Chivabvu

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May 1. May Day izuva retsika rekupemberera kuzvarwa patsva muNorth hemisphere, uye - kubvira pakaitika 1886 Haymarket muChicago - zuva munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika kupemberera kodzero dzevashandi nekuronga.

Uyewo pazuva iri mu1954 vagari vomuimbova yeparadhiso vakasimuka kusvika kumasikati maviri uye zvirwere zvisingaverengeki zvehutachiona ivo pachavo uye dzinza nokuti hurumende yeUnited States kuedzwe hydrogen bhomba.

Zvakare pazuva iri muna 1971 kuratidzira kukuru kwakaitwa vachirwisa Hondo yeAmerica paVietnam. Zvakare pazuva iri muna 2003 Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakataura zvine mutsindo kuti "basa raitwa!" vakamira mune sutu yekubhururuka pane anotakura ndege muSan Diego Harbour sezvo kuparadzwa kweIraq kwakatanga.

Uyewo musi iwoyo iwoyo mu2003, US Navy yakazopa mukupikisa kwevanhu uye yakamira kuputira bomba chitsuwa cheViqueque.

Uyewo pazuva rino mu2005, the Sunday Times yeLondon yakabudisa i Downing Street Minutes iyo yakaratidza zvinyorwa zveJuly 23, 2002, musangano webato rehurumende yeBritain pa10 Downing Street. Vakazivisa US kuronga kuenda kuhondo kurwisana neIraq uye kunoreva pamusoro pezvikonzero nei. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokudzidzisa nyika pamusoro hondo iripo.

Dai 2. Pazuva iri muna 1968, vatengesi vakanga varongerwa kusvika kuWashington DC kuti vauye muHuman People's Campaign, sangano rekupedzisira rekodzero dzevanhu rakaratidzwa naMartin Luther King Jr. mukutsvaga kwake kusina kurwisana kwehukama hwevanhu muAmerica. Mambo pachake haana kurarama kuti aone Mushandirapamwe uchinjwa; iye akanga aurayiwa pasi pemwedzi usati wapfuura. Kunyange zvakadaro, muSouth Christian Leadership Conference, nevatungamiriri vatsva uye nhepfenyuro yakawanda kupfuura chero Mambo wega amene akamboita, akatanga sangano raaitsvaka nevhiki mbiri chete. Kubvira muna May 15 kusvika munaJune 24, 1968, vamwe varombo ve2,700 uye varwi-varombo, vanomirira vaAfrica -America, Asia-America, uye Maspanishe uye vaAmerica vanobva kumativi ose enyika, vakatora Washington National National Mall mumatende akakwirira akazivikanwa seMumuko Guta. Basa ravo raive kuratidza kutsigirwa kwemazano mashanu eCampaign. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuvimbiswa kwebasa rebasa rinoremekedzwa pamubhadharo weupenyu kune vagari vose vanogona kushandisa, uye mari yakachengeteka yevanhu vasingakwanisi kuwana mabasa kana kushanda zvachose. Hapana mutemo unobva pamitemo iyi yakambomiswa, asi vhiki nhatu dzekuratidzira paKumuka kweGuta dzakanga dzisina kubudirira. Mukuwedzera pakucherechedza vanhu pachena nezvinetso zvinotambura vanhu vanotarisana nazvo, vanyori vakaratidza nguva yevhiki vhiki matanhatu kuti vagovere ruzivo rwavo rwehurombo nevanoratidzwa mune mamwe madzinza. Vaya vanobuditsanidza vakabatsira kuunza iyo yakange yakasununguka uye yakanyatsotarisana nemapoka pamwe chete sechinhu chimwe chete-chakaita sangano rinokurudzira. Mumakore achangopfuura iyi sangano rehurongwa rakagamuchirwa naWedupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, 2017 Women's March, uye revived Poor People's Campaign ye2018.

Dai 3. Pazuva rino mu1919, Pete Seeger akaberekerwa muNew York City. Baba vaPete vakadzidzisa mimhanzi kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley apo amai vake vaidzidzisa violin paJuilliard Chikoro. Mukoma waPete, Mike, akazove nhengo yeNew Lost City Ramblers, uye nasisi vake, Peggy, muimbi wevanhu achiridza naEwan McColl. Pete aifarira zvematongerwo enyika zvichiratidzwa kuburikidza nemimhanzi. Pakazosvika 1940, rwiyo rwaPete rwekunyora nekuita hunyanzvi hwakamutungamira kuti ajoine pro-yevashandi, vanorwisa-varwi boka revatambi The Almanac Singers naWoodie Guthrie. Pete akanyora rwiyo rusina kujairika rwakanzi "Anodiwa Mr. Mutungamiri," achitaura nezvekudiwa kwekumisa Hitler, iyo yakazova rwiyo rwemusoro weAlmanac Singers Album. Shure kwaizvozvo, akashanda panguva yeWWII, achidzoka kuzomutsiridza mimhanzi yechinyakare yeAmerican nekujoinha The Weavers, vakafemera Kingston Trio, maLimelighters, maClancy Hama, uye mukurumbira wevanhu vese muma1950-60s. Iwo Weavers akazopedzisira asarudzwa neCongress, uye Pete akadomwa neImba Un-American Activities Committee. Pete akaramba kupindura pamhosva idzi, achitaura nezvekodzero dzekutanga Amendment: “Ini handisi kuzopindura chero mibvunzo maererano nesangano rangu, zvandinotenda kana zvechitendero kana zvandinotenda zvematongerwo enyika, kana mavhoti andakaita pasarudzo dzipi nedzipi. nyaya. "Ndinofunga iyi mibvunzo isina kukodzera kuti chero muAmerica abvunzwe, kunyanya nekumanikidzwa seichi." Pete akabva atongerwa mhosva yekuzvidza iyo, gore rakatevera, yakazopidigurwa. Pete akaramba achiramba achiratidzira achirarama nekunyora nziyo dzakaita sekuti "Maruva Akaenda Kupi" uye "Dai Ndiine Nyundo."

May 4. Pazuva rino mu1970, Ohio National Guard yakadzingwa muboka revapurisa veKent State University vakauraya mapfumbamwe uye vakauraya vana. Mutungamiri Richard Nixon akanga asarudzwa zvikuru pachivimbiso chake chokugumisa Hondo yeVietnam. Musi waApril 30th, anozivisa kuti akanga achiwedzera hondo kuCambodia. Kubudirira kwakavhurwa pamakoroji akawanda. KuKent State kwaiva nehotera huru yekurwisana nehondo yakateverwa nekumanikidzwa muguta. IOhio National Guard yakarayirwa kuKit. Vasati vasvika, vadzidzi vakadzipisa chivakwa cheROTC. Musi waMay 4th Vadzidzi ve2,000 vakaungana pamusasa. Makumi makumi manomwe nenomwe nhengo dzomurindi dzinoshandisa gasizi uye mabhanoni anovakurudzira kubva pamagetsi uye pamusoro pegomo. Mumwe mudzidzi, Terry Norman, aivewo nemasikisi emagetsi uye akanga akashongedzerwa neC38 revolver. Aifungidzirwa kuti aifananidza mauto anotevera varindi. Asi vadzidzi vanoverengeka vakacherechedza kuti ainyanya kutora mifananidzo yevatsoropodzi. Mushure mekutsvaira, akadzingwa. Pfuti shomanzi dzakanzwika. Sezvo Terry achimhanyira kune rimwe boka revarindi paROTC rakarohwa, musikana wake akadanidzira, "Murege iye. Ane pfuti ". Terry akaisa pfuti yake kumupurisi wemapurisa akambomubhadhara. Nhengo dzeWKYC TV crew dzakanzwa muchengeti akati, "Mwari wangu. Yakadzingwa kanomwe! "Zvichakadaro mauto akanga awana kumusoro kwechikomo akanga anzwa pistol shots. Vachifunga kuti vakanga vachidzingwa, vakadzinga volley muboka revanhu. Izvo zviya zvinokonzerwa nekufa kwevadzidzi zvakaparidzira mhirizhonga yakavhara zvikoro zve 450 kudarika US. The Kent Shootings yaiva chinhu chikuru chekugumisa Hondo yeVietnam.

May 5. Pazuva iri muna 1494, Christopher Columbus, parwendo rwake rwechipiri kuenda kumaAmerica, akaenda kuWest Indies chitsuwa cheJamaica. Panguva iyoyo, chitsuwa chacho chakange chakagara neArawaks, vanhu vasina ruzha uye vane rugare muIndia, vachiverenga vamwe 60,000, avo vairamba vachirima nekurima uye kubata hove. Columbus pachake akaona chiwi ichi sechinyanya nzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu uye kubereka zvirimwa nemombe apo iye nevarume vake vakatsvaga nyika itsva kuSpain muAmerica. Kunyange zvakadaro, nzvimbo yacho yakakonzerawo vagari vemuSpain, uye mu1509 yakanga yakanyatsogadziriswa pasi pehurumende yeSpain. Izvi zvakarondedzera njodzi yeArawaks. Vakamanikidzwa kupinda mubasa rakaoma raidiwa kuvakira guta guru reSpain, uye rakapararira kune zvirwere zveEurope zvavasingagoni kurwisa, vaifanira kuparadzwa mukati memakore makumi mashanu. Sezvo chizvarwa cheArawak chakatanga kuipa, vaSpain vaitumira varanda kubva kuWest Africa kuti varambe vachiita basa guru revaranda. Zvadaro, pakati pe 17^th muzana remakore, veChirungu vakarwiswa, vakakwezva nemashoko eJamaica anokosha emhando yezvisikwa. VaSpain vakakurumidza kupandukira, uye, mushure mokutanga kusunungura varanda vavo, vanozivikanwa se "Maroons," vakatizira kuCuba. Maroons akabva apinda mumakore ekurwisana nevatongi veChirungu, vasati vasunungurwa zvizere neBritish Emancipation Mutemo we1833. Muna 1865, mushure mekutsamwiswa kwevarombo vasina hanya pakati pevanyori veChirungu, Jamaica yakava British Crown Colony uye yakatora matanho makuru emagariro evanhu, ehurumende nematongerwe enyika kune hutongi. Chitsuwa chacho chakapiwa rusununguko rwacho kubva kuBrithani munaAugust 6, 1962, uye ikozvino inotungamirirwa sehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika inotonga hurumende.

May 6. ONhasi musi we1944, Mahatma Gandhi, makore gumi nemana 73, mukushaya simba, uye achida kuvhiyiwa, akasunungurwa kubva mujeri rake rechinomwe nekupedzisira nokuda kwezviito zvakatorwa semutungamiri wekusava nesimba kwechisimba kwehurumende yeIndia kubva kutonga kweBritain. Akanga asungwa munaAugust 9, 1942, achizobvumirwa neIndia National Congress Party ye "Rega India" sarudzo, yakatanga Satyagraha hurumende-kusateerera kushingaira mukutsigira chido chayo chokukurumidza kuzvimirira. Apo Gandhi akasungwa panzvimbo pacho akaita kuti vanhu vaite chisimba pakati pevateveri vake, iyo yakadzinga British Raj kuomesa kutonga kwayo kwakatowedzera uye kuedza kuparadza Gandhi nemaitiro ezvematongerwe enyika. Paakasunungurwa kubva muusungwa anenge makore maviri gare gare, Gandhi pachake akasangana nemafungiro echiMuslim ari kuwedzera ekuparadzanisa pasi rose muSulumani neHindu nzvimbo, pfungwa yaakanyatsopikisa. Zvimwe zvematongerwe enyika zvakatevera. Asi mumagumo, zvose zvakaguma nemagariro ekurwisana kweIndia kwekusununguka zvakatemwa neBritish pachavo. Pakupedzisira kugamuchira kusakundikana kwezvakaitika zveIndia, vakazvipira kuIndia kusununguka kuburikidza nechiito cheParamende munaJune 15, 1947. Kusiyana nekutarisira kwaGandhi kwekubatana, kwechitendero nevakawanda India, Indian Independence Act yakaparadzanisa nyika iyi muhurumende mbiri, India nePakistan, uye yakadana kuti mumwe nomumwe apiwe rusununguko rwehurumende muna August 15. Chiono chikuru chaGandhi chakazivikanwa makumi emakore gare gare, zvisinei, paakaiswa muTIME "Munhu weCentury" nyaya. Achitaura nezvebasa rake rakabatanidzwa nemweya, magazini yakataura kuti yakanga "yakamutsa 20^th muzana remakore kune pfungwa dzinoshumira sechimiro chetsika chemazuva ose. "

May 7. Pazuva iri mu1915, Germany yakanyura Lusitania - chiito chinotyisa chekuuraya-kuuraya. The Lusitania yakanga yakatakurwa zvombo uye mauto kuBritish - chimwe chiito chinotyisa chekuuraya-kuuraya. Zvizhinji zvakakuvadza, zvisinei, zvaiva nhema dzakataurwa pamusoro pazvo zvose. Germany yakabudisa nyevero muNew York mapepanhau nemapepanhau akapoteredza United States. Iyi nyevero yakanga yakadhindwa pedyo nemashamba ekufamba nechikepe Lusitania uye yakanga yasayirwa nehurumende yeGermany. Mapepanhau akanga anyora zvinyorwa pamusoro pekunyeverwa. Ikambani yeCunard yakanga yakabvunzwa pamusoro pekunyeverwa. Iye aimbova mutungamiriri we Lusitania akanga atosiya - zvakataurwa nekuda kwekunetseka kwekufamba nechikepe izvo zveGermany zvakanga zvakazivisa pachena nzvimbo yehondo. Munguva iyi Winston Churchill anonzi akambotaura achiti "Zvakanyanya kukosha kukwezva kuenda kune dzimwe nyika kumatunhu edu mune tariro, kunyanya kubatana kweUnited States neGermany." Yakanga iri pasi pemurairo wake kuti maBritish anodzivirira zvehondo haana kupiwa kune Lusitania, pasinei neCunard ataura kuti yakanga iri kuverengera kudzivirirwa ikoko. Munyori wehurumende yeUnited States William Jennings Bryan akazvidzivirira pamusoro pekukundikana kweUnited States kuramba asina kwaakarerekera. That the Lusitania yakanga iri kutakura zvombo nemauto kubatsira British muhondo yekurwisana neGermany yakasimbiswa neGermany nedzimwe vatarisi, uye yakanga ichokwadi. Asi hurumende yeUnited States yakati, uye mabhuku eUnited States anoti zvino, kuti vasina mhosva Lusitania rakarwiswa risina kunyeverwa, chiito chinonzi chikonzero chokupinda muhondo. Makore maviri gare gare, United States yakabatanidzwa zvakazara mukupenga kweHondo Yenyika I.

Zuva raamai inopembererwa pamazuva akasiyana-siyana munyika yose. Munzvimbo dzakawanda iSvondo yechipiri munaMay. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokuverenga Zuva reMama Razivisa uye kudzorerazve zuva rorugare.

May 8. Nezuva iri muna 1945, iro rakagumisawo Hondo Yenyika II muEurope, Oskar Schindler akakurudzira vaJudha vakanga vaponesa kubva mumisasa yevasana yeNazi kuti vasatsiva kutsiva maGerman. Schindler akanga asiri muenzaniso wezvakanaka kana tsika. Achitevera maNazi kuPoland munaSeptember 1939, akakurumidza kuva neshamwari dzeGestapo, achikurova nevadzimai, mari uye boze. Nemubatsiro wavo, akawana factory enamelware muKrakow kuti aigona kumhanya nechisimba chechiJudha. Mukufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, Schindler akatanga kutonzwira tsitsi nevaJudha uye akawana kunyadzisa utsinye hweNazi kurwisana navo. Muzhizha re 1944, sezvinoratidzwa mufirimu ye1993 Schindler's List, akaponesa 1,200 yevashandi vake vevaJudha kubva kune-pedyo nechimwe rufu mumakamuri emagetsi ePoland kuburikidza nokuvatamisa kune ngozi yakawanda kune rimwe davi rekufeketa muSudetenland yeNazi inotora Czechoslovakia. Apo paakataura navo vachitevera kusunungurwa kwavo musi wekutanga weVE, akakurudzira zvakasimba achiti: "Dzivisai mabasa ose ekutsiva nehugandanga." Zviratidzo nemashoko eSchindler zvinoramba zvichikurudzira tariro yenyika iri nani. Kana, asina kukanganisa sezvaaive, aigona kuwana zvakadaro tsitsi uye ushingi kune zvakakanganisika zvakakanganisika, zvinoratidza kuti simba rinogara matiri tose. Nhasi, isu zvakare tinoda humbo hwakanaka hwaSchindler hwakaratidza kurwisana nehurongwa hwezvinyorwa zvekushandira zvinotsigirwa nemishonga yekuuraya nyika iyo inoshuva zvinoda kungova vashoma vasina. Nyika inogona kushanda pamwe chete kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvevanhu chaiwo, zvichiita kuti tikwanise kurarama semhuka uye kugona kwevanhu vedu vechokwadi.

May 9. Pazuva iri mu1944, mutungamiri wezveEl Salvador, General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, akarega basa rake, achitevera mushure mekurwisana nechisimba-chirongwa chenyika yose chakatanga muvhiki yaMeyi iyo yakaremara yehupfumi hweEl Salvador nemasangano ehurumende. Mushure mekuuya mukutonga mukutanga kwema1930 semhedzisiro yekubvuta hurumende, Martinez akagadzira mapurisa epachivande ndokuenderera mberi nekurambidza bato reCommunist, kurambidza masangano evarombo, kuongorora vezvenhau, kuisa mutirongo vanoona vanopandukira, kunongedzera vashandi vevashandi, uye kufunga zvakanangana kutonga pamusoro pemayunivhesiti. Muna Kubvumbi wa1944, vadzidzi veyunivhesiti uye fakaroti vakatanga kuronga vachipesana nehutongi, vachiratidzira runyararo basa repasi rese iro, nevhiki rekutanga muna Chivabvu, raisanganisira vashandi nevanyanzvi kubva kumatunhu ese. Musi waMay 5, komiti yekutaurirana yevairatidzira yakadaidzira kuti mutungamiri wenyika abve pachigaro nekukasika. Pane kudaro, Martinez akaenda kunhepfenyuro, achikurudzira vagari kuti vadzokere kubasa. Izvi zvakatungamira mukuratidzira kweruzhinji uye mamwe mapurisa ane hukasha akauraya muratidziri wevadzidzi. Kutevera mariro evechidiki, zviuru zvevaratidziri vakaratidzira muchivara padhuze neNational Palace uye ndokumhanyira mumuzinda chaimo, ndokuzoiwana yasiyiwa. Nesarudzo dzake dzakadzikira zvakanyanya, mutungamiri wenyika akasangana nekomiti yekutaurirana musi wa8 Chivabvu uye akazobvuma kusiya chigaro- chiitiko chakatambirwa zviri pamutemo mangwana acho. Martinez akatsiviwa semutungamiriri nemukuru ane mwero, General Andres Ignacio Menendez, uyo akarayira kuregerera vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, akazivisa rusununguko rwevezvenhau, ndokutanga kuronga sarudzo dzese. Iko kusundira kune democracy kwakaratidza kwenguva pfupi, zvakadaro. Mwedzi mishanu chete gare gare, Menendez iye pachake akakundwa nechisimba.

Dai 10. Pazuva rino mu1984, Dare Repamusorosoro reRubatsiro muHague, Netherlands, pamwe vakabvuma chikumbiro cheNicaragua chekugadzirisa chirevo chekutanga chekuda kuti United States inomisa pakarepo migodhi yayo yepasi pemvura yezvikepe zveNicaraguan dzakanga dzakanganisa zvikepe zvisere kubva kumarudzi akasiyana mumwedzi mitatu yapfuura. IU.America yakagamuchira chisarudzo pasina kupokana, ichiratidza kuti yakanga yatopedza basa racho pakupera kwaMarch uye yaisazovadzoka zvakare. Iyo migodhi yakanga yaitwa nekubatanidzwa kwehurumende yeUnited States-mari inobhadharwa nehurumende yakarwisana nehurumende yakasara yeSandinista, uye varovedzwa vashandi veLatin America veCIA. Maererano nemahofisi eUnited States, basa racho raiva chikamu chekuedza kweCIA kuti idzokezve nzira yevarume vehondo, inozivikanwa se "Contras," kubva pakundikana kuedza kubata munda munyika kuti iparadze uye inomhanya kuparadza kwezvemari. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemaoko acoustic zvakashandiswa pakutsvaga kwemigodhi zvakabatsirwa zvakasangana nechinangwa ichocho nekuderedza kubuda uye kuuya kwekutengesa kwezvinhu. Kafian Nicanagu nedzimwewo kutengeswa kwakaunganidzwa pamakumbo, uye zvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvakaderera zvakaderera. Panguva imwecheteyo, CIA yakatanga kutora basa rakajeka pakudzidzisa uye kutungamira varwi veAnti-Sandinista, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakabvuma kufarira mukuita hurumende yeSandinista kuti ive "yekutonga" uye isasungirirwa kuCuba neSoviet Union. Nekuda kwayo, Dare reMarudzi rose rakawedzera kutonga kwaro kuUnited mining chirevo chichitsigira kuti hurumende yeNicaragua yekuzvimiririra "inofanira kuremekedzwa zvizere uye ... isingazovhiringidziki nemishonga chero ipi zvayo kana maitiro emagetsi." Iri urongwa, zvisinei, harina kugamuchira kubatsirana kwakabatana. Kunyange zvazvo akagamuchirwa ne14 kusvika ku1, mutongi weUnited States Stephen Schwebel akasarudza "Kwete."

Dai 11. Pazuva rino muC1999, hurukuro yepamusoro yepasi rose yehukama munhau yakatanga kuHague, Netherlands. Musangano uyu wakaratidza makore zana emusangano wekutanga werunyararo wepasi rose, wakaitirwa muThe Hague muna Chivabvu 1899, iyo yakanga yatanga nzira yekudyidzana pakati pevanhu pamwe nehurumende dzakanangana nekudzivirira hondo nekudzora kuwandisa kwayo. Musangano weHague weChitatu weRunyararo we1999, wakaitwa kwemazuva mashanu, wakapindwa nevanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvipfumbamwe, vamiriri vehurumende, nevatungamiriri venharaunda vanobva munyika dzinopfuura zana. Chiitiko ichi chaive chakakosha zvakanyanya, nekuti, kusiyana nemisangano yeUN yepasirese yakatevera, yakarongeka chose kwete nehurumende, asi nenhengo dzemasangano akazvimirira, avo vakazviratidza vakagadzirira kutsigira world beyond war kunyangwe dai hurumende dzavo dzaive dzisiri. Vakapinda, kusanganisira vanozivikanwa vakaita saMunyori Mukuru weUN Kofi Annan, Mambokadzi Noor weJorodhani, naArchbishop Desmond Tutu vekuSouth Africa, vakatora chikamu mumapaneru anodarika mazana mana, mashopu, nematafura, vachikurukura nekupokana nzira dzekugumisa hondo uye kugadzira tsika yerunyararo. . Mhedzisiro yacho chirongwa chekuita chemakumi mashanu ezvirongwa zvakamisikidza makumi emakore-akareba chirongwa chekudzivirira kukakavara, kodzero dzevanhu, kuchengetedza runyararo, kutorerwa zvombo, uye kubata nezvinokonzeresa zvehondo. Musangano uyu wakabudirira zvakare kutsanangudza runyararo kureva kwete chete kusavapo kwekukakavadzana pakati nepakati penyika, asi kusavapo kwekusarongeka kwehupfumi nehupfumi. Kuwedzera kwekufunga uku kubvira ipapo kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuunza pamwe vezvemamiriro ekunze, vanotsigira kodzero dzevanhu, vanogadzira, nevamwewo vane tsika dzavasina kuzvifunga se "varwiri verunyararo" kushandira kune yakasarudzika tsika yerunyararo.

Dai 12. Nezuva iri mu1623, voloni veChirungu muVirginia vaiti zvinonzi hurumende dzehurukuro nePowhatan Indian, asi nemaune vakaisa muchero waini yavakapa, vachiuraya 200 yePowhatans vasati vapfura uye vachikanda 50 vamwe. Kubva ku1607, apo Jamestown, iyo yokutanga yeChirungu yekugara muNorth America, yakatevedzwa pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rwaJakobho muVirginia, varongi vakanga vari mukati uye vakabuda muhondo nehurumende yezvizvarwa zvakanzi Powhatan Confederation, inotungamirirwa mukuru mukuru, Powhatan. Imwe nyaya huru yaive yevakagadziri vezvekuwedzera kune dzimwe nyika munyika dzeIndia. Kunyange zvakadaro, apo mwanasikana wePowhatan, Pocahontas akaroora muchechi akakurumbira wechiChirungu uye murimi wefodya John Rolfe mu1614, Powhatan akabvuma kusagadzikana kusingagumi nemapoloni. Pocahontas yakanga yakabatsira zvikuru kuponesa kwekutanga kweJedestown kugara, vachida kuchengeta mutungamiri weChirungu John Smith kuti arege kuurayiwa mu1607 uye, mushure mokunge atendeuka achimanikidzwa kuva chiKristu muna 1613, achishumira kubudirira semumishinari pakati pevanhu vomunharaunda. Nekufa kwake kusina kufanira muna March 1617, tarisiro yekupfuurira runyararo zvishoma nezvishoma yakapera. Mushure mokunge Powhatan pachake afa muna 1618, munun'una wake wekupedzisira akatora mutungamiri uye, muna March 1622, akatungamirira kurwisana kwose uko misha yevarongi neminda yakatsva uye chetatu chevagari varo, vanenge 350, vakadururwa kana kuti havana kufa. Yaiva iyi "Powhatan Uprising" iyo yakatungamirira kune vekunyepedzera "rugare parley" munaMay, 1623, apo vatongi varo vaisava nechinangwa chekutsiva kwakashata. Kuvhiringidzika kwakanga kwabva kumusha weJamestown munzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana, uye mu1624 Virginia yakaitwa koroni yeumambo. Icho chaizoramba chiripo kusvikira kuAmerican revolution.

May 13. Pazuva iri mu1846, US Congress yakabvumira kugamuchira chikumbiro cheMutungamiri James K. Polk kuparidza hondo kuMexico. Hondo yakadzvanywa nemakakatanwa emuganhu aisanganisira Texas, iyo muna 1836 yakanga yakunda rusununguko rwayo kubva kuMexico sedepublic repamutemo asi yaive nyika yeUS ichitevera Congressional nzira yeUS / Texas Chibvumirano cheAnline chakasainwa munaKurume 1945 nemutungamiriri wePolk, John Tyler. Senyika yeUS, Texas yakati Rio Grande semuganhu wayo wekumaodzanyemba, nepo Mexico ichinzi semuganhu wepamutemo rwizi rweNueces kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Muna Chikunguru 1845, Mutungamiri Polk akaraira mauto munzvimbo dzakakavadzana pakati penzizi mbiri Kana kuedza kwekutaurirana kwakakundikana, mauto eUS akaenda kumberi kweRio Grande. MaMexico vakapindura muna Kubvumbi 1846 nekutumira mauto avo kuyambuka Rio Grande. Musi waMay 11, Polk akakumbira Congress kuti izivise hondo kuMexico, ichipa mhosva kuti mauto eMexico "apinda nharaunda yedu nekudeura ropa revatinogara navo muvhu redu." Chikumbiro cheMutungamiri chakatenderwa zvakanyanya neCongress mazuva maviri gare gare, asi zvakaburitsawo kutsiura kwetsika nehungwaru kubva kuvanhu vanotungamira mune zvematongerwo enyika neAmerica. Kunyangwe izvi, gakava rakazogadziriswa nemitemo isingafarire ruramisiro, asi masimba akakwirira. Chibvumirano cherunyararo chakapedza hondo muna Kukadzi 1848 chakaita iyo Rio Grande muganho wekumaodzanyemba weTexas, ndokupa California neNew Mexico kuUnited States. Mukudzoka, iyo US yaizobhadhara Mexico iyo mari inosvika mamirioni gumi nemashanu uye inobvuma kugadzirisa zvese zvirevo zvevagari vemuUS vachipokana neMexico

May 14. Nezuva iri mu1941, apo Hondo Yenyika II yakanga yatotanga kuitika muEurope, dutu rekutanga reUnited States rakaramba zvechiuto rakashuma kune kambani yebasa muPatapsco State Forest muMadganis, yakagadzirira kupa humwe humwe hunoreva humwe hunoita basa kunyika yavo. Kune vakawanda vevanopikisa, mukana wekutevera iyo nzira yakasvibiswa yakaguma nekunyatsonzwisiswa kwevanhu kwekuti chitendero chinogona kuumba sei kutenda. Pamberi pese, inenge yose yakakodzero yevarume vekuAmerica yakanga yakakwanisa kuve nehanya nehana yavo-kuburikidza nehutano hwavo kuburikidza ne "machechi enugare," akadai seQuakers naMennonite. Iko 1940 Kudzidzira Nokusarudza Mutemo, zvisinei, yakanga yakawedzera kukodzera kwechiitiko ichocho kune vanhu vakanga vatora mvumo kubva mune imwe nheyo yechitendero yakaita kuti varwise marudzi ose ebasa rehondo. Kana yakanyorwa, vanhu vakadaro vaigona kugoverwa "basa rekukosha kwenyika pasi pekutungamirirwa nehurumende." Musasa wePatapsco waiva wekutanga wemisasa ye152 muU.S. uye kuPuerto Rico kuti, pasi pechirongwa chinonzi Civilian Public Service, yakawedzera zvikuru kuwanikwa kwebasa rakadaro. Basa racho rakapa basa rekuita kune vamwe 20,000 vanoramba zvehana nekuda kwe1941 kusvika ku'47, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemasango, kuchengetedza ivhu, kupisa moto, uye zvekurima. Sangano rakasiyana-siyana repurogiramu rakabatsirawo kusimbisa kusarura kwevanhu vanopesana nevanopikisana nekutsvaga rubatsiro rwavo rwekare kune hupfumi pane hurumende. Misasa yakasimudzwa uye inoshandiswa nemakomiti eMennonite, Brethren, uye maCheaker, uye purogiramu yose inodhura hurumende nevateresi chinhu. Draftees yakashanda pasina mibairo uye kereke dzavo nevemhuri dzaive nemhosva yekusangana zvavanoda.

May 15. Pazuva rino mu1998, Palestine yakabata yeNabba Yake yekutanga, zuva rematambudziko. Zuva racho rakasimbiswa naYasser Arafat, Mutungamiri wePalestine National Authority, kuti ayeuke kusununguka kwevaPalestine panguva yehondo yekutanga yeArabhu neIsrael (1947 - 49). Zuva reNabba rinowira zuva mushure mezuva rekuzvidzivirira kweIsraeli. Pakazosvika May 14, 1948, zuva raIsrael parakazivisa rusununguko, anenge 250,000 Palestinians akanga atotiza kana kuti akadzingwa kubva pane zvakazova Israeri. Kubvira muna May 15, 1948 mberi, kudzingwa kwePalestine kwakava tsika yekugara. Zvose, kupfuura 750,000 Arabhu yePalestina vakatiza kana vakadzingwa mumisha yavo, anenge 80 muzana yevaPalestina veArabic. Vakawanda vevaya vane nzira vakabva vatizira kuPalestina diaspora vasati vadzingwa. Kune avo vasina nzira, vazhinji vanogara mumisasa yevapoteri munzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Zvikonzero zvekuenda kune imwe nyika zvakanga zvakawanda uye zvinosanganisira kuparadzwa kwemisha yeArabhu (pakati pe400 ne 600 midzi yePalestine yakasimbiswa uye Palestine yeguta muguta rakaparadzwa); Kuenderera mberi kwechiuto zvechiJudha uye kutya kune imwe kuparadzwa nemauto eZionist akatevera Deir Yassin kuuraya; kudzora zvakananga zviga nevakuru veIsrael; kuwa kweutungamiriri hwePalestina; uye kusada kurarama pasi pekutonga kwevaJudha. Gare gare, mitsara yemitemo yakaipiwa nehurumende yekutanga yeIsrael yakadzivirira vaPalestina kuti vadzoke kumisha yavo kana kuti vachitsvaka pfuma yavo. Kusvikira nhasi vazhinji vePalestine nevana vavo vanogara vapoteri. Nzvimbo yavo sevapoteri, uyewo kana Israeri ichavapa ivo vanonzi vakarurama kudzokera kumisha yavo kana kubhadharwa, ndeye nyaya dzinokosha mukurwisana kweIsrael nePalestina. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakarondedzera kudzingwa kwevaPalestine sekunatswa kwemadzinza.

May 16. Pazuva iri mu1960, musangano unokosha wemapurisa muParis pakati peMutungamiri weUnited States Dwight Eisenhower uye Mutungamiri weSoviet Nikita Khrushchev, iyo mativi maviri aitarisira zvinogona kuguma nekuvandudzirana kwehukama, panzvimbo pacho wakaputsa muhasha. Mazuva gumi nemaviri apfuura, zvombo zveSoviet zvakasvibiswa zvepombi zvakange zvambove zvichitema pasi reU.S.-2 ndege spy ndege pamusoro penyika yeSoviet sezvo yakatora mifananidzo yakawanda yezvigadziriswa zvemauto pasi. Pashure pemakumi maviri nemaviri akapfuura mauto eU-2, Khrushchev pakupedzisira aiva neuchapupu hwakaoma hwehurongwa huwandu hweAmerica hwakanga hwakaramba kare. Apo Eisenhower akaramba chido chake chekurambidza zvese zvinotevera mapurisa-ndege, Khrushchev akatsamwa kubva pamusangano, achiguma nekugumira mutsara. Iyo ndege yechipfuva pamusoro-ndege yaiva brainchild yeU.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Kubva 1953, sangano racho raive rakatungamirirwa naAllen Dulles, uyo, mumamiriro ekurwisana zvikuru nemakominism uye kushaya hanya, akanga aita hurumende yakavanzika yakavanzika. Kudarika kwaro kwakawanda kunoonekwa naDavid Talbot muziso rake-kuvhura 2015 bhuku Dhiyabhorosi Chessboard.... Yaiva yeCIA, Talbot nyaya, iyo yakatanga "shanduko yehurumende" nekuderedza uye kuurayiwa kwevatungamiri vedzimwe nyika sezvigadzirwa zveAmerican kunze kwenyika. Talbot anonyatsoratidzawo kuti CIA yakasimudza Cuban Bay yePigs inopinda kukundikana kuti iomanikidze ruoko rwechidiki Mutungamiri Kennedy kuputira chiwi uye kutumira muMarines. Tsvina yakadaro uye kutengesa, kana ichokwadi, inoratidza zvakajeka kuti kupesana kweCold War yakakanganisa zvinyorwa zveAmerica, zvakaderedza hurumende yenyika, uye yakaita kuti rima rive nechinangwa chekuchinja hutano hwenyama nehutsika kune avo vanorwisana naro.

May 17. Pazuva rino mu1968, vanhu vapfumbamwe vakapisa mafaira ekufambisa muCatonsville, Maryland. Baba Dhanieri naBaba Firipi Berrigan pamwe chete nevashanduri vezvematongerwe enyika vezvematongerwo enyika David Darst, John Hogan, Tom Lewis, Marjorie Bradford Melville, Thomas Melville, George Mische, naMaria Moylan vakasungwa nekubvisa mazana emarekodhi emabhuku kubva kuSelective Service emaConsonsville, MD, uye kuaparadza nemapalm napalm mukupikisa kwezvinyorwa uye kuenderera mberi kwehondo yeVietnam. Kusungwa kwavo kwekupedzisira kwakatsamwisa vazhinji semapepanhau akagovera nyaya yacho. Mumashoko aBaba Dhanyeri, "Tinokumbira ruregerero, shamwari dzinodiwa, nokuda kwekuparara kwehutano hwakanaka, kupisa pepa panzvimbo pevana ... isu hatigone, saka tibatsirei Mwari kuti aite zvimwe." Sezvo kutongwa kwakatanga muBaltimore, " Nhatu "dzakatsigirwa nemapoka anobva kune dzimwe nyika akatarisana nemashoko. Sangano rinopesana nehondo rakawedzera rubatsiro rwakanyanya kubva kuvafundisi, Vadzidzi veDemocratic Society, Cornell vadzidzi, uye Baltimore Welfare Workers Union. Zviuru zvevanhu zvakafamba mumigwagwa yeBaltimore kushevedza kusunungurwa kweNine, uye kuguma kune "Chisarudzo Chisarudzo" chakakonzerwa nehurongwa hwekudzoka shure kwekuwedzera kwenyika inoonekwa kwete muVietnam bedzi, asi kuSouth America, Africa, uye pasi rose. Ichinomwe yakaratidza zvakajeka munguva yekuedzwa kwavo kuti vagari venyika havana chavangasarudza kunze kwekusateerera kwevanhu mushure mekutevedzera tsika, zvechitendero, nekuda nyika kusingaenderani. Vane Nhamba havana kumboramba zviito zvavo, asi vakaisa pfungwa dzavo pane zvavanoda. Ichi chinangwa chinoramba chichifuridzira avo vanopikisa kutongerwa kwehuduku hweAmerica kuhondo dzisingagumi pasinei nemhosva dzisina mhosva, kutongwa, uye kutongwa kwakaiswa paNine Chinorwi.

May 18. Pazuva rino muChNUMX musangano weHague Peace. Musangano uyu wakakurudzirwa neRussia "nekuda kwezvombo zvehondo uye rugare rusingaperi rwepasi." Nyika makumi maviri nematanhatu, kusanganisira US, dzakasangana kuzokurukura dzimwe nzira dzehondo. Nhume dzakapatsanurwa kuva mapurisa matatu kuti ataure pfungwa. Ikokutanga yakabvumirana kubvumirana kuti "kukanganisa kwemauto ehondo anonyanya kudzvinyirira nyika zvakanyanya kuda kudiwa." Chechi yechipiri yakarongedza kujekeswa kune zvose Declaration of Brussels pamusoro pemitemo yehondo, uye kuGeneva Convention yekuwedzera kudzivirirwa yakapiwa neRed Cross. Dare rechitatu raida kurwisana kuti rigadzirise kukakavadzana kwenyika dzese nerunyararo, kutungamirira kuDare Repamusoro reArbitration. Vatongi makumi manomwe navaviri vakasarudzwa sevasarudzo vasina hanya kuti vatarisire mitemo uye maitiro ekugadzira mutemo wemutemo. Pakazosvika May 18, 1901, dare rakagadzwa se "danho rinokosha kupfuura dzose, rehupenyu hwevanhu huri munyika yose, hwakambove hwakatorwa nemasimba akabatana, sezvo zvichifanira kupedza hondo, uyezve, kuva nemafungiro kuti chinokonzera runyararo ruchabatsirwa zvikuru nekugadzwa kwedare rematare uye mabhuku eDare Rinogara reArbitration ... "Mumakore manomwe, zvibvumirano zve 135 zvakagadziriswa ne 12 inosanganisira US. Mamwe marudzi akabvumirana kuisa kusiyana kwavo kuHague Court kana vasina kupesana ne "kuzvimiririra, kukudzwa, zvinodiwa zvinokosha, kana kushandiswa kwehuchangamire hwenyika dzakabvumirana, uye zvakapa kuti zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuwana mhinduro inogadziriswa nenzira yekukurukurirana zvakananga kumativi evanhu kana neimwe nzira ipi yekuyananisa. "

Dai 19. Pazuva iri mu1967, Soviet Union yakagadza chibvumirano chakanga chichibvumira kutumirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya mupoteredza nyika. Chibvumirano chakarambidzawo nyika kushandisa mwedzi, mamwe mapuraneti, kana chero imwe "mitumbi yekudenga" semashure ehondo kana mabhesheni. Pamberi pekugadzwa kweSoviet, "Outer Space Chibvumirano," sechibvumirano chakadaidzwa payakatanga kushanda muna Gumiguru 1967, yakanga yatosainwa uye / kana kugamuchirwa neUnited States, Great Britain, nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Yaimiririra mhinduro yenyika dzese, inotungamirwa neUnited Nations, kune kutya kwakapararira kwekuti US neSoviet Union zvaigona kuita mukana muganhu unotevera wezvombo zvenyukireya. VaSoviet ivo pachavo vaive vatanga kubvuma kurambidzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya muchadenga, vachisimbirira kuti vanogona kubvuma chibvumirano chakadai chete kana US ikatanga kubvisa mabhesheni ekunze kwaanga atoisa zvombo zvenguva pfupi uye zvepakati - chinodikanwa iyo US yakaramba. MaSoviet akadonhedza zvaidikanwa, zvisinei, mushure mekusaina kuUS / Soviet limited Test Ban Chibvumirano muna Nyamavhuvhu 1963, iyo yairambidza kuyedzwa kwenyukireya kwese kunze kwepasi pevhu. Mumakumi emakore akatevera, mauto eUS zvakadaro akashandisa kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yekugadzira hondo uye kuramba nzira neRussia nedzimwe nyika kurambidza zvombo zvese zvepadenga uye kushandisa simba renyukireya muchadenga. Iko kushandiswa kwema satellites pakukomberedza zvombo, uye kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvemuchadenga chikamu chezvinotaurwa nevemauto eUS sechinangwa che "yakazara hutongi" - pfungwa ichiri kusanganisira izvo zvinonzi neMutungamiriri Ronald Reagan se Star Wars kana Chombo. Kudzivirira.

May 20. Pazuva iri mu1968, Boston's progressive Arlington Street Unitarian Church yaiva imwe yeimba dzokutanga dzekunamatira kupa nzvimbo tsvene kuVietnam Vagadziri vehondo. Pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvinotora nzvimbo tsvene, William Chase, musoja aripo asina kuenda, akazvipira kuvane simba vehurumende mushure memazuva mapfumbamwe, akagamuchira zvimiridzo zvehukama hwake sehana yehana. Asi Robert Talmanson, drafte uyo akanga akundikana kubudirira kupikisa kuiswa kwake muchiuto, akatorwa kubva kuchechi yepurupiti nehurumende yeUnited States uye akaperekedzwa kuburikidza nemapurotesitendi kunze kwekubatsirwa kwevapurisa veBoston. Mukupa nzvimbo yayo tsvene, Chechi yeArlington Street yakatungamira kubva kuYale University Chaplain William Sloane Coffin, uyo akakurudzira kusimudzirwa tsika yekare senzira yekufananidzira zvakasimba kushorwa kwechitendero kuhondo isina kururama muVietnam. Coffin akanga aita chikumbiro panguva yekurwisana nehondo muchechi munaOctober yapfuura. Mairi, varume ve60 vakapisa makadhi avo muchechi chancel, uye imwe 280 yakapa makadhi avo kuvaridzi vana, kusanganisira weCoffin uye Arlington Street gurukota raDkt Jack Mendelsohn, vose avo vakazviisa pangozi yekukwanisa kupiwa mhosva kuburikidza nekubatana nevatori vehondo. Musi weSvondo unotevera, Dr. Mendelsohn akatumira mazwi akazvinyatsotaurira kuungano yake iyo yakapfupisa kukosha kwechiitiko chacho: "Apo ... pane izvo," akadaro, "ivo, vachineta pasina nzira dzose dzepamutemo dzinopesana nemhosva dzakaipa dziri kuitwa muzita ravo nehurumende yavo ... uye sarudza panzvimbo yeGethsemene yekusateerera kwevanhu, chechi inopindura sei? Iwe unoziva kuti [kereke] yakapindura sei Muvhuro wapfuura. Asi mhinduro inopfuurira, iyo inonyanya kukosha, ndeyako. "

Dai 21. Pazuva iri mu1971, nhengo dzeAmerican Indian Movement (AIM) dzakatora nzvimbo yakasara yevasungwa yeUnited States muMilwaukee, Wisconsin. Basa iri rakatevera kutora kwakafanana mazuva mashanu apfuura nenhengo dzeAIM uye mamwe masangano eIndia uye madzinza enzvimbo yekukurumidza-yekuvhara chiteshi chengarava padhuze neMinneapolis, kwavakaronga kutanga chikoro chese-cheIndia netsika yemagariro. Chiito ichi chakaruramiswa pahwaro hweChitsauko 6 cheSioux Chibvumirano cha1868, icho chivakwa icho pakutanga chaive chevaIndia chaifanira kudzoka kwavari kana uye apo hurumende yakachisiya. Nekudaro, nekuti kutora kwaMay 21 kweye yakasiiwa Milwaukee chiteshi kwakakanganisa mashandiro emasoja, avo vaigara munzvimbo yeMinneapolis vakasungwa, vachigumisa zvirongwa zvavo. AIM yakavambwa muna 1968 kuteedzera mashanu ekutanga maNative American zvinangwa: kuzvimiririra kwehupfumi, kumutsiridzwa kwetsika tsika, kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzepamutemo, kuzvitonga pamusoro penzvimbo dzemadzinza, uye kudzoreredza kwenyika dzedzinza dzakatorwa zvisiri pamutemo. Mukutsvaga zvinangwa izvi, sangano rakabatanidzwa mukuratidzira kusingakanganwike. Ivo vanosanganisira kugara kweAlcatraz Island kubva 1969 kusvika 1971; kufora kwa1972 kuWashington kuratidzira kutyora kutyora zvibvumirano zveUS; uye iyo 1973 kutora saiti paWounded Knee kuratidzira hurumende yeIndia marongero. Nhasi, sangano, rakavakirwa pasirese, riri kuenderera mberi nekuita zvinangwa zvekutanga. Pawebhusaiti yayo, AIM inosimbisa kuti tsika yevaNative America yakakodzera "kudada nekuzvidzivirira" uye inokurudzira maNative America ese kuti "vagare vakasimba pamweya, uye kuti vagare vachirangarira kuti kufamba uku kwakakura kupfuura zvakaitwa kana kukanganisa kwevatungamiriri vacho."

May 22. Pazuva rino mu1998 Vavhoti muNorth Ireland neRepublic of Ireland vakabvumirana neNorthern Ireland Agreement Accord, vanozivawo seChipupuriro Chishanu Chishanu, kupedza makore anenge 30 emhirizhonga pakati peNationalists and Unionists muNorthern Ireland. Chibvumirano, chakabvumiranwa muBelfast neChishanu Chishanu, 10 Kubvumbi 1998, ine zvikamu zviviri, chibvumirano chemapato mazhinji pakati pemapato ezvematongerwo enyika ekuNorth Ireland (iyo DUP, Democratic Unionist Party, ndiro chete bato risingabvumirane) uye yepasi rose. chibvumirano pakati pehurumende dzeBritain neRepublic of Ireland. Chibvumirano chakagadzira akati wandei emasangano aibatanidza Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland, pamwe neRepublic of Ireland neUnited Kingdom. Izvi zvaisanganisira iyo Northern Ireland Assembly, nzvimbo dzekuyambuka muganho neIrish Republic, uye mutumbi unobatanidza magungano kuUK (Scotland, Wales, neNorthern Ireland) nemaparamende muUnited Kingdom neIrish Republic. Zvakare pakati pechibvumirano chaive zvibvumirano zvehumambo, kodzero dzevanhu netsika, kubviswa kwezvombo, kudzikisira hutongi, kururamisira nemapurisa. Gerry Adams, Mutungamiri wesangano reNorthern Irish Nationalist Sinn Fein, akataura tariro yekuti nhoroondo yekusavimbika pakati peNationalists ne Unionist "ichave yakagadziriswa pahwaro hwekuenzana. Tiri pano tiri kubata ruoko rweushamwari. ” Ulster Unionist mutungamiri David Trimble akapindura kuti akaona "mukana mukuru. . . kutanga kurapa. ” Bertie Ahern, mutungamiri weRepublic of Ireland, akawedzera kuti aivimba kuti mutsetse waigona kudhonzwa zvino pasi pe "zvakapfuura zvine ropa". Chibvumirano chakatanga kushanda musi wa2 Zvita 1999.

May 23. Pazuva rino mu1838 yakatanga kubviswa kwekuzvarwa kweAmerica kubva kumadzitateguru avo kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweNorth America kuenda kumadokero kweRwizi rweMisissippi rwakasarudzwa seIndia Territory. Pakazosvika ma1820, vagari veEuropean kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva vaida imwe nzvimbo. Vakatanga kugara zvisiri pamutemo munyika dzeIndia uye vachimanikidza hurumende yemubatanidzwa kuti ibvise maIndia kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Muna 1830, Mutungamiri Andrew Jackson akakwanisa kuve neIndia Removal Act yakapfuudzwa neCongress. Mutemo uyu wakabvumidza hurumende yemubatanidzwa kudzimisa zita renyika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kuri kwemaIndia. Kumanikidzwa kuenda kune vamwe vanhu, kunyangwe vachipikisa zvine hukasha nevamwe, kusanganisira US Congressman Davy Crockett weTennessee, akakurumidza kutevera. Mutemo uyu wakabata maNative American anozivikanwa seMashanu Akabudirira Marudzi: maCherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, neSeminole. VaChoctaw ndivo vakatanga kubviswa, kutanga muna 1831. Kubviswa kwema Seminoles, zvisinei nekuramba kwavo, kwakatanga muna 1832. Muna 1834 Rwizi rwakabviswa. Uye muna 1837 yaive Chickasaw. Pakazosvika 1837, pamwe nekutamiswa kwemadzinza mana aya, maIndia makumi mana nematanhatu akange abviswa mudzimba dzekumba kwavo, achivhura maeka emamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu ekugara kweEuropean. Muna 46,000 maCherokee chete ndivo vakasara. Kutamiswa kwavo kwekumanikidzwa kwakaitwa neHurumende nemauto emuno, avo vakatenderedza vaCherokee ndokuvaisa mumisasa mikuru uye yakamanikana. Kuratidzirwa kune zvakasikwa, nekukurumidza kuparadzira zvirwere zvinopararira, kushungurudzwa nevanhu vemuganhu vemunharaunda, uye migove isina kukwana yakauraya vanosvika zviuru zvisere zvevanopfuura zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu Cherokee vakatanga kufamba. Iyo 25 yakamanikidzwa kutamisirwa kweCherokee yakazozivikanwa seMugwagwa weMisodzi.

May 24. Pazuva rino gore negore, Zuva reMadzimai reZvamwe reMarudzi reRunyararo neRubatsiro (IWDPD) rinochengetwa munyika yose. Yakagadzwa muEurope mukutanga ma1980s, iyo IWDPD inoziva nhoroondo uye yazvino kuedza kwevakadzi muzvirongwa zvepasi rese zvekuvaka runyararo uye zvombo. Sekureva kweIDPDP chirevo pawebhu, vakadzi vanoita zvematongerwo enyika inokudza kuramba mhirizhonga semhinduro kumatambudziko epasi uye vanoshandira nyika ine runyararo nerunyararo inosangana nezvido zvevanhu kwete zvehondo. Kushingairira kwevakadzi runyararo kune nhoroondo refu, kubvira 1915 isati yasvika, apo vakadzi vanosvika chiuru nemazana maviri kubva kune vese varwi uye vasina kwavakarerekera nyika vakaratidzira vachipesana neHondo Yenyika I muThe Hague, Netherlands. Munguva yeCold War, mapoka evanhukadzi pasi rese akaronga misangano, mishandirapamwe yedzidzo, misangano, uye kuratidzira kwakanangana nekupedza kuunganidza zvombo, kurambidza kushandiswa kwemakemikari nezvombo zvehutachiona, uye kudzivirira kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya Sezvo zana ramakumi maviri ramakore rava pedyo nekupera, sangano rerunyararo revakadzi rakawedzera chirongwa charo. Zvinotungamirwa nemafungiro ekuti mhirizhonga dzakasiyana mudzimba, kusanganisira mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi, dzinogona kunge dzakabatana nemhirizhonga inowanikwa muhondo, uye kuti runyararo rwemumba rwakabatana neruremekedzo rwetsika kuvakadzi, mapoka evamiriri mukati memubatanidzwa akatanga kuteedzera zvinangwa zviviri zvekupokana kodzero dzevakadzi. Muna Gumiguru 1,200, United Nations Security Council yakatora chisungo pamusoro pevanhukadzi, runyararo nekuchengeteka izvo zvinonyatsotaura nezve kukosha kwekuisa maonero echikadzi munzvimbo dzese dzerunyararo rutsigiro, kusanganisira kutorerwa zvombo, kudzikiswa, uye kugadziriswa. Gwaro iri richiri kushanda senzvimbo yekutendeuka mukubvuma kupihwa vakadzi zvakanangana nerunyararo.

May 25. Nezuva rino mu1932, Bhous Army yeHondo Yenyika I yeHondo Yakawonesa muWashington, DC, uye vakarwa nemhepo inosvimha misodzi naDouglas MacArthur. VWI veteran veterans vakavimbiswa bhonasi neCongress pamwe nekutaura kuti vaifanira kumirira kubhadhara kwavo kusvikira 1945. Ne 1932, kudengenyeka kwainge kwasiya veterans vakawanda vasingashandi uye vasina pokugara. Nezve 15,000 yakarongwa se "Bonus Expeditionary Force," yakaenda kuWashington, uye yakakumbira kubhadhara kwayo. Vanounganidza pamwe chete matumba emhuri dzavo, ndokudzika misasa mhiri korwizi kubva kuKapitori sezvo vakamirira mhinduro kubva kuCongress. Kutya kunobva kune vagari vomunharaunda kunotungamirirwa kune umwe neumwe wevarwi vechirwere anodiwa kuti apiwe makopi avo ekuremekedzwa kubhadhara. Musoro weBBE, Walter Waters, akabva ati: "Tiri pano kwenguva uye hatisi kuzofa nenzara. Tichazozvichengeta isu sangano rakasununguka revarwi. Kana iyo Bonus inobhadharwa ichaita kuti pave nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwehupfumi. "Muna June 17^th, bhonasi yakavhota pasi, uye veterans vakatanga runyararo "Death March" paCapitol kusvikira Congress yakasunungurwa muna July 17^th. Musi waJuly 28, iyo Atty. Gavhuna akarayira kuti vabve munzvimbo yehurumende nemapurisa akauya uye vakauraya vatengesi vaviri. Mutungamiri Hoover akabva araira mauto kuti abvise zvachose kunze. Apo Jenerali Douglas MacArthur pamwe na Major Dwight D. Eisenhower vakatumira vatasvi vemabhiza vachitungamirirwa naMeorge George Patton pamwe nematangi matanhatu, veterans vakafunga kuti vari kutsigirwa. Pane kudaro, dzakasvibiswa nemafuta emabhanhire, misasa yavo yakaiswa mumoto, uye vana vaviri vakafa sezvipatara zvizere nevanhu veteran.

May 26. Pazuva iri mu1637, vatongi veChirungu vakatanga kurwisa usiku usiku musha wePequot kuMystic, Connecticut, uchipisa nekuuraya vose 600 ku700 yevagari vayo. Pakutanga chikamu chekugara kwePuritan muMassachusetts Bay, maColonist echirungu aive akapararira muConnecticut ndokuuya mukukonana kuri kuwedzera nePequot. Kuti vatye maIndia, Gavhuna weMassachusetts Bay, John Endicott akaronga mauto makuru muchirimo cha1637. Pequot, zvisinei, vakaramba kushongedzwa, panzvimbo pezvo vachitumira mazana maviri evarwi vavo kunorwisa nzvimbo yekoloni, vachiuraya varume vatanhatu nevakadzi vatatu. . Mukuzvitsivira, vaKoloni vakarwisa musha wePequot paMystic mune izvo zvava kunzi Mystic Massacre. Colonial Captain John Mason, achitungamira mauto anotsigirwa neanosvika mazana matatu Mohegan, Narragansett, uye varwi veNiantic, akapa rairo yekupisa musha nekuvharisa mabudiro maviri chete kubva munhare yakaupoteredza. Vakabatwa Pequot avo vakaedza kukwira pamusoro pechivanze vakapfurwa, uye chero vakabudirira vakaurayiwa nevarwi veNarragansett. Uku kwaive kuuraya rudzi here, sekutaura kwakaita vanyori venhoroondo dzekare? Mutungamiri wekoloni, John Underhill, uyo akatungamira mauto makumi maviri evarwi panguva yekurwisa, haana kana dambudziko rekururamisa kuurayiwa kwevakadzi, vana, vakwegura uye vanorwara. Akanongedzera kuMagwaro, ayo “anoti vakadzi nevana vanofanira kuparara pamwe nevabereki vavo…. Takanga tine mwenje wakaringana unobva muShoko raMwari pakuenderera kwedu. ” Kutevera kumwe kurwisa kumwe kumisha yePequot munaJune naJuly 200, Hondo yePequot yakasvika kumagumo uye maIndia mazhinji akapona akatengeswa muuranda.

May 27. Pazuva iri mu1907, munyori wezvakanaka uye mupayona wezvakatipoteredza weAmerica Rachel Carson akaberekerwa muSliven Spring, Maryland. Muna 1962, Carson yakaita kuti nharo dzakapararira dzive nekubudiswa kwe Silent Spring, bhuku rake rinokosha pamusoro penjodzi dzinounzwa kumasisitimu echisikigo nekushandiswa zvisirizvo kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka semakemikari seDDT. Carson anogona zvakare kurangarirwa nekuda kwehunhu hwake hwakawanda hunotsoropodza nzanga dzeUS. Aive ari chikamu chekupandukira kukuru pakati pemasayendisiti uye vafundisi vevasiya vema1950 nema60s akasimuka pakutanga kubva kunetseka pamusoro pemhedzisiro yemwaranzi kubva kumusoro kwepasi kwenyukireya bvunzo. Muna 1963, gore risati rafa nekenza yemazamu, Carson akazvizivisa kekutanga se "ecologist" mukutaura pamberi pevamwe varapi chiuru nemazana mashanu muCalifornia. Mukuzvidza hunhu huripo hwemagariro hwakavakirwa pakukara, kutonga, nekutenda kushaya hany'a musainzi isina kudzivirirwa nemitemo yetsika, akataura zvine mutsindo kuti vanhu vese vari muchikamu chekubatana kwehukama hwehukama nekudyidzana kwavanotyisidzira panjodzi yavo chete . Nhasi, sekuratidzwa nemhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze, kutyisidzira kwenyukireya, uye kudaidzira zvimwe "zvinoshandiswa" zvombo zvenyukireya, vanhu venyika vachiri panjodzi - kunyangwe pamwe zvine ngozi - nehunhu hwemagariro Carson akatsvaga kushandura. Zvino, kupfuura nakare kose, inguva yemapoka ezvakatipoteredza kujoina kuyedza kwemauto-kudzora uye anopokana-nehondo masangano anovaka kurwira runyararo. Zvichipa mamirioni avo enhengo dzakazvipira, mapoka akadaro anogona kunyatso kuvaka nyaya yekuti zvombo zvenyukireya nehondo ndizvo zvakanyanya kutyisidzira kune zvakabatana nharaunda.

May 28. Pazuva rino mu1961, Amnesty International yakatangwa. Muchikamu chinobva The Observer, "Vasungwa Vakakanganwa," gweta reBritain, Peter Benenson, akarayira kuti sangano rekodzero dzevanhu raidiwa kutevedzera 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Benenson akanyora pamusoro pekunetseka kwake pamusoro pekuwedzera kukanganisa kweChitsauko 18: "Munhu wese ane kodzero yekusununguka kwefungiro, hana nechitendero ... uye Chitsauko 19: Munhu wese ane kodzero yekusununguka kwekutaura uye kutaura: kodzero iyi inosanganisira rusununguko rwekutonga mafungiro pasina kupindira uye kutsvaga, kugamuchira nekupa ruzivo nemafungiro kuburikidza nenyaya ipi neipi yevhidhiyo uye zvisinei nemiganhu ... "VaDutch vakatanga kushanda naBenenson mukudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu mu1962, uye ne1968 Amnesty International muNetherlands yakaberekwa. Kukurudzira kwavo kugumisa kutambudzika, kubvisa chirango chorufu, kurega kuponda kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kugumisa kupfigirwa kubva muhutano, chitendero, kana kuti zvepabonde zvakatungamirira kuAmnesty International Chikamu munyika dzakawanda inotsigirwa nevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni manomwe kubva munyika yose. Kunyatsotsvakurudza kwavo, kutsvakurudza, uye magwaro zvakaguma mune zvinyorwa zvekuchengetedzwa kweInternational Institute of Social History zvinosanganisira matepi ekubvunzurudza nemaparaganda zvinhu kubva munyaya dzenyaya dzakaramba kodzero dzevanhu. IInternational Secretariat ine mafaira ekurambidzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu sekunge vasungwa vehana vari kutongerwa nenyika dzinoshandisa mutemo usingabvumirwi nomutemo kuti zvienderane nevanenge vachiita. Amnesty International yakatsoropodzwa nekuda kwekuramba kurwisana nehondo, kunyange apo inopikisa utsinye hwakawanda hwakasikwa nehondo, pamwe nekubatsira kutanga hondo dzekuMadokero nekutsigira zvinokonzera kushungurudzwa kwezvakaipa zvinoshandiswa se propaganda.

May 29. Pazuva rino mu1968, the Poor Peoples Campaign yakatanga. Kumusangano wechiKristu weKutungamiri hweChishanu muna December 1967, Martin Luther King akaronga mushandirapamwe wokubvisa kusaenzana nehurombo muAmerica. Chiratidzo chake ndechokuti varombo vanogona kuronga nekusangana nevatungamiriri vehurumende muWashington kuti vagadzirise hondo inopfuurira, kusakwanisa kwebasa, mubhadharo wakakwana, dzidzo, uye izwi rekuwedzera kwevarombo vakuru nevana. Mushandirapamwe wakatsigirwa nemapoka evanhu vakasiyana-siyana kusanganisira maIndia maAmerican, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, uye vanhu vakawanda vari varombo vemahara. Sezvo mushandirapamwe wakatanga kutora nyika, Mambo akaurayiwa musi waApril 4, 1968. Mufundisi Ralph Abernathy akatora nzvimbo yaMambo semutungamiri weCSCLC, akapfuurira mberi, uye akasvika kuWashington pamwe nemazana evarongi paZuva raamai, May 12, 1968. Coretta Scott King akauyawo akafambidzana nezviuru zvevakadzi vachikumbira mushumo wezvemari wekodzero, uye vachipikira kuti vaite nzendo dzezuva nezuva kumasangano ehurumende kuzokurukura nyaya dzisina kufanira uye kusaruramisira. Pakupera kwevhiki ihwohwo, pasinei nemvura yakawanda yakaita kuti Mall isvike, boka racho rakaverenga 5,000 kuisa matende nemisasa vakanzi "Kumuka kweguta." Mudzimai waRobert Kennedy aiva mumwe wevaya vaMasikati, uye pamwe chete nevamwe nyika, akatarisa asingatendi sezvo murume wake akaurayiwa musi waJune 5. Kennedy mhemberero yekuviga yakaendeswa mberi kweKumuka kweGuta panzira inoenda kuArlington National Cemetery. Dhipatimendi reNyika Yenyika iyo yakamanikidza kuvharwa kweKumuka kweMuguta kunotsanangura kupera kwechibvumirano chakapiwa nokuda kwekushandiswa kwemushandirapamwe wepaki.

May 30. Pazuva rino muC1868, Chirangaridzo Chekutanga chakaonekwa apo vakadzi vaviri muColumbus, MS, akaisa maruva pamatunhu maviri eChristal and Union. Nhau iyi pamusoro pevakadzi vanoziva hupenyu hwezvibayiro kune rumwe rutivi nekuda kweHondo yeVanhu kuburikidza nekushanyira makuva nemaruva mumaoko avo chaizvoizvo kwakaitika makore maviri apfuura, musi waApril 25, 1866. Maererano ne Chirongwa cheHondo yeVanhu veNyika, kwaiva nevadzimai vasingaverengeki, vanaamai, nevanasikana vanopedza nguva mumakuva. MunaMuvhuro we1862, mumwe mushumiri kubva kuMichigan akabatana nevamwe vakadzi vanobva kuArlington, VA kunoshongedza makuva muFredericksburg. Musi waJuly 4, 1864, mumwe mukadzi anoshanyira guva rababa vake akabatanidzwa nevakawanda vakarasikirwa nemadzibaba, varume, uye vanakomana vakasiyiwa mashizha pamakuva ose muBoalsburg, PA. Muchirimo cheC1865, chiremba, uyo aizova Muvhidzi Mukuru weNational Guard muWisconsin, akaona vakadzi vachiisa maruva pamakuva pedyo neKnoxville, TN sezvaaifamba nechitima. "Vanasikana veSouthland" vaiita zvakafanana musi waApril 26, 1865 muJackson, MS, pamwe chete nevakadzi muMamboston, GA, uye Charleston, SC. Muna 1866, vakadzi veColumbus, MS vakafunga kuti zuva rinofanira kuzvipira kukurangarira, zvichiita nhetembo "The Blue and Grey" naFrancis Miles Finch. Mukadzi nemwanasikana wemumwe muColonel akafa kubva kuColumbus, GA, uye rimwe boka rinoshungurudza kubva kuMemphis, TN vakanyengetera kune avo vanogara, sezvakaita vamwe kubva kuCarbondale, IL, uye vose vaPetersburg uye Richmond, VA. Pasinei nokuti ndiani akanga ari wokutanga kubata zuva rokuyeuka veterans, rakagamuchirwa nehurumende yeUnited States.

May 31. Pazuva rino mu1902, Sangano reVereeniging rakagumisa Hondo yeBoer. Munguva yehondo dzeNapoleonic, vaBritain vakanga vatora kutonga kweDutch Cape Colony kumucheto kweSouth Africa. Bhoers (Dutch kune varimi) vanogara munzvimbo iyi yegungwa sezvo 1600 inotamira kuchamhembe kuenda kuAfrica Tribal territory (The Great Trek) inotungamirira pakugadzirwa kwemasangano maviri eTransvaal uye Orange Free State. Kuwanikwa kwavo kwema diamond negoridhe munzvimbo idzi munguva pfupi yakakurumidza kutungamirira kune imwe yeBritain. Sezvo vaBritish vakatora maguta avo mu1900, maBoars akatanga hondo yakaipisisa yehondo. Mauto eBritain akapindura nokuunza mauto akakwana kuti akunde ma guerilla, kuparadza nyika dzavo, uye kuisa madzimai avo nevana mumisasa yevasungwa apo pamusoro pe20,000 vakatambudzwa kufa nekuda kwekushaya nenzara uye zvirwere. Ne 1902, vaBoers vakabvuma Sangano reVereeniging richibvuma kutonga kweBritain mukutsinhana kwekusunungurwa kwemauto eBoer nemhuri dzavo, pamwechete nechivimbiso chekutonga kuzvimiririra. Ne 1910, veBrithani vakasimbisa Union of South Africa, vachitonga pamusoro peCape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal uye Orange State semakoloni eUnited Kingdom. Sezvo mhirizhonga ichipararira muEurope, Mutungamiri weAmerica Theodore Roosevelt akadana musangano wakaita kuti zvibvumirano zvekuita mitemo, uye kumatare emarudzi ose achidzivisa hutongi hwematongerwo enyika. Ichi chikumbiro kune chiito chakagamuchira Mutungamiri Roosevelt muNobel Peace Prize, uye zvakatungamirira kuchepesa kwekuBritain kwekolonialism muAfrica. VaBoers vakawanazve kuzvimiririra kuzvimiririra kwezvematongerwo enyika avo senyika dzose nehanya uye kuda kwekuzvidavirira kwakashandura maonero enyika pamusoro pe "mitemo" yehondo.

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