita mukuronga zviitiko pasi pose kuti kukurudzira kuzivikanwa kwevanhu pamusoro pezvinhu zvine chokuita nekutambudzwa kwevanhu. Masangano akadaro anokurudzirawo rubatsiro rwemapurogiramu anokurumidza uye anodikanwa anodiwa kubatsira vabatsiri vekutambudzikira kuti vadzoke kubva pamatambudziko avo. Inobhadharwa nemasangano akadaro seUnited Nations Voluntary Fund yeVatambudzi vekutambudzwa, masangano ekuvandudza uye masangano pasi pose akaratidza kuti vanotambura vanogona kuita shanduko kubva pakuvhunduka kusvika pakuporesa.

June 27. Pazuva rino mu1869 Emma Goldman akazvarwa. Kukura muLithuania, Goldman akapona muRussia Revolution uye kusateerera zvekutyaira kutyaira vakawanda kuti vaende. Nezera remakore gumi nemashanu, imba yakagara yakarongedzwa nababa vake inotungamira Goldman, pamwe nehanzvadzi, kutizira kuMelika. MuNew York, mazuva gumi nehafu awa maawa achishanda pafekitari yejasi yakamuita kuti abatanidze hurumende yevashandi ichangobva kusimbwa kushevedza maawa mashoma. Sezvaakatanga kutaura nekuda kwekodzero dzevakadzi nevashandi, Goldman akazozivikanwa semudzimai wechikadzi anarchist uyo akakurudzira tsika dzakasimba. Aigara achitsungirira kusungwa. Apo Mutungamiri William McKinley akaurayiwa, Goldman akatsoropodzwa munyika yese semumwe wezvidzidzo zvake zvaive zvichipinda nemhondi. Ne 1906, akatanga magazini, "Amai Pasi," kudzidzisa vaverengi pamaonero evakadzi uye anarchism. Sezvo veUnited States vakapinda muWWI, mutemo wakadai seDester Act wakagumisa kusununguka kutaura, kushevedza va pacifist sevasatriotic. Goldman akaenderera mberi kukurudzira kupesana nehondo kuburikidza nemagazini yake, uye akaronga "No-Conscription League," pamwe chete nevamwe vanoita zvemhirizhonga Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, naErior Fitzgerald, kuti varwise "hondo dzose nehurumende dzehurumende." Iye naBerkman vaiva vakasungwa nokuda kwekugadzira kubhadhara zvinyorwa zvekunyoresa, kubhadhara $ 10,000, uye kutongerwa kwemakore maviri mujeri. Goldman akaendeswa kuRussia paakasunungurwa. Achiri ikoko, akanyora Kuora Mwoyo Kwangu muRussia, achiteverwa nehupenyu hwake, Living My Life. Makore ake ekupedzisira akapedza kufamba nekudzidzisa kune vese muEurope. Akabvumidzwa kudzoka kwemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe muUnited States vasati vamukumbira kuvigwa muChicago akapiwa mushure mekufa kwake mu1940.

June 28. Pazuva iri mu2009 hondo yehondo, pakupedzisira yakatsigirwa neUnited States, yakaparadza hurumende yakasarudzwa yehurumende yeHonduras. Mutungamiri wenyika kuruboshwe, Manuel Zelaya, akamanikidzwa kuenda kuutapwa kuCosta Rica mushure memasoja anodarika gumi nemaviri akamhanyira kwaaigara mangwanani-ngwanani vakamusunga. Chiitiko ichi chakagumisa kurwa kwenguva refu pamusoro pereferendamu yenyika yakarongerwa zuva rimwe chetero, nemutungamiri wenyika achitarisira kuratidza rutsigiro rwakakurumbira rwekutarisa shanduko dzinogona kuitika kuMutemo wenyika. Vapikisi vezvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei, vakapokana kuti chinangwa chaicho chaZelaya chaive chekubvisa ganhuriro iripo yeBumbiro remitemo pachigaro chemutungamiri wenyika kusvika pagore rimwe chete. Nguva pfupi yapfuura kubvuta masimba, Mutungamiri weUS Barack Obama akataura, "Tinotenda kuti kubvuta masimba kwanga kusiri pamutemo uye kuti Mutungamiri Zelaya vanoramba vari mutungamiri weHonduras…" Maonero aya, zvisinei, akakurumidza kubviswa nezviito zveMunyori weHurumende Hillary Clinton. Mune yake 2014 memoir, Hard Choices, Clinton anonyora kuti: "Ndakataura nevana vangu vakakomberedza nyika .... Isu takaronga pane chirongwa chekudzorera hurumende muHonduras nekuita kuti sarudzo dzisina rusununguko uye dzakasarudzwa dzingatevedze nekukurumidza, izvo zvaizopa mubvunzo weZelaya mutezo. "Kwete zvisingatarisirwi, hurumende yakatsigirwa neU.S.-coupled power in 2010 yakapa mupiro wokutambisa vanamati vematare nevashumiri vepamusoro, kuvhura musuo kune hurumende uye hurumende yehurumende, chisimba, uye hutsinye hwakaramba huripo kwemakore. Vashandi vanofambira mberi muHonduras vakaramba vachironga uye vachishanda zvakaoma mune ramangwana umo hurumende yakasarudzwa yakashanda inogona kushanda nokutendeseka kuitira zvakanaka kwevose, kusanganisira avo vairambidzwa uye varombo.

June 29. Pazuva iri muna 1972, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakatonga munyaya yeFurman v. Georgia kuti chirango chekufa, sezvakazoshandiswa nedzimwe nyika, chakanga chisingapindirani nepamutemo. Chisarudzo cheDare chakashandurawo kune dzimwe mbiri mbiri, Jackson v. Georgia uye Hofisi v. Texas, izvo zvese zvine chekuita nezvebumbiro remutemo wekutongerwa rufu nekuda kwekubatwa chibharo. Chokwadi chakatungamira kumhosva yaFurman v. Georgia yaive iyi: Furman aipaza imba yevamwe pakawanikwa nhengo yemhuri. Mukuyedza kutiza, Furman akagumburwa ndokudonha, zvichikonzera pfuti yaaive akatakura kuenda kuuraya mugari wemba. Pakutongwa, Furman akatongerwa mhosva yekuponda uye akatongerwa rufu. Mubvunzo mune iyi nyaya, semamwe maviri, waive wekuti kana mutongo werufu waive kutyora kweiyo Eight Amendment inorambidza hutsinye uye zvisina kujairika chirango, kana iyo Gumi neina Chirevo, icho chinovimbisa vanhu vese zvakaenzana kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo. Dare redzimhosva rine peji-ruzhinji maonero, zvichibva pachisarudzo che5-4, chakatarisira kuti kumisikidza mutongo werufu mumatambudziko ese ari matatu kwaive chirango chakaomarara uye chisina kujairika uye kutyora Bumbiro. Vatongi chete Brennan naMarshall, zvakadaro, vakatenda kuti mutongo werufu kusave bumbiro mune zvese zviitiko. Vamwe vatatu vevatongi vakabvumirana neruzhinji pfungwa vakatarisa pahunhu hwekupara mutongo werufu waiwanzopihwa, kazhinji zvichiratidza kusarura kwemarudzi kune vapomeri vatema. Sarudzo yeDare yakamanikidza nyika nedare reparamende kuti vafungisise zvakare zvirevo zvemhosva dzekufa kuti vaone kuti mutongo werufu waisazopihwa zvisina musoro kana nerusarura.

June 30. Pazuva rino mu1966, GI yekutanga, Fort Hood Three, yakaramba kutumirwa kuVietnam. Pamwe David Samas, Private Dennis Mora, uye Private First Class James A. Johnson vakasangana kuFort Gordon, Georgia vasati vatumwazve ku142^nd Battalion ye2^nd Chikamu Chine Simba kuHood Hood, Texas. Mitemo yavo yekufungidzirwa yakatarwa yakabudiswa pasinei nekupikisa kwehondo inowedzera kuVietnam. Kudyidzana kunoitika kuUnited States kwakatungamirira kuti vashandise zuva re30-zuva rakapiwa zuva risati rasvika kuti vatsve gweta, uye kusangana nevashori vehondo. Vakakwanisa kusangana naDave Dellinger, Fred Halstead, uye AJ Muste, vanozivikanwa kwazvo pacifists vane zvisungo kumakurukota eParade, uye vakagadzira musangano weNews York. Vatatu vakasvika, vakatsigirwa nemazana evatsigiri kubva kumapoka evanhu vekodzero dzepamusoro mu Press Conference, uko vakakoka mamwe maGI kuti avabatane navo mukuramba kwavo kushandiswa. Kuramba kwavo kwaingova kudana kwekufunga: "Hondo yeVietnam inofanira kumiswa ... Hatidi chikamu chehondo yekuparadza. Tinopikisa dambudziko remhosva rehupenyu hweAmerica uye zvigadzirwa. Tinoramba kuenda kuVietnam! "Mapurisa akazotumirwa kununura The Three to Fort Dix, NJ, pavakarayirwa kuti vabve pakarepo kuSaigon nekuraira Gavhuna Hightower. Zvakare, vakaramba, vachiparidza Hondo yeVietnam isina kutenderwa. Vane vatatu vakasungwa, dare-martialed munaSeptember, uye vakatongerwa kwemakore matatu ezvo neDare Repamusorosoro vachiramba kuteterera kwose. Munguva yemakore matatu, mazana emabasa ekushanda kwebasa uye veterans vakafunga kuti vakafuridzirwa kuti vabatane nechisimba chehondo.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

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Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.