Kubvumbi

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April 1. Pazuva rino mu2018 United States yakabata yeEdible Book Day yekutanga. Mutungamiri Donald Trump vaive vatangisa Zuva iri muna Kubvumbi 1, 2017 neMutungamiri Executive. International Edible Book Festival yakavambwa muna2000 uye yakapembererwa munyika dzinosanganisira Australia, Brazil, India, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Russia neHong Kong. Yakave ichipembererwa munzvimbo muno muUS: kubvira 2004 muOhio, muLos Angeles muna 2005, muIndipolis muna 2006, uye muFlorida sechikamu cheNational Library Vhiki. Vanachipangamazano vaTrump vakapokana kuti Edible Book Day waive mukana wakanaka wekupa chiitiko chisina moyo chinangwa chekuda nyika. Iyo inogona kuve inotarisisa pakarenda yeHondo pane Fake Nhau uye yekupemberera American Kunakaidzwa. VaTrump vakanyanya kufemerwa pavakanzwa kuti Perkins Library kuHastings College muNebraska yainge yapemberera Edible Book Day muna2008 sechikamu cheBan Mabhuku eVhiki. Mutungamiri weTrump akaronga mitemo inofanira kuteverwa.

1. Inofanira kuitwa gore negore musi waApril 1.
2. Icho hachifaniri kuva yezororo revanhu vose asi chiitiko chekugarisana nevamwe.
3. Vagari vanozobatana mberi kana shure kwebasa, kana panguva yekurasikirwa.
4. Vagari vanozonyora magwaro avasarudza kudya musi iwoyo pa Twitter.
5. Iyo NSA ichabatanidza uye inotarisa zvose zvinyorwa zvakarongerwa zvezvinoitwa munguva yemberi.

Sezvo Trump ichitaura kana ichizivisa National Day Book Book kubva pamatanho eThe Library of Congress, "Zuva rino ndiro zuva rakakwana kune vose vezvakaipa zvenhau vanozvitengesa kunze uko kuti vadye mazwi avo uye vawane nehurongwa uye Ita America Great Again. "

April 2. Pazuva rino mu1935, zviuru zvevadzidzi veUnited States vakapinda muhondo yekurwa nehondo. Vadzidzi vekuChikoro pakati pemakore ekupedzisira 1930 vakakurira kunzwa kunotyisa kweWWI muFrance, Great Britain, neUnited States, vachifunga kuti hondo haina kubatsira chero munhu, asi kutya mumwe. Muna 1934, kupikisa kweUnited States kusanganisira vadzidzi ve25,000 kwakaitwa mukurangarira zuva iro US inopinda muWWI. Muna 1935, "Mudzidzi Anopikisana NeGondo Rehondo" yakatangwa muU.S. kukwezva sangano guru kunyange rekuwedzera kwevadzidzi ve700 kubva kuKentucky University yakabatanidzwa ne175,000 kupfuura iyo yose yeU.S., uye zviuru zvevamwe pasi rose. Vadzidzi kubva kumakambani e140 kubva kunyika ye31 vakasiya makirasi avo zuva iroro vachifunga kuti: "Kupikisana nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda kwakabatsira kupfuura nguva yekirasi." Sezvo zvaikurira zvakakura nezvemaitiro eGermany, dambudziko pakati peJapan neSoviet Union, Italy neEtiopia yakavakirwa kuti vadzidzi vataure kunze. Kubva KU, Kenneth Born, nhengo yeboka remakwikwi, akabvunza $ 300 mabhiriyoni akapedza paHondo Yenyika I, achikakavadzana kuti "rationalism inogona kuunza mhinduro yakanakisisa." Paakanga ari pachikwata, boka revanhu rakavhiringidzwa kuputsa gasi, kunyange zvakadaro Kuberekwa kwakanyengetedza vadzidzi kuti varambe vachizivisa vachiti, "Iwe uchasangana nematambudziko kupfuura izvi muhondo." Charles Hackler, mudzidzi wemitemo, akarondedzera zviratidzo sezviyeuchidzo kuti "hondo yakanga isingadzivisiki," ichishevedza yezvino ROTC mapurisa "hondo yehondo vatori venyika, vatengesi vemunitions, uye vamwe vashandi vehondo. "Sezvo vazhinji vevadzidzi ivavo vakazopedzisira vakamanikidzwa mukurwisana nekufa muEurope, Asia, neAfrica panguva yeWWII, mazwi avo ave akaoma zvikuru.

April 3. Pazuva rino mu1948, Marshall Plan yakatanga kushanda. Ichitevera WWII, United Nations yakatanga kupa rubatsiro kune nyika dzakaparadzwa muEurope. IUS, iyo yakanga isina kukuvara zvakanyanya, yakapa rubatsiro rwemari nemauto. Mutungamiri Truman akabva agadza aimbova mukuru wemauto eUS Army, George Marshall, anozivikanwa nedhipatimendi seSecretary of State. Marshall nevashandi vake vakauya ne "Marshall Plan," kana European Recovery Plan, kudzoreredza hupfumi hweEurope. Soviet Union yakakokwa asi yakaramba kutya kubatanidzwa kweUS mumasarudzo ayo emari. Nyika gumi nenhanhatu dzakabvuma, uye vakafarikanya kusimudzira hupfumi pakati pa1948-1952 ichitungamira kuNorth Atlantic Alliance, uyezve neEuropean Union. Paakagamuchira Mubayiro weNobel Werunyararo nebasa rake, George Marshall akaudza nyika mazwi aya: “Pane zvakataurwa pamusoro pekupihwa mubairo weNobel Peace Prize. Ndiri kutya kuti izvi hazviite senge zvinoshamisira kwandiri sezvazvinoonekwa pachena kune vamwe. Ndinoziva zvakawanda zvekutyisa nematambudziko ehondo. Nhasi, sasachigaro weAmerican Battle Monuments Commission, ibasa rangu kutarisa kuvaka nekuchengetedza makuva emauto munyika zhinji mhiri kwemakungwa, kunyanya kuWestern Europe. Mutengo wehondo muhupenyu hwevanhu unogara uchipararira pamberi pangu, wakanyorwa zvakaringana mumareja mazhinji ane makoramu matombo emakuva. Ini ndakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuti ndiwane dzimwe nzira kana nzira yekudzivirira imwe njodzi yehondo. Anenge mazuva ese ini ndinonzwa kubva kumadzimai, kana vanaamai, kana mhuri dzevakawa. Njodzi yekupedzisira iri pamberi pangu nguva zhinji. ”

April 4. Pazuva iri muna 1967, Martin Luther King akapa hurukuro pamberi pevanhu ve3,000 muRwiziside Church yakasiyana-siyana muNew York City. Ichinzi "Kupfuura Vietnam: Nguva Yokuputsa Kunyarara," mutauro wakaratidza kuchinja mune basa raMambo kubva kune mutungamiri wekodzero dzevanhu kumuporofita wevhangeri rehupfumi. Mariri, haana kungoita chirongwa chakazara chokugumisa hondo, asi, mumatanho akaenzana, asingatauri, akaisa "chirwere chakakomba mukati memweya weAmerica" ​​iyo hondo yaiva chiratidzo. Tinofanirwa, akaomerera, "achinjwa kuchinja kwehutsika .... Rudzi rwunopfuurira gore negore kushandisa mari yakawanda yekuzvidzivirira kwemauto kupfuura pane mapurogiramu ekusimudzirwa kwevanhu kunosvika pakufa kwemweya. "Kutevera kutaura, Mambo akanga akazara zvakanyanya neAmerica. IThe New York Times yakatsanangura kuti "nzira yekubatanidza sangano rekuchengetedza uye kodzero dzevanhu inogona kunge iri nengozi kune zvose zvinokonzera," uye kutsoropodza kwakafanana kwakabva kune vanyori vemabhiza uye NAACP. Asi, pasinei nekuiswa-pasi uye kunokonzerwa nekusarura kwemarudzi, Mambo haana kudzoka. Akabva aenda kunzira huru uye akatanga kuronga Varombo Vashoma, Mushandirapamwe wokubatanidza vose veAmerica vakadzingwa, pasinei nedzinza kana nyika, mune chinowanzoita chiremera chevanhu. Akataura muchidimbu mafungiro ake matsva mumashoko aya: "Muchinjikwa unogona kureva rufu rwekufarirwa kwako." Kunyange zvakadaro, "Tora muchinjikwa wako ugozvigamuchira. Ndizvo zvandakasarudza kuenda. Izvo zvinogona kuitika, hazvina basa zvino. "Gore mushure mokutaura, kunyatsosvika zuva, akaurayiwa.

April 5. Pazuva iri muna 1946, General Douglas MacArthur vakataura nezve kurambidzwa kwehondo kunosanganisirwa seChinyorwa 9 cheBumbiro idzva reJapan. Chinyorwa 9 chinosanganisira mutauro wakada kufanana neuyo weKellogg-Briand Pact kune nyika zhinji dzakabatana. "Kunyange hazvo zviwanikwa zvese zvebumbiro idzva iri zvichikosha, uye zvichitungamira mumwe nemumwe uye pamwe chete kusvika kumagumo anodikanwa sezvakataurwa kuPotsdam," akadaro, "ndinoshuvira kunyanya kutaura nezvegadziriro inoenderana nekurambwa kwehondo. Kuramba kwakadai, nepo mune dzimwe nzira kuteedzerana kunonzwisisika nekuparadzwa kwesimba reJapan rekugadzira hondo, kunoenderera mberi mukupa kwaro kodzero yemasimba yekushandisa zvombo munzvimbo dzepasirese. Japan nokudaro inozivisa kutenda kwayo munharaunda yemarudzi nemitemo yakarurama, inoshivirira uye inoshanda yetsika dzezvematongerwo enyika nehunhu uye inopa hutendeseka hwayo munyika. Mutsoropodzi anogona kuona chiito chakadai sekuratidzira asi rutendo rwakafanana nemwana muchiono chakanakira, asi munhu chaiye achaona mariri zvakadzama kukosha. Iye anonzwisisa kuti mukushanduka kwenzanga zvakave zvakafanira kuti munhu ape dzimwe kodzero. . . . Chirongwa. . . asi inoona imwezve nhanho mukushanduka kwevanhu. . . . zvinoenderana nehutungamiriri hwepasirese husingashaye hushingi hwekuita hunhu hwevanhu vazhinji vanovenga hondo. . . . Naizvozvo ndinorumbidza chikumbiro cheJapan chekuregererwa kwehondo kune kufunga kune kufunga kwevanhu vese venyika. Inonongedza nzira - ndiyo chete nzira. ”

April 6. Pazuva rino mu1994, vatungamiri veRwanda neBurundi vakaurayiwa. Uchapupu hunoti kune US-backed and US-vakadzidziswa hondo-Paul Kagame - mushure mekupedzisira weRwanda - semhosva. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokuyeuka kuti nepo hondo dzisingakwanisi kudzivirira maitiro evanhukadzi, vanogona kuzvikonzera. Munyori Mukuru weUnited States Boutros Boutros-Ghali akati "kuurayiwa kwevanhu muRwanda kwakapetwa zana muzana wevanhu veAmerica!" Izvi zvakaitika nekuti United States yakatsigira kuhondo kweRwanda munaOctober 1, 1990, neuto reUganda rinotungamirirwa neU.S. vaurayi, uye vakatsigira kurwisa kwavo Rwanda kwemakore matatu nehafu. Hurumende yeRwanda, mukupindura, haina kutevera muenzaniso weU.S. kupinda muJapan munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Kana kuti hazvina kukonzera pfungwa yevatengesi mukati mavo, sezvo hondo inopinda inenge iine 36 masero anoshingaira muRwanda. Asi hurumende yeRwanda yakabata vasungwa vechi8,000 uye inovabata kwemazuva mashomanana kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu. Vanhu vakatiza vavengi, vachigadzira dambudziko guru revapoteri, vakaparadza uroyi, kuputsika kwehupfumi, uye kuparadza vanhu. IUnited States neWestern yakashongedza vashandisi uye yakashandisa kuwedzerwa kuwedzera kuburikidza neHome Bank, IMF, uye USAID. Pakati pemigumisiro yakawedzera kuvengana pakati pevaHutu nevaTutsi. Pakupedzisira hurumende yaizodonha. Chokutanga chaizouya kuurayiwa kwevanhu vazhinji vanozivikanwa seRwanda Genocide. Uye izvozvo zvisati zvauya kuurawa kwevatungamiri vaviri. Kuuraya vanhu vemuRwanda kwakaenderera mberi kubva ipapo, kunyange zvazvo kuuraya kwave kwakaoma zvikuru muvakidzani veCongo, apo hurumende ya Kagame yakatora hondo - neUnited States uye zvombo nemauto.

April 7. Pazuva rino mutungamiriri we2014 Ecuador Rafael Correa akaudza varwi veUnited States kuti vabve munyika yavo. Correa ainetseka ne "nhamba yepamusoro kwazvo" yevakuru vemauto eUS vanopindira mune zveEcuador. Vese makumi maviri vashandi vemauto eUS, kusara kwemauto eUS akabatanidzwa. Iri raive danho rekupedzisira kusvika parizvino mukuyedza kweEcuador kudzoreredza hutongi kubva kuUS mukuita kwekuchengetedzeka kwemukati. Nhanho yekutanga yakange yatorwa muna20 apo Correa yainge yachenesa mauto ayo mauto ayo anga achinzi akapinda mukati nekufurirwa neCIA. Zvino muna2008 Ecuador yakadzinga mauto eUS akamira ipapo payakaramba kumutsidzira ichapedza makore gumi yekubhadhara rendi pamauto eU.S.guta reManta paEcuador Pacific Pacific. Mauto Emuchadenga eUS akataura nezvehupamhi hwayo seyayo yekumaodzanyemba "Nzvimbo Yekushandisa Mberi" inonzi yaida kumisa kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka kubva kuColombia. Pamberi pekuvhara, Correa yakapa mukana wekuchengetedza hwaro. "Tichavandudza hwaro pachiitiko chimwe chete," akadaro, "kuti vatibvumidze kuisa base muMiami - base yeEcuadorean." Ehezve, United States yakanga isina hanya nechikumbiro ichocho. Hunyengeri hwenzvimbo yeUS hwakapfupikiswa neEcuadorean National Assembly Nhengo Maria Augusta Calle uyo uyo New York Times yakashuma ichiti "Inyaya yechiremera uye kuzvitonga. Pane zvigaro zvekune dzimwe nyika muUS? ” Chokwadi tinoziva mhinduro. Asi pamubvunzo wekuti mabheseni eUS mune dzimwe nyika dzevanhu anogona kuvharwa, nyaya yeEcuador inopa mhinduro imwe inokurudzira.

April 8. Pazuva rino muna 1898, Paul Robeson akaberekwa. Baba vaPauro vakapukunyuka kubva muuranda vasati vagara muPrinceton, uye vakapedza kudzidza kubva kuLincoln University. Pasinei nekusarura munyika yose, Pauro akawana ruzivo rwekudzidza kuRuthgers University uko akazopedza seValedictorian asati atamira kuColumbia Law School. Rusarura rwakakanganisa basa rake, saka akawana imwe munhandare inosimudzira nhoroondo yeAfrica-America uye tsika. Pauro akazozivikanwa nokuda kwekupa mubayiro pamitambo yakadai se Othello, Emperor Jones, uye Zvose zvaMwari Chillun Zvine Wings, uye nokuda kwekuita kwake kunoshamisa Old Man River in Showboat. Maitiro ake pasirese akasiya vateereri vachida encores. Robeson akadzidza mutauro, uye akaimba nziyo nezverunyararo nekutonga munyika makumi maviri neshanu. Izvi zvakakonzera kushamwaridzana nemutungamiriri wemuAfrica, Jomo Kenyatta, India Jawaharlal Nehru, WEB Du Bois, Emma Goldman, James Joyce naErnest Hemingway. Muna 25, Robeson akapa mari yaakawana kubva kune yake Chillun dzese dzaMwari kuvapoteri vechiJudha. Muna 1945, akabvunza Mutungamiri Truman kuti vapase mutemo unorwisa lynching, vakabvunza Hondo Yemashoko, ndokubvunza kuti sei maAfrican America achifanira kurwira nyika ine rusaruro rwakanyanya. Paul Robeson akabva anzi muCommunist neImba Un-American Activities Committee, achinyatso kumisa basa rake. Makumi masere emakonzati ake akamiswa, uye maviri akarwiswa mapurisa ehurumende akatarisa. Robeson akapindura achiti: "Ndiri kuzoimba pese panoda vanhu kuti ndiimbe… uye handizotyisidzwe nemichinjikwa irikutsva muPeekskill kana chero kumwe kunhu." IUS yakadzora pasipoti yaRobeson kwemakore masere. Robeson akanyora nhoroondo yeupenyu Pano ini Ndimire asati afa, iyo inoratidzika kunge yakatevera drugging uye electro-shocking pamaoko eCIA.

April 9. Pazuva rino mu1947, rusununguko rwokutanga rwendo, "Rwendo rwekuyanana," rwakabhadharwa neCORE uye FOR. Kutevera WWII, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakatonga kuti kusarura pamakumbo emitambo nemabhasi zvakanga zvisingapindi mutemo. Sezvo kutonga kwacho kwakanga kusingarirwi munyika yose yeSouth, Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), uye boka revanhu vasere veAfrica -America nevasere vasere kubva kuCongress for Racial Equality (CORE), kusanganisira vatungamiri veboka Bayard Rustin neGeorge House, vakatanga kutakura mabhazi uye kugara pamwe chete. Vakakwira mabhazi maviri eGreyhound uye Trailways kuWashington DC, vachienda kuPetersburg uko Greyhound yakabva yadzokera kuRaleigh, uye Trailways yeDurham. Mutyairi weGreyhound akadana mapurisa sezvavakasvika kuOxford apo Rustin akaramba kutama kubva mberi kwebhazi. Mapurisa haana kuita semutyairi uye Rustin akakavadzana nemaminitsi 45. Vose mabhazi akaiita ku Chapel Hill zuva rakatevera, asi vasati vaenda kuGreensboro muna April 13, vatasvi vemabhiza mana (vaviri veAfrica-America uye vaviri vatsvene) vakamanikidzwa kupinda muchechi yemapurisa, vakasungwa, uye vakapa $ 50 bond imwe neimwe. Chiitiko chacho chakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vari munzvimbo yacho vafunge nezvevanotyaira madekisi. Mumwe wavo akarova mutasvi wechechi James Peck mumusoro sezvaakaburuka kubhadhara zvisungo. Martin Watkins, mhepo yakachena yakavharwa hondo, akaroverwa nevatyairi vematekisi kuti vataure nemumwe mukadzi weAfrica-America pachitsiga chebhasi. Zvose zvinopomerwa nevanopinda vatsvene zvakadonhedzwa apo avo vaipomerwa mhosva yekukurudzira chisimba. Basa rekuputsa-pasi kwevadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu vakapedzisira rakatungamirira kuRusvingo Rides ye1960 ne1961.

April 10. Pazuva iri mu1998, Svondo Yakanaka yeChishanu yakasayirwa muNorthern Ireland, ichigumisa Makore e30 emakwikwi ekurwisana muNorthern Ireland anonzi "Zvinetso." Kunetsana kwakagadziriswa nechibvumirano kwakatanga kubva pakati pema1960, apo maPurotesitendi muNorthern Ireland pavakawana huwandu hwevanhu hwaivabvumira kudzora masangano ehurumende nenzira dzakakanganisa vashoma veRoma Katurike. Mukupera kwema60s, sangano rinoshingairira kodzero dzevanhu rakamiririra vanhu veKaturike rakatungamira kumabhomba, kuuraya, uye kuita bongozozo pakati pevaKaturike, maPurotesitendi, nemapurisa eBritish nemauto ayo akaenderera mukutanga kwema1990. Pakutanga kwekutanga kwa1998, tarisiro yerunyararo muNorth Ireland yakaramba iri murombo. Nhoroondo yechiPurotesitendi Ulster Unionist Party (vatsigiri vekubatana neBritain) vakaramba kuramba kutaurirana naSinn Fein, anonyanya kuve weKaturike neIrish-republican vezvematongerwo enyika veIrish Republican Army (IRA); uye IRA pachayo yakaramba isingade kuisa maoko pasi. Asi, hurukuro dzinoenderera mberi dzemapato akawanda, dzakatanga muna 1996, dzaisanganisira vamiririri veIreland, mapato akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika eNorthern Ireland, nehurumende yeBritain, dzakazopedzisira dzava nezvibereko. Chibvumirano chakaitwa chakadaidzira sarudzo yeNorthern Ireland Assembly inoona nezvenyaya zhinji dzemuno, kudyidzana kwemuganhu pakati pehurumende dzeIreland neNorthern Ireland, uye kuenderera mberi kwekutaurirana pakati pehurumende dzeBritain neIreland. Muna Chivabvu 1998, chibvumirano chakagamuchirwa zvakaomarara mureferendamu yakabatana muIreland neNorthern Ireland. Uye musi waZvita 2, 1999, Republic of Ireland yakabvisa zvivakwa zvebumbiro kumatunhu ese eIreland, uye United Kingdom yakapa kutonga kwakananga kweNorthern Ireland.

April 11. Pazuva iri mu1996, Sungano yePelindaba yakasayirwa muCairo, Egypt. Kana ikashandiswa, Sangano racho raizoita kuti nyika yose yeAfrica ive nzvimbo isina zvombo zvenyukireya; iyo inotarisawo rutivi rwezvikamu zvina zvakadaro dzakaputira nyika yose yekumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Makumi makumi mana nemasere emarudzi eAfrica akasaina chibvumirano ichi, chinoda kuti sangano rimwe nerimwe risati "ritsvakurudzo, kuvandudza, kugadzira, kuchengetedza kana kutora zvimwe, kuwana kana kuti kudzora chero zvombo zvenyukireya nenzira ipi zvayo kupi." Sungano inorambidza kuongororwa kwe michina yenyukireya inoputika; zvinoda kubviswa kwezvinhu zvakadai zvakagadzirwa kare uye kutendeuka kana kuparadzwa kwezvimwe zvivako zvakagadzirirwa kuvasika; uye inorambidza kuderera kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa mumhepo mumuganhu wakavharwa nesungano. Mukuwedzera, zvigetsi zvehurumende zvinorayirwa kusa "kushandisa kana kutyisidzira kushandisa" zvombo zvenyukireya kurwisa chero nyika mune zvombo zvenyukireya zvisina nzvimbo. Imwe nyaya yakasunungurwa yakabudiswa neUnited Security Council zuva rakatevera, April 12, 1996, yakapfupisa kukosha kweChipatano chePelindaba, icho chakazopedzisira chashanda mamwe makore 13 gare gare, musi waJuly 15, 2009, apo yakagamuchirwa ne inoda 28^th Nyika yeAfrica. Kunyangwe Security Council yaitarisira kuchengetedza Chibvumirano kukurumidza kuita, yakaziva kuti kutambirwa kwayo nemunyika dzinopfuura makumi mana dzemu Africa, pamwe neinenge nyika dzese dzezvombo zvenyukireya, zvakaita "mupiro wakakosha ku… rugare rwepasi rose uye kuchengeteka. ” Rakaburitswa mumapepanhau rakapedzisa richiti: "Security Council inobata chiitiko ichi kukurudzira kuyedza kwakadai kwenharaunda ... padanho repasi rose nedunhu rakanangana nekuwana hutongi hwenyika hwusina kuwanda."

April 12. Pazuva iri mu1935, vamwe vadzidzi veChitoroji vekuYouth America vakapinda mukirasi yekudzidzira uye zviratidzo zvorugare zvavakavimbisa kuti havangazobatanidzi mune zvehondo. Vadzidzi vanopesana nehondo mhirizimisi yakafanana neaya mu1935 vaibatwawo muUnited States mu1934 uye 1936, vachiwedzera muhamba kubva ku25,000 mu1934 kusvika ku500,000 mu1936. Nokuti vakawanda vadzidzi vekukoloni vakaona kutyisidzira kwehondo yakaitwa nefascism muEurope sezvakabva kune mhirizhonga yakabudiswa neHondo Yenyika I, imwe neimwe yezviratidzwa yakaitwa munaEpril kuratidza mwedzi weUnited States yakapinda muHondo Yenyika I. Kutenda kuti ibhizimusi guru chete uye kushamwaridzana kwaive kwakabatsirana nehondo iyoyo, vadzidzi vakaseka zvavakaona sekuuraya kusina maturo kwemamiriyoni uye vakatsvaka kujekesa kusada kwavo kubatanidzwa mune imwe hondo isina chinangwa kunze kwenyika. Zvinofadza, asi, kushorwa kwavo kwakasimba kwehondo kwakanga kusingagadzirwi nevanopesana nemasipirini kana maonero ezvematongerwo enyika, asi kunyanya pamusana pemweya unove wakanga uri wega kana kuti wakabva kubhidhi musangano yakakukurudzira. Imwe nyanzvi inoratidzika inoratidzika kuti inonyatsojekesa izvi. Muna 1932, Richard Moore, mudzidzi paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley, akazviisa mumabasa ekurwisa hondo. "Nzvimbo yangu," akazotsanangurazve, "akanga ari, mumwe: Handitendi mukuuraya, uye maviri: Ndakanga ndisingadi kuzviisa kune mumwe mukuru, kana Mwari kana United States of America." Kutendeseka kunogona kutsanangurawo nei mazana ezviuru zvevarume vechidiki panguva iyoyo vaida kuti hondo inogona kubviswa kana vose vaduku vachiramba kungorwisana.

April 13. Pazuva iri muna 1917, Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson akagadza Komiti yeZvenhau (CPI) nehutungamiri. Icho brainchild yaGeorge Creel, mutori wenhau anonyengedza panguva iyo akasarudzwa sachigaro wavo, CPI inotarisira kubhadhara mishandirapamwe yekusimudzira kuparadzira kwekuchengeta mhuri nekunze kwenyika kupinda kwekupinda kweAmerica muHondo Yenyika I kwevhiki imwe chete yapfuura. Kuti iite basa rayo, CPI yakabatanidza matanho ekudhinda mazuva ano nekunzwisisa kwakanakisisa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzevanhu. Muchidimbu chaive pedyo nekutsoropodza, yakashandisa "mirayiridzo yokuzvidira" yekudzivirira nhepfenyuro yemasangano pamusoro pehondo, uye yakazara mafambiro emitauro nepro-war. ICI's Division of News yakaparadzira mamwe mabhizimisi e-6,000 ayo vhiki imwe neimwe yakazadza kupfuura 20,000 korumns columns. Its Division of Syndicated Features yakashandura vatori venhau vanotungamira, vanyori venhau, uye vanyori venyaya nhepfenyuro kuti vataure hurumende yehurumende yepamutemo mufomu iri nyore nyore kudya kusvika mamiriyoni gumi nemaviri mwedzi mumwe nomumwe. Kugoverwa kwePytorial Publicity kwakaisa mapepa ane simba, mumarudzi ekuda nyika, pamabhodhi ebhiri munyika yose. Nyanzvi dzakanyoreswa kumapepitler akabuda kunze akadai Nhondo yeGermany Practice uye Kukunda uye Kultur. Uye Kubatanidzwa kweFirimu kwakaunza mafirimu ane mazita akadai se The Kaiser: The Beast of Berlin. Nekusikwa kweCPI, US yakatanga kuva rudzi rwemazuva ano rwemazuva ano kuparadzira propaganda pamwero mukuru kwazvo. Mukuita kudaro, zvakapa chidzidzo chinokosha: Kana kunyange hurumende yehurumende yehurumende, ichitaura kuti iende kuhondo, inogona kutsvaga kubatanidza rudzi rwakapatsanangurira shure kwayo kuburikidza nemushandira wakazara uye wenguva refu wekunyengera kwenhema .

April 14. Pazuva iri muna 1988, paramende yeDenmark yakapedza kugadziriswa kusimbisa kuti hurumende yayo inozivisa zvikepe zvose zvekunze zvekune dzimwe nyika zvinoda kupinda muDanish zvikepe zvekuti zvinofanirwa kutaura zvakasimba zvisati zvamboita kana vachiita kana kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya. Pasinei neDenmark yemutemo weCNC-year-old wekudzivirira zvombo zvenyukireya chero kupi zvako munharaunda yaro, kusanganisira mabhizimisi ayo, mutemo wakanga uchingoparadzaniswa neDenmark kugamuchirwa nedzimwe sangano rakashandiswa neUnited States nedzimwe shamwari dzeNATO. Iyo inozivikanwa seCNND, "kwete kutsigira kana kuramba," mutemo uyu wakabudirira zvakabvumira ngarava dzeNATO kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya kuDenmark ports pane. Icho chitsva, chigadziriswa, chisarudzo, zvisinei, chakaunza zvinetso. Isati yasvika, mumiriri weAmerica muDenmark akanga ataurira veDenmark vezvematongerwe enyika kuti sarudzo yacho inogona kuchengeta zvikepe zvehondo zveNATO kushanya kuDenmark, nokudaro kupedzisa kurarama kwemazuva ose uye kusagadzirisa kushanda pamwe kwehondo. Sezvo huwandu hwe30 yezana hwevaDhani vaida nyika yavo muNATO, zvingangovhiringidzirwa zvakatorwa zvakanyanyiswa nehurumende-dhuterani yehurumende yeDanish. Yakadana kusarudzwa muna May 60, iyo yakaguma nekuchengetedza avo vanochengetedza simba musimba. Musi waJuly 10, apo chikepe cheAmerica chakaswedera pedyo nechiteshi cheDanish chakanga chakarega kuzivisa zvigadziro zvezvombo zvechikepe, tsamba yakakandwa muareka ichipa zano pamusoro pechirevo chitsva cheDanish chakanga chisina kukanganiswa kutarirwa kumahombekombe. Musi waJune 2, Denmark yakawana chibvumirano chitsva neUnited States iyo yaizotenderazve zvikepe zveNATO kupinda muDenmark ports pasina kusimbisa kana kuramba kuti vaitakura zvombo zvenyukireya. Kuti vabatsire kuisa nhare yenyukireyumu kumba, Denmark panguva imwechete inozivisa hurumende dzeNATO dzarambidza kurega zvombo zvenyukireya munharaunda yaro panguva yorugare.

April 15. Pazuva rino mu1967 yakawanda aZita-Vietnam war zviratidzo mumhoroondo yeUnited States, kusvikira panguva iyoyo, yakaitika muNew York, kuSan Francisco, nemamwe maguta akawanda muUnited States. MuNew York, kuratidzira kwakatanga muCentral Park ndokuzopera kuMuzinda weUnited Nations. Vanopfuura 125,000 vanhu vakatora chikamu, vanosanganisira Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Harry Belafonte, James Bevel, naDr Benjamin Spock. Anopfuura zana nemakumi mashanu emakadhi ekunyorwa akapiswa. Mumwe zana nemakumi mashanu akafamba kubva kuSecond uye Market Street mudhorobha reSan Francisco kuenda kuKezar Stadium kuGold Gate Gate, uko mutambi Robert Vaughn pamwe naCoretta King vakataura vachipesana nekupindira kweAmerica muhondo yeVietnam. Mafambiro ese ari maviri aive chikamu cheChirimo Kukurudzira Kupedza Hondo yeVietnam. Boka rinoronga reKutenderera rakatanga kusangana musi waNovember 150, 100,000. Raive sachigaro nemurwiri werunyararo AJ Muste uye raisanganisira David Dellinger, mupepeti we Kusunungurwa; Edward Keating, muparidzi we Ramparts; Sidney Peck, weKesi Western Reserve University; naRobert Greenblatt, weCornell University. Muna Ndira 1967, vakatumidza Reverend James Luther Bevel, shamwari yepedyo yaMartin Luther King, Jr., semutungamiriri weSocial Mobilization. Pakupera kwekufora kweNew York, Bevel akazivisa kuti chinomira chinotevera ichave Washington DC Musi waMay 20–21, 1967, mazana manomwe evatsigiri vehondo vakaungana ipapo kumusangano weChitubu wekukurudzira. Chinangwa chavo chaive chekuongorora kuratidzira kwaApril uye kuronga kosi yemberi yebato rehondo. Vakagadzirawo komiti yekutungamira - iyo National Inokurudzira Komiti Kupedza Hondo muVietnam - kuronga zviitiko zvemberi.

April 16. Pazuva iri mu1862, Mutungamiri Abraham Lincoln vakasayina mushumo unogumisa hutapwa muWashington, DC Iri izuva reEmancipation muWashington, DC Kupedza hutapwa muWashington, DC, kwaisanganisira pasina hondo. Nepo uranda kumwe kunhu muUnited States hwakagumiswa nekugadzira mitemo mitsva mushure mekuuraya makota matatu emamiriyoni evanhu muminda mikuru yakawanda, uranda muWashington, DC, hwakagumiswa nenzira yawakagumiswa mune zhinji dzenyika, kureva. nekusvetuka kumberi uye nekungogadzira mitsva mitemo. Mutemo wakapedza uranda muDC waishandisa wakabhadharisa kusunungurwa. Hazvina kuripa vanhu vakanga vaitwa nhapwa, asi panzvimbo pazvo vanhu vakanga vavaita nhapwa. Uranda uye serfdom zvaive zvepasirese uye zvakanyanya kupedzwa mukati mezana ramakore, zvakanyanya kazhinji kuburikidza nekuregererwa kwakabhadharwa pane nehondo, kusanganisira mumakoloni eBritain, Denmark, France, neNetherlands, uye mune zhinji yeSouth America neCaribbean. Mukutarisa zvekare zvinotaridzika sezvakanaka kupedza kusaruramisira pasina kuuraya kukuru uye kuparadza, izvo zvinopfuura zvakaipa zvazviri zvakare zvinowanzo kutadza kupedza zvachose kusaruramisira, uye kunowanzoita chigumbu chisingaperi uye chisimba. Musi waJune 20, 2013, iyo Atlantic Magazine yakabudisa nyaya inonzi "Kwete, Lincoln Haana Kuve 'Akatenga Varanda'." Sei? Zvakanaka, vashandi vacho havana kuda kutengesa. Izvozvo zvakakwana zvechokwadi. Havana, kwete zvachose. Asi The Atlantic rinotarisa pane imwe nharo, kureva kuti ingadai yakangodhura, inodhura zvakanyanya se $ 3 bhiri (mune 1860 mari). Asi, kana iwe ukaverenga zvakanyanya, munyori anobvuma kuti hondo inodhura zvakapetwa kaviri.

April 17. Pazuva rino mu1965, kufamba kwekutanga kuWashington pakurwa hondo yeVietnam kwakaitwa. Vadzidzi veDemocratic Society (SDS) vakatanga kufora vachikwevera vadzidzi zviuru gumi nezvishanu kusvika makumi mashanu kubva munyika yese, iyo Women's Strike for Peace, iyo Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Bob Moses weMississippi Freedom Summer, nevaimbi Joan Baez naPhil Ochs. Mibvunzo yakabvunzwa ipapo nemutungamiriri weSDS Paul Paul Potter ichiri kushanda nanhasi: "Nderudzii rwesystem rwunoruramisa United States kana nyika ipi neipi inobata magumo evanhu veVietnam nekuishandisa zvisina tsarukano pachinangwa chayo? Nderupi rudzi rwehurongwa hunodzikisira vanhu muSouth, hunosiya mamirioni pamamirioni avanhu munyika yese varombo uye vakasiyiwa kubva kune chikuru uye vimbiso yenzanga yeAmerica, iyo inogadzira nzvimbo dzisina huchenjeri uye dzinotyisa uye dzinoita idzo nzvimbo vanhu vanopedzera hupenyu hwavo. uye voita basa ravo, iro rinogara richiisa hunhu pamberi pezvakakosheswa nevanhu- uye richiramba richizvidana kuti rakasununguka uye richiramba richizviwana richikodzera kupurisa nyika? Ndeipi nzvimbo iripo kune varumewo zvavo mune iyo sisitimu uye sei ivo kuti vazvidzore ... Tinofanira kutumidza iyo system. Tinofanira kuitumidza zita, kuritsanangura, kuriongorora, kuzvinzwisisa uye kuzvishandura. Nekuti ndepaya chete kana system ikashandurwa ikaiswa pasi pehutongi panogona kuve netariro yekumisa masimba anogadzira hondo muVietnam nhasi kana kuuraya muSouth mangwana kana zvese zvisingaverengeke, zvisingaverengeke hutsinye hwakavanzika hunoshandiswa vanhu kwese-nguva dzose. ”

April 18. Pazuva rino mu1997, "Sarudza Upenyu" mapimiro emapulazi akaitwa kuFifors zvombo zvekare muKarlskoga, kuSweden. Zita rekuti "miromo yemagejo" rinoreva chinyorwa chemuporofita Isaya uyo akati zvombo zvicharohwa kuita miromo yemagejo. Zvirongwa zvePlowshares zvakazozivikanwa mukutanga kwema1980s apo varatidziri vakati wandei vakaparadza nyukireya musoro wemhino. Bofors aive mutengesi wezvombo kuIndonesia. Sezvakarondedzerwa nemuratidziri Art Laffin, vaviri vekuSweden varwiri verunyararo, Cecelia Redner, mupirisita muchechi yeSweden, naMarja Fischer, mudzidzi, vakapinda mufekitori yeBofors Arms muKariskoga, Sweden, vakadyara muapuro ndokuyedza kudzora chombo canon ichitumirwa kuIndonesia. Cecilia akapomerwa mhosva yekukuvadza zvakaipa uye Marija nekubatsira. Vaviri ava vakapomerwawo kutyora mutemo unochengetedza zvivakwa "zvakakosha munharaunda." Vakadzi vaviri ava vakatongerwa mhosva musi waFebruary 25, 1998. Vakakakavara, pamusoro pekukanganisa kwakadzokororwa nemutongi, kuti, mumashoko aRedner, "Kana nyika yangu iri kurwisa mudzvanyiriri handibvumidzwe kuva munhu anoteerera uye anoteerera, nekuti zvaizondiita kuti ndive nemhosva kune mhosva yekuparadza rudzi muEast Timor. Ini ndoziva zviri kuitika uye ini handigone kungopomera hudzvanyiriri hweIndonesia kana hurumende yangu. Kuita kwedu kwegeji yaive nzira yekuti isu titore mutoro nekuita takabatana nevanhu veEast Timor. " Fischer akawedzera, "Takaedza kudzivirira mhosva, uye icho chisungo maererano nemutemo wedu." Redner akatongerwa faindi uye makore makumi maviri nematatu edzidzo yekururamisa. Fischer akatongerwa faindi uye makore maviri akaturika mutongo. Hapana mutongo wejeri wakaiswa.

April 19. Pazuva rino mu1775, kuchinja kweUnited States kwakachinja zvechisimba nehondo kuLexington uye Concord. Iyi shanduko yakatevera kukura kwekushandisa kwemaitiro asiri echisimba anowanzo sanganisirwa neanotevera maira, kusanganisira kuratidzira kukuru, kurova, kusimudzira kwekugadzira kwemuno nekuzvimiririra, kuvandudzwa kwemakomiti ekunyorerana, uye kutora simba remuno munzvimbo zhinji dzekumaruwa Massachusetts. Hondo yechisimba yekusununguka kubva kuBritain yaitungamirwa zvakanyanya nevarume vakapfuma varidzi varidzi minda mumakoloni. Nepo mhedzisiro yacho yaisanganisira iyo yaive yenguva yekutyora Bumbiro neBill Yekodzero, iyo shanduko yaive chikamu chehondo hombe pakati pevaFrance neBritish, ingadai isina kutorwa pasina vaFrance, vakaendesa simba kubva kune vamwe vakuru kuenda kune vamwe, zvakaumbwa hapana chiito chevanhu vazhinji chekuenzanisa, vakaona kupandukira nevarimi varombo uye vakaitwa varanda sevanhu kakawanda sepakutanga, uye vakaona vanhu vachipukunyuka nhapwa kuti vatsigire divi reBritain. Kumwe kukurudzira kwehondo kwaive kuchengetedza kwehuranda, zvichitevera kukura kwesangano reBritish rekudzima uye mutongo wedare reBritain wakasunungura murume anonzi James Sommerset. Patrick Henry "ndipei rusununguko kana ndipei rufu" zvaive zvisina kungonyorwa makumi emakore mushure mekufa kwaHenry, asi aive nevanhu sevaranda uye anga asiri panjodzi yekuve iye. Kurudziro yehondo yaive chishuwo chekuwedzera kumadokero, kuuraya nekubira vanhu vemo. Kunge hondo zhinji dzeUS kubva ipapo, yekutanga yaive hondo yekuwedzera. Kunyepedzera kuti hondo yanga isingadzivisike kana kudikanwa inoyamurwa nekuregeredza chokwadi chekuti Canada, Australia, India, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzaisada hondo.

April 20. Pazuva iri mu1999, vadzidzi vaviri paColumbine High School muLittleton, Colorado, vakapinda mhirizhonga, vachiuraya 13 vanhu uye vakakuvadza kupfuura vamwe 20 vasati vatora zvombo zvavo pachavo uye kuzviuraya. Panguva iyoyo, iyi ndiyo yakanga iri yakaipisisa kuputira kuchikoro mumusangano weUnited States uye yakakonzera kukakavadzana kwenyika pamusoro pekutonga kwepfuti, kuchengetedza chikoro, uye masimba akadzingirira varume vaviri vepfuti, Eric Harris, 18, uye Dylan Klebold, 17. Kutaura nezvekudzivirira kwepfuti, National Rifle Association yakagadzira chikwata chekutsvaga icho chaiita sechichigamuchirwa sechinhu chinonzwisisika kuwedzerwa kwekuchecherwa kwemashure kwakatotanga kunoda pane zvigadzirwa zvepfuti uye mabheji pawn pamitambo yepfuti, apo zvombo zvevaurayi zvave zvichitengeswa nechisimba ne shamwari. Pamusoro pezviitiko, zvisinei, iyo NRA yakagadzira $ 1.5-mamiriyoni ekumanikidzira kuedza kwakapedzisira kuuraya bhiriro nenzira chaiyo yakadaro ichimirira muCongress. Kuedza kwakaitwawo kuti zvive nekuchengetedza chikoro kuchengetedzwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwekamera, kushandiswa kwesimbi uye vamwe vakachengeteka varindi, asi vakaratidza kusakosha pakugumisa chisimba. Pakati pemaitiro akawanda ekuedza kunzwisisa psychopathology yevaurayi, filimu yaMichael Moore yemafirimu Bowling kuColumbine yakaratidza zvakasimba pakusangana kwetsika pakati pezviito zvevaurayi uye nyika yeAmerica yehondo-inoratidzwa zvose nehondo zvekare uye kuve pedyo kwaCheheed Martin, chigadzirwa chikuru chezvombo. Mumwe muongorori wefirimu yaMoore anoratidza kuti izvi zviratidzo, uye imwe inoratidza migumisiro yehurombo pakuputsa kubatana kwemhuri, zvinonongedza zvakajeka kune zvose zvisizvo zvezvinhu zvehugandanga muhurumende yeUnited States uye nzira chete inogona kupedzwa zvachose.

April 21. Pazuva iri mu1989, vamwe vadzidzi veYunivhesiti yeChina veYunivhesiti vakaungana kuBeijing Tiananmen Square kuti vayeuke rufu rwaHu Yaobang, mutungamiri wekuchinja mutungamiriri weChinese Communist Party, uye kuti vanzwe kusagutsikana kwavo nehurumende yeChina yehurumende. Zuva rakatevera, pamusangano wekuyeuchidza hurumende wakaitirwa Hu muHanananmen's Great Hall of the People, hurumende yakasiya kuda kwevadzidzi kusangana naChishanu Li Peng. Izvozvo zvakatungamirira kumudzidzi anodzidzisa zvinyorwa zvekuChinese, akapararira kudana kwekuchinja kwehupfumi, uye, pasinei nehuyeuchidzo hurumende, mudzidzi anoenda kuTiananmen Square. Kupfuura vhiki dzinotevera, vashandi, vadzidzisi, uye vashandi vehurumende vakabatana nemuenzaniso wevadzidzi, uye pakati peMay mazana ezviuru zvevamiririri vakapinda mumigwagwa yeBeijing. Musi waMay 20, hurumende yakaratidza mutemo wemauto muguta, ichidana mumauto uye matangi kuparadzira mapoka evanhu. Musi waJune 3, mauto, achirairwa kuti achakwanise kujekesa Tiananmen Square nemigwagwa yeBeijing, akaurayiwa mazana evarongi uye akasungwa zviuru. Zvisinei, vanopikisa vachiti "rugare rwekuda kwekushandura hurumende mukutarisana nekudzvinyirira kwechisimba kwakavhiringidza kunzwira tsitsi uye kushatirwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Ushingi hwavo hwakanga hwave hunoitwa nhepfenyuro nehuwandu hwemashoko ehurumende munaJune 5^th pane imwe mifananidzo inoyevedza iyo inoratidza murume mumwe chete akachena-akabatwa, anonzi "Tank Man," akamira mukunyengedzera pamberi pekona yevanhu-kuparadzira matangi emasoja. Vhiki nhatu gare gare, United States nedzimwe nyika dzakapa zvigadziro zvezvemari kuChina. Kunyange zvazvo zvikwereti zvakagadzirisa hupfumi hwenyika, kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda kwakatanga zvakare mukunonoka kwe1990, nemhaka yekuti chikamu chekubudiswa kweChina kwemazana mazana evasungwa vakapikisa.

April 22. Iri ndiro Zuva rePasi, uyewo zuva rokuzvarwa kwaImanuel Kant. J. Sterling Morton, mutori wenhau anobva kuNebraska uyo akatsigira kudyarwa kwemiti mhiri kwenzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzenyika muna 1872, achiratidza musi waApril 10 sezuva rekutanga re "Arbor Day" Zuva reArbor rakava zororo repamutemo makore gumi gare gare, uye rakaendeswa kunaApril 22 mukuremekedza zuva rekuzvarwa kwaMorton. Zuva iri rakapembererwa munyika yese se "nguva yekutema miti" yakaunzwa nekuwedzera kweUS pakati pe1890 na1930 kutema masango. Pakazosvika 1970, kufamba kuri kukura kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza nharaunda kubva mukusvibiswa kwakatsigirwa naWisconsin Gavhuna Gaylord Nelson neSan Francisco mumiriri John McConnell. Kufora kwekutanga kwe "Zuva rePasi" kwakaitika paChitubu Equinox gore iro, Kurume 21, 1970. Zviitiko zvePasi reZuva zvinoramba zvichiitwa muUS munaMarch 21 naApril 22nd. Immanuel Kant, musayendisiti wechiGerman uye muzivi, akazvarwawo musi waApril 22, muna 1724. Kant akaita zvakawandisa zvakakosha zvesainzi, asi anozivikanwa zvikuru nemipiro yake kuuzivi. Yake uzivi yakanangana nemabatiro atinozvimiririra kuvaka edu epasirese. Zvinoenderana nezviito zvevanhu vaKant zvinofanirwa kubatwa kumitemo yetsika. Mhedziso yaKant nezve izvo chaizvo zvinodiwa kuti mumwe nemumwe wedu awane nyika iri nani ndeyekushandira zvakanakira vese. Idzi pfungwa dzakabatana neavo vanotsigira kuchengetedzwa kwePasi, pamwe neavo vanoshandira rugare. Mumashoko aKant, "Kuti runyararo rwutonge paPasi, vanhu vanofanirwa kushanduka kuita zvisikwa zvitsva zvadzidza kuona zvese zvekutanga."

April 23. Pazuva rino mu1968, vadzidzi veColumbia University vakatora zvivakwa kuratidzira kutsvagisa kwehondo & nekupaza zvivakwa muHarlem kwenzvimbo itsva yekurovedza muviri. Vhivhesiti mhiri kweUnited States vakapikiswa nevadzidzi vachibvunza nezvebasa rekudzidzisa mune tsika inokurudzira kutyisa kwehondo, kusingagumi kushandura, kukanganisa rusarura uye zvepabonde. Kuwanikwa kwevadzidzi pamapepa anoratidza kuParctica kusangana neDhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reIndaneti yekudzivirirwa kwekudzivirira iyo yakatsvakurudza hondo muVietnam, pamwe nehukama hwayo kuROTC, yakatungamirira mukurwisana neVadzidzi veDemocratic Society (SDS). Vakabatanidzwa nevakawanda, kusanganisira mudzidzi Afro-American Society (SOS) avo vakarambawo kuitirwa gym kwakagadzirwa naColumbia mu Morningside Park vachidzinga mazana eAfrika America vaigara pasi paHarlem. Iyo mapurisa anobata basa akaendesa kune chikwata-chikwata chevadzidzi chakavhara Columbia kubva kune imwe svondo yakasara. Kunyange zvazvo mhirizhonga paColumbia yaitungamirira kukurohwa nekusungwa kwevadzidzi ve1,100, zvinopfuura 100 mamwe maitiro emusangano zvaive zvichiitika kuUnited States mu1968. Iri ndiro gore ravadzidzi vakaona kuurayiwa kweMartin Luther King naRobert F. Kennedy, uye zviuru zvevanhu vanopesana nehondo vanopikisa vachirohwa, vakaputika, uye vakasungwa nemapurisa paDemocratic National Convention muChicago. Pakuguma, mhirizhonga yavo yakafuridzira kuchinja kukuru kunodiwa. Kutsvaga hondo yekutsvaga haisati yaitwa kuColumbia, ROTC yakabuda musasa pamwe chete nehondo neCIA recruiters, gym pfungwa yakasiyiwa, musangano wechikadzi uye dzidziso dzemarudzi zvakatanga. Uye pakupedzisira, hondo yeVietnam, pamwe nekunyora, yakazoguma.

April 24. Pazuva iri muna 1915, mazana emakwikwi eArmenian akangwara, akabatwa, uye akadzingwa kubva muguta reTurkey guta reConstantinople (ikozvino Istanbul) kuenda kunharaunda yeAnkara, uko vazhinji vakazopedzisira vaurayiwa. Vakatungamirirwa neboka revashanduri vanozivikanwa se "Young Turks," avo vakanga vauya mu1908, hurumende yeMuslim yeUttoman Empire yaifunga kuti vaKristu vasiri veTurkey ndivo vanotyisidzira kuchengeteka kweumambo. Maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, naizvozvo rakagadzirirwa ku "Kurudzira," kana kuti kuchenesa tsika, caliphate kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kana kuuraya chiKristu chavo chechiArmenian. Muna 1914, vaTurkey vakapinda muHondo Yenyika I kune rumwe rutivi rweGermany neAustro-Hungarian Empire, uye vakataura hondo tsvene kune vose vasina kubhabhatidzwa. Apo Armenia yakaronga hondo dzezvipiri kuti dzibatsire uto reRussia kurwisana neTurkey muCaucasus, va Young Young vakanyengetedza kubviswa kwemauto evaArmenia kubva kunzvimbo dzehondo pamwe neEastern Front. Zvizvarwa zveArmenia zvakatumirwa pamafambiro erufu pasina zvokudya kana mvura, uye makumi ezviuru ezvo akaurayiwa nokuuraya squads. Ne1922, pasi pe400,000 yemuAmerica maviri miriyoni yepakutanga yakagara muUtoman Empire. Kubvira pakuzvipira kwayo muHondo Yenyika I, hurumende yeTurkey yakanyatsopupura kuti yakasaita hutongerwo hwemaArmenia, asi mabasa anokosha ehondo kune vanhu yaionekwa semusimba wevavengi. Muna 2010, zvisinei, US Congressional panel yakazopedzisira yaona kuurayiwa kwevanhu sehutongerwo enyika. Chiito chakabatsira kubvuma kunyanya kusatendeseka kana kutya kweZvamwe, mumakakatanwa emukati kana kumativi ose, zvinogona kuwedzera kusvika kune kuvenga kudzorera kunopfuura mitemo yose yetsika.

April 25. Pazuva rino mu1974, Carnation Revolution yakaparadza hurumende yePortugal, hudzvinyiriri hwekudzvinyirira hwakange hwave huripo kubva pa 1933 - hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inogara kwenguva refu muWestern Europe. Zvakatanga sekubvuta kwemauto, kwakarongedzwa neArmed Forces Movement (boka revatariri vemauto vaipokana nehutongi), nekukurumidza kwakava kumukira kwakakurumbira kusina ropa sezvo vanhu vairamba chikumbiro chekuti vagare mudzimba dzavo. Iyo Carnation Revolution inoitumidza zita kubva kumavara matsvuku - ivo vaive mumwaka - vakaiswa mumatomu epfuti dzemauto nevanhu vakajoinha navo mumigwagwa. Kubvuta uku kwakatsamwiswa nekusimbirira kwehutongi kuchengeta makoloni ayo, kwavakange vachirwisa vapanduki kubvira 1961. Idzi hondo dzaive dzakakurumbira kwete nevanhu kana nevazhinji mukati memasoja. Vechidiki vaifamba kuenda kunzvenga kunyoreswa. 40% yemari yePortugal yakadyiwa nehondo mu Africa. Nokukurumidza zvikuru mushure mekuzvitonga kuzere kwakapihwa kwaimbova makoloni ePortugal eGuinea Bisau, Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé nePríncipe, Angola neEast Timor. United States yakaita chinzvimbo chisina kujairika muCarnation Revolution. Henry Kissinger aipokana zvikuru nekuitsigira, kunyangwe paine kurudziro yakasimba kubva kumumiriri weUS. Akasimbirira kuti kwaive kumukira kwechikominisiti. Yakanga iri chete mushure mekushanya kuPortugal naTeddy Kennedy uye kurudziro yake yakasimba yekutsigira chimurenga iyo US yakasarudza kuzviita. MuPortugal, kupemberera chiitiko ichi, Kubvumbi 25 rava zororo renyika, rinozivikanwa seZuva reRusununguko. Iyo Carnation Revolution inoratidza kuti haufanire kushandisa chisimba uye hukasha kuti uwane rugare.

April 26. Pazuva iri mu1986, njodzi yenyukireya yakaipisisa yenyika yakaitika paChernobyl simiti yezvombo zvenyukireya pedyo nePypyat, Ukraine, muSoviet Union. Iyi njodzi yakaitika munguva yechiratidzo kuona kuti muti wacho waizoshanda sei kana warasikirwa nesimba. Miti yepakita yakaita zvikanganiso zvakasiyana panguva yekugadzirisa, kuumba nzvimbo isina kugadzikana muNo. 4 reactor iyo yakaguma nemoto uye kuputika kwechitatu kwakabvarura 1,000-ton yepamusoro yehuni. Sezvo iyo inoratidzika yakanyunguduka pasi, maira anopisa 1,000 tsoka kusvika mudenga kwemazuva maviri, kuputira mazaya emhepo inopararira pamusoro kumadokero Soviet Union neEurope. Vose vakaita se70,000 vagari munharaunda yacho vakatambura nemhepo yakawanda yehuipi inouraya, iyo yakafa zviuru zvevanhu, sezvakafungidzirwa kuti vashandi veHNUMX clean-up panzvimbo yeChernobyl. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakasanganisira kusungirirwa kwekumanikidzirwa kweHNUMX vagari mune imwe nzvimbo ye 4,000-mile yakapoteredza Chernobyl, kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekuremererwa kwekuberekwa munzvimbo yacho, uye kanowanikwa kakapetwa kawere kanzera yekrosi muUkraine. Kubva pane njodzi yeChernobyl, nyanzvi dzakaratidza zvakasiyana-siyana maonero pamusoro pekugoneka kwesimba renyukireya senzvimbo inopa simba. Semuyenzaniso, The New York Times yakashamiswa pakarepo ichitevera njodzi yenyukireya yaMarch 2011 muJapan yeFukushima Daiichi nuclear nuclear plant "kuti maJapan atotora matanho anofanira kudzivirira njodzi yacho kuva imwe Chernobyl, kunyange kana mamwe majekesi akabudiswa." Ukuwo, Helen Caldicott, akatanga Physicians for Social Responsibility, yakataurwa muna April 2011 Times op-ed kuti "hapana chimwe chinhu chakadai senzira yakachengeteka yemasana" uye kuti, saka, simba renyukireya haringafaniri kushandiswa.

April 27. Pazuva iri mu1973, hurumende yeBritain yakagumisa kusunungurirwa kwevanhu vose vezvizvarwa zve Diego Garcia nedzimwe zviwi zveChagos Archipelago iri pakati peIndia Ocean. Kutanga muna 1967, vanhu vatatu kusvika kune vane zviuru zvitatu vanogara pachiwi, vanozivikanwa se "Chagossia," vaitakurwa mumotokari yemasitadhi inotakura ku Mauritius, aichimbova mutongi weBritain muIndia Ocean pane 1,000 makiromita kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwegungwa yeAfrica. Kubudiswa kwacho kwave kutaurwa muchibvumirano che 1966 umo United Kingdom yakabvisa zvitsuwa, inozivikanwa zvakajeka seBritish Indian Ocean Territory, kuU.S. kuti ishandiswe se geopolitically strategic strategic base. Mukudzoka, vaBritish vakagamuchira mari yekuputsa mari yeUnited States nokuda kwezvombo zvayo zvepasi-yakatangwa Polaris ICBM system. Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano chacho chakabatsira kune dzimwe nyika mbiri, avo vakadzingwa Chagos Islanders muMauritius vakarwa nesimba kwazvo kuti vararame. Vakapiwa mari yekugoverwa mari ye650,000 British pounds mu1977, asi avo vanotarisira kudzokera kuna Diego Garcia vakaramba vakavigwa pasi pemunyengetero nemhosva. Pakupedzisira, munaNovember 2016, hurumende yeBritain yakabudisa murairo wakaoma. Kutaura "zvinoita, zvidziviriro uye kuchengeteka, uye zvinodhura kumubhadhara weBritain," hurumende yakaratidza kuti vagari vemo vakadzingwa kubva kumisha yavo anenge anenge zana remakore zana vasati vambobvumirwa kudzoka. Pane kudaro, yakawedzerwa nemamwe makore e20 mari yeUnited States yenharaunda yayo yeIndia kuti ishandiswe senzvimbo yehondo, uye yakavimbisa vaKagossia vakatapwa zvimwe mapaundi ane 40-miriyoni. Bhuku rinonzi UK Chagos Support Association, nokuda kwechikamu chayo, rakanyorera maBritish achitonga "chisarudzo chisina maturo uye chisina tsitsi chinonyadzisa rudzi."

April 28. Nezuva iri mu1915, International Congress yevakadzi, inoumbwa nevamwe vamiririri ve1,200 vanobva kunyika ye12, vakaungana muHague, Netherlands, kuvaka mazano ekubatsira kupedzisa hondo iyo inofamba muEurope uye kutanga chirongwa chekudzivirira hondo yeramangwana ne kudzidza uye kuronga nzira dzokubvisa zvikonzero zvavo. Kuti vavandudze chinangwa chavo chokutanga, gungano rekugadza rakabudisa mazano uye vakatumira vamiririri kune vazhinji vevanhu vakadzvinyirira muHondo Yenyika I, vachitenda kuti, sevakadzi, chiito chavo chorugare chinogona kuva nemafungiro akanaka. Asi, nokuda kwebasa rinoenderera rokudzidza uye kubvisa zvikonzero zvehondo, vakasika sangano idzva rainzi Women's International League for Runyararo uye Rusununguko (WILPF). Mutungamiri wekutanga wezvematongerwo enyika, Jane Addams, akagamuchirwa nemutungamiri weWorld Woodrow Wilson kuWashington, uyo akatora mapfumbamwe emakwikwi ane gumi ane gumi akakurumbira ekutaurirana nezvekuguma kweHondo Yenyika I pane pfungwa dzakagadzirwa naWILPF. Iyo yakabatanidzwa muGeneva, Switzerland, iyo League inoshanda nhasi kune dzimwe nyika, nyika, uye mahara, uye nhengo dzenyika yose pasi rose, kuronga misangano uye nhaurirano dzinodzidza uye dzinotarisa nyaya dzinokosha dzezuva racho. Pakati pavo, kune rumwe rutivi, kune kodzero dzakakwana dzevakadzi uye kururamisira kwemadzinza uye ehupfumi. Panyika yose, sangano rinoshanda kuti riendese mberi runyararo uye rusununguko, kutumira mahofisi kune dzimwe nyika dziri mumakakatanwa, uye, pamwe nehurumende dzenyika dzakawanda nehurumende, kuunza kugadzirisa kugadzikana kwemakakatanwa. Nokuda kwekuita kwavo mumabasa aya, vatungamiri vaviri veLigi vakakunda Nobel Peace Prize: Jane Addams mu1931 uye, mu1946, Munyori Wenyika Dzepasi Pose weWILPF, Emily Greene Balch.

April 29. Pazuva iri mu1975, sezvo South Vietnam yakange yava kuda kuwira kumasimba eCommunist, kupfuura va1,000 veAmerica uye 5,000 Vietnamese vakadzingwa nehelicopter kubva muguta guru, Saigon, kuenda kumahombe eU.South South Sea. Kushandiswa kwe helicopter kwakanga kwave kutongororwa nebhaibheri rakakura raSaigon's Tan Son Nhut hofisi yekare kare. Kunyange zvazvo yakakura zvikuru, basa racho raive rakafukidzirwa nerwendo rusingabvumirwi rweimwe 65,000 South Vietnamese iyo, mumabhazi ehove, mabheji, maitiro akazvigadzirira, uye sampan, aitarisira kuitisa kuzvikepe zvehondo zve 40 US pakuona. Kubviswa kwacho kwakateverwa nemakore anopfuura maviri chibvumirano cherugare chakasayirwa munaJanuary 1973 nevamiriri veAmerica, South Vietnam, Vietcong, uye North Vietnam. Yakadana kuguma-moto mukati meVietnam, kubviswa kwemauto eUnited States, kusunungurwa kwevasungwa vehondo, uye kubatana kweNorth uye South Vietnam nehukama hune rugare. Kunyange zvazvo mauto ese eUnited States ainge asimuka kuVietnam neChitatu 1973, vamwe vashandi vehurumende yeChnUMX yeZviviri vakachengetwa shure kuti vabatsire mauto eSouth Vietnam mukudzokorora kukanganisa kwekumisa moto neNorth Vietnam uye Vietcong kuti yakakurumidza kuwedzera zvakare kuhondo yakazara. Apo hondo yakaguma neSaigon pakunaya kwaApril 7,000, 30, North North Colonel Bui Tin yakataura kune yeSouth Vietnamese yakasara: "Hauna chinhu chekutya. Pakati peVietnameni hapana vakunda uye hapana vanokunda. Vaya veAmerica chete vakundwa. "Kwaiva pamutengo, kunyange zvakadaro, ye1975 America yakafa uye hupenyu hwehuwandu hwemamiriyoni mana emasisiteni eVietnam nevevanhu.

April 30. Pazuva rino muC1977, vanhu ve1,415 vakasungwa mukurwisana kunoshamisa kwechigadzirwa chemagetsi enyukireya iyo ichivakwa muSeabrook, New Hampshire. Pakukonzera imwe yenhamba yakawanda yakasungwa mumhoroondo yeUnited States, mhirizhonga yeSeabrook yakabatsira kubvisa kurwisa kwenyika yenyu simba renyukireya uye yakaita basa rinokosha pakurambidza zvido zveAmerican nuclear industry uye vezvematongerwo enyika vanovaka mapoka emagetsi evanhu munyika yose. Pakutanga rakagadzirirwa kuita zvinhu zviviri kuti zviuye paIndaneti ne1981 pamutengo wemadhora anodarika $ 1 mabhiriyoni, kuiswa kweSeabrook kwakaguma kwakaderedzwa kusvika kune rimwe chete rinodhura $ 6.2 bhiriyoni uye risina kuuya pakushambadzira paIndaneti kusvika 1990. Mumakore ose aya, muchero weSeabrook wakachengetedza rekuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka. Yakabatanidzwawo basa rinokosha pakubatsira hurumende yeMassachusetts kuchiteerera kutemerwa kunokonzerwa nemakisi emhepo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanopesana nenyukireya-vatsigiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanotaura zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuenderera mberi kwemaitiro ekuvhara magetsi enyukireya, pane kuvaka mamwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira kukwidzika kwepamusoro nekugadzirisa mari; kukurudzira kunowedzera kwezvimwe zvinoshandiswa kuchenesa patsva magetsi; migumisiro yakaipisisa yemugadziri wechirwere inopera-pasi; kudikanwa kwekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekubuda kwemauto; uye, zvichida kunyanya kukosha, dambudziko rinoramba riripo rekuchengetedzwa kwakachengeteka kwezvinhu zvenyukireya. Kushushikana kwakadaro, kwakaburitswa kuzivikanwa kwevanhu mune chikamu senhaka yekupemberera kweSeabrook, kwakaderedza zvikuru basa rekugadzira simba remagetsi enyu muUnited States. Ne 2015, nhamba yepamusoro ye 112 reactors muUnited States mu1990s yakanga yakatemwa ku99. Zvimwe zvinomwe zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvivhare mumakore gumi anotevera.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

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Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

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Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.