Kurume

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March 1. Zuva reKisimusi Rusina Rusununguko uye Rwakazvimirira, aka Bikini Zuva. Zuva rino rinoratidza chiitiko chekudzimwa kweUnited State's thermo-nuclear hydrogen bomb 'Bravo' paBikini Atoll kuMicronesia mu1954. Muna 1946, mukuru wemauto anomiririra hurumende yeUnited States akakumbira vanhu veBikini kana vaizove vachida kusiya chikwata chavo "kwenguva pfupi" kuitira kuti United States inotanga kuongorora mabhomu eatomu kuitira "kunaka kwevanhu uye kugumisa hondo dzenyika yose. "Vanhu vakadziviswa kuti vasadzokera kumusha wavo kubvira panguva iyo nekuda kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwakasara huripo. Uku kuputika kwe1954 kwakakonzera gorosi kupfuura mamita 200 yakadzika uye makiromita yakafara, kutyisa yakawanda yemakorori ayo akayamwa mumhepo pamwe chete nemafuta akawanda emvura yegungwa. Mishonga inowanikwa muatolls inogarwa yeRongerik, Ujelang, uye Likiep rose zvinoshamisa zvakare. IUnited States Navy haina kutumira ngarava kuti dzibude vanhu veRongelap naUutirik kusvikira anenge mazuva matatu mushure mokunge kuputika. Vanhu veMarshall Islands uye nzvimbo dzaive pedyo nePacific vainyanya kushandiswa sevanhu venguruve mutsva mukuedza kusina utsinye kweUnited States kutevera zvombo zvenyukireya. Zuva rePasipure Iripo uye risina Pachake ndiro zuva rekuyeuka kuti pfungwa dzekolonialist dzakabvumira, uye nenzira dzakawanda dzakakurudzirwa, utsinye hwakataurwa pamusoro pano huripo nhasi, sezvo Pacific inoramba isiri yenyukireya pasina kana kuzvimiririra. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rekupikisa zvombo zvenyukireya.

March 2. Pazuva rino mu1955, mwedzi miviri Rosa Parks asati asvika, wechidiki Claudette Colvin akasungwa muMontgomery, Alabama, nekuda kwekusiya bhasi rake bhiza kune munhu chena. Colvin mupiyona weAmerican Civil Rights Movement. Musi waMarch 2^nd, 1955, Colvin akange akatasva kumba achibva kuchikoro mubhazi reguta apo mutyairi webhazi akamuudza kuti ape chigaro chake kune muchena mufambi. Colvin akaramba kuzviita, achiti, “Ikodzero yangu mubumbiro remutemo kugara pano zvakanyanya semukadzi iyeye. Ndabhadhara mari yangu, ikodzero yangu mubumbiro remutemo. ” Akanzwa achimanikidzwa kumira akatsiga. "Ndainzwa kunge Mutorwa Chokwadi chaive kusundira pasi pabendekete rimwe uye Harriet Tubman aisundira pasi kune rimwe achiti" Gara pasi musikana! Ndakanamirwa pachigaro changu, ”akadaro Newsweek. Colvin akasungwa achipomerwa mhosva dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira kutyora mitemo yeguta rekuparadzanisa. Sangano reNational Association rekusimudzira kweVanhu Vemavara zvakapfupisa kufunga nezvenyaya yaColvin kupokana nemitemo yekusarura, asi vakasarudza kuzvipokana nekuda kwezera rake. Zvizhinji zvekunyora nezvenhoroondo yekodzero dzevanhu muMontgomery zvakanangana nekusungwa kwaRosa Parks, mumwe mukadzi akaramba kusiya chigaro chake mubhazi, mwedzi mipfumbamwe Colvin. Ipo Parks ichiziviswa segamba rekodzero dzevanhu, nyaya yaClaudette Colvin yakagamuchira zvishoma. Nepo basa rake mukurwira kupedza rusarura muMontgomery ringave risingazivikanwe zvakanyanya, Colvin akabatsira kufambisira mberi kodzero dzekanzuru muguta.

March 3. Pazuva rino mu1863, mutemo wekutanga weUnited States wakapedzwa. Yaiva neshoko rinopa maitiro ekuregererwa mukutsinhanisa $ 300. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika, US Congress yakapa chibvumirano chakaita kuti nguva yehondo yekutanga yehondo ive yakagadzirwa nevaAmerica munhoroondo yeAmerica. Chiitiko chacho chaida kubhadharwa kwevarume vose pakati pemakore e20 ne45, kusanganisira 'vatorwa' vaiva nechinangwa chokuva vagari, muna April 1st. Kuregererwa kubva pakunyorwa kunogona kutengwa kwe $ 300 kana nekuwana shanduro draftee. Iri chinyorwa chakatungamirira kumhirizhonga yekubuda ropa muNew York City, apo vapikisi vakatsamwira kuti kuregererwa kwakapiwa chete kune vagari vakapfuma zvikuru veUnited States, sezvo pasina murombo aigona kutenga mari iyi. Kunyange zvazvo Hondo Yenyika yakaona yekutanga kusungirirwa kwevagari vomuUnited States kubasa rehondo, basa re 1792 neCongress raida kuti vose vakagadzikana vagari vemuzvitenga vatenge bhuti uye vabatane nehurumende yavo yehurumende. Paiva pasina chirango chekusateerera kwechiito ichi. Congress yakapawo chibvumirano chekushandira muhurumende panguva yeHondo ye1812, asi hondo yakapera izvi zvisati zvatemwa. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika, hurumende yeChristian States of America yakagadzawo gwaro rakamanikidzwa remauto ehondo. IU.S. yakagadza hondo yezvehondo zvakare munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, mu1940 kuita kuti US igare yakagadzirira kupindira kwayo muHondo Yenyika II, uye munguva yeHondo yeKorea. Hondo yekupedzisira yeuto reUnited States yakaitika panguva yeHondo yeVietnam.

March 4. Pazuva rino muC1969, Union yeAnnedned Scientists (kana kuti UCS) yakavakwa. Iyo UCS iboka risingabatsiri yesainzi rekukurudzira iro rakavambwa nemasayendisiti nevadzidzi paMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Gore iro, Hondo yeVietnam yaive pakakwirira uye Cleveland's yakasviba kwazvo Cuyahoga Rwizi yakanga yatsva moto. Vashamiswa nemabatirwo aiitwa hurumende yeUS zvisirizvo nesainzi zvehondo pamwe nekuparadza nharaunda, ivo UCS vakagadzira chirevo vachidaidzira kuti tsvagiridzo yesainzi iendeswe kure nehunyanzvi hwemauto uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ekudzvinyirira ezvakatipoteredza. Gwaro rekuvamba kwesangano rinoti rakaumbwa "kutanga kuongororwa kwakasimba uye kuenderera mberi kwehurongwa hwehurumende munzvimbo dzesainzi uye tekinoroji iri yechokwadi kana inogona kukosha" uye "kuronga nzira dzekushandura mafomu ekutsvagisa kure nekusimbisa kwazvino tekinoroji yemauto mhinduro yekumanikidza kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro. ” Sangano rinoshandisa masayendisiti, economists, uye mainjiniya vanoita mune zvakatipoteredza uye chengetedzo nyaya, pamwe nevakuru uye vanotsigira vashandi. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo UCS inotarisa pane yakachena simba uye yakachengeteka uye inochengetedza zvakatipoteredza maitiro ekurima. Sangano rakazvipirawo zvakanyanya kudzikisa maoko enyukireya. IUCS yakabatsira kusundira Seneti yeUS kuti ibvumidze Chibvumirano cheNew Strategic Arms Reduction Chibvumirano (Nyowani Nyowani) kudzikisa zvombo zvenyukireya zveUS neRussia. Kuderedzwa uku kwakatemera pasi nyika mbiri dzakawandisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Mamwe masangano mazhinji akabatana nebasa iri, uye kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvekuitwa.

March 5. Pazuva rino mu1970, sangano rekushandisa kwe nyukireya risina kuwedzera rakatanga kushanda mushure mokunge nyika dze43 dzichiratidza. Chibvumirano chekusava nekuwedzera kwezvombo zvenyukireya, inowanzozivikanwa seNon-Proliferation Chibvumirano kana NPT, chibvumirano chepasi rose nechinangwa chekudzivirira kupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya uye tekinoroji yezvombo, nekusimudzira kubatana mukushandisa zvine rugare kwesimba renyukireya. Pamusoro pezvo, chibvumirano ichi chine tarisiro yekuenderera mberi nechinangwa chekuzadzisa zvombo zvenyukireya uye zvachose uye kupedza zvombo. Chibvumirano chakatanga kushanda zviri pamutemo muna 1970. Musi waMay 11, 1995, chibvumirano ichi chakawedzerwa nekusingaperi. Nyika zhinji dzakanamatira kuNPT kupfuura chero chibvumirano chero chipi zvacho chekumisikidza maoko nekuzvidzivirira, chinova chiratidzo chekukosha kwechibvumirano. Nyika gumi nenomwe dzakabatana chibvumirano ichi. India, Israel, Pakistan, neSouth Sudan, ina nhengo dzeUnited Nations, hadzina kumbobatana neNPT. Chibvumirano ichi chinoona United States, Russia, UK, France, neChina senyika shanu dzenyukireya. Dzimwe nyika ina dzinozivikanwa kuva nezvombo zvenyukireya: India, North Korea, nePakistan, izvo zvakazvibvuma, neIsrael, iyo inoramba kutaura nezvazvo. Mapato enyukireya pachibvumirano ichi anofanirwa kutevedzera "nhaurwa mukutendeka pamatanho anoshanda ane chekuita nekumisa nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya pakutanga uye kuzvombo zvenyukireya." Kukundikana kwavo kuita izvi kwave kutungamira nyika dzisiri dzenyukireya kutsvaga chibvumirano chitsva chekurambidza zvombo zvenyukireya. Chipingamupinyi chakakwirira kana chibvumirano chitsva chakadai chikavambwa chichava kukurudzira nyika dzenyukireya kuti chibvumirane.

March 6. Pazuva iri muna 1967, Muhammad Ali akarayirwa neSelective Service kuti iendeswe muMuto reUnited States. Akaramba, achitaura kuti zvitendero zvake zvinomubvumira kuti auraye. Mushure mokunge vatendeukira kuIslam mu1964, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr akachinja zita rake kuti Muhammad Ali. Aizoenderera mberi kuti ave mhare yenyika katatu muhomwe. Munguva yehondo yeUnited States kuVietnam mu1967, Ali akaramba kupinda muuto. Nokuda kwekuramba kwake, Muhammad Ali akatongerwa kupukunyuka uye akatongerwa makore mashanu mujeri. Akange akabhadharwa zvemazana gumi emadhora uye akarambidzwa kubva pabhodhi kwemakore matatu. Ali akakwanisa kudzivisa nguva yejeri, asi haana kudzokera kumhete yebhokisi kusvikira October we1970. Mukati rose nguva Ali akarambidzwa kubva pabhodhi, akaenderera mberi kuratidza kupikisa kwake hondo muVietnam pamwe chete achigadzirira kudzokera kumutambo mu1970. Akatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya kubva kuvanhu nekuda kwehondo zvakasununguka, asi akaramba akatendeka kune zvaaidavira kuti zvakanga zvisina kururama kurwisa vanhu veVietnam apo vaAfrica vemuAmerica munyika yavo vaibatwa zvisina kunaka zuva rega rega. Kunyange Ali aizivikanwa nokuda kwesimba rake netarenda yakabatana pakurwa muhomwe yebhokisi, akanga asiri mubatsiri asingafungi wechisimba. Akatora chimiro cherugare mune imwe nguva apo yaiva nengozi uye yakanyongedzwa kuti iite saizvozvo.

March 7. Pazuva rino mu1988, zvakanzi i Atlanta Division ye United States District Court akatonga kuti boka rorugare rinofanira kuva nekukwanisa kwakafanana kune vadzidzi kuchikoro chesekondari mazuva sevashandi vehondo. Kutonga, kwakabudiswa muna March 4, 1988, kwaive kupindura nyaya yakatorwa neAtlanta Peace Alliance (APA) iyo inotaura kuti Atlanta Board of Education yakaputsa kodzero yekutanga neyechina yekunamatira kuburikidza nekuramba APA nhengo mvumo yekupa ruzivo pamusoro pezvidzidzo nemabasa mikana inobatana nehukama kuvadzidzi muzvikoro zvevoruzhinji zveAtlanta. IAAPA yaida mukana iwoyo sevatori vechiuto kuti vaise mabhuku avo muchikoro chebhodhi dzemashoko, kuchikoro mahofisi ekutungamira, uye kuti vatore chikamu muChirongwa Chemazuva nevechidiki Mazuva Ekukurudzira. Musi waAugust 13, 1986, Dare rakatonga mukufarira APA uye rakarayira Bhodhi kuti ipe APA nemikana yakafanana inopiwa kuvaridzi vehondo. Zvisinei, Bhodhi yakaisa chikumbiro, chakapiwa musi waApril 17, 1987. Mhosva yacho yakaedzwa muna October 1987. Dare rakagumisa kuti APA yaiva nekodzero yokurapa zvakaenzana uye yakarayira Bhodhi reZvondo kupa mukana wakaenzana wekupa vadzidzi muzvikoro zvepamusoro zveAtlanta nevanhu vane ruzivo pamusoro pebasa mukugadzirisa runyararo uye mubasa rehondo nekuisa mabhuku pachikoro chemashoko epachikoro uye kuchikoro kutungamirira mahofisi. Mukutonga zvakare kuti APA yaiva nekodzero yekutora chikamu muChriser Days uye kuti mitemo nemirairo iyo inorambidza kutsoropodza kwemamwe mikana yemabasa uye iyo inosanganisa vatauriri vane chinangwa chekutanga chekudzivisa kusabatanidzwa mune imwe nzvimbo isingabvumirwi nokuti vanotyora kodzero yekutanga kuchinjwa.

March 8. Pazuva rino mu1965, muUnited States v. Seeger, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakawedzera iyo chikonzero chekuregererwa kuita basa rechiuto sechikonzero chehana. Mhosva iyi yainge yaunzwa nevanhu vatatu vaiti vakanyimwa chinzvimbo chekuramba nekuda kwehana nekuda kwekuti havasi veboka rinozivikanwa rechitendero. Kuramba uku kwaive kwakavakirwa pamitemo inowanikwa muUniversal Military Training and Service Act. Mitemo iyi inoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kusunungurwa muchiuto kana "zvitendero kana dzidziso yavo ichivaita kuti varambe kuenda kuhondo kana kupinda muchiuto." Kutenda kwechitendero kwakadudzirwa kunoreva kudavira "Munhu Mukurusa." Dudziro yezvitendero zvechitendero zvinoenderana nedudziro ye "Mukurumbira." Panzvimbo pekuchinja mitemo, Dare rakasarudza kuwedzera tsananguro ye "Mukurumbira." Dare rakati "Munhu Mukurusa" anofanirwa kuturikirwa achireva "pfungwa yesimba kana munhu, kana kutenda, uko zvimwe zvese zviri pasi pazvo kana izvo zvimwe zvese zvakatsamira pairi." Naizvozvo Dare rakapa mutongo wekuti "chinzvimbo chehana chinoramba nekuda kwehana hachigone kuchengetedzwa chete kune avo vanoti vanotevedzera zvirevo zvemunhu mukuru, asiwo kune avo vane pfungwa pamusoro pehondo dzinobva mukutenda kunoreva uye kwechokwadi kunogara muhupenyu hwe inobata nzvimbo inoenderana neiyo yakazadzwa naMwari weavo ”avo vaigara vachiregererwa. Tsananguro yakawedzeredzwa yezwi iri yakashandiswa zvakare kusiyanisa zvitendero kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro kana zvemafirosofi, izvo zvisati zvabvumidzwa kushandiswa pasi pemutemo wekuramba nehana.

March 9. Pazuva rino mu1945, United States yakapisa Tokyo. Mabhomba eepalm vakauraya inofungidzirwa vanhu veJNUMX vechiJapane, vakakuvadzwa mamiriyoni, dzimba dzakaparadzwa, uye vakaita kuti kunyange nzizi dzigire muTokyo. Izvi zvinoonekwa sechisimba chinouraya munhoroondo yehondo. Bhomba reTokyo rakateverwa atomic kurwisa kuparadza Hiroshima naNagasaki, uye vaifunga kutsiva kwekuJapan kuhondo pamusasa weuto paPearl Harbor. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakazotevera shure kwekuti maU.S. havana kungoziva chete nezvekugona kwekurwa kwePearl Harbor, asi yakatsamwisa. Mushure mokunge veUnited States vati Hawaii mu1893, kuvaka kwechikepe cheUnited States muPearl Harbor chakatanga. IU.S. yakavaka humwe hupfumi hwayo nekupa zvombo kune marudzi akawanda anotevera WWI, uye nekuvaka zvigaro mune zvimwe zvezvo. Ne 1941, US aive achidzidzira Chinese Air Force paainge avapa zvombo, kurwisana uye kuputika ndege. Kuvhara zvombo zvekushandisa kuJapan pakuvaka chiuto cheChina chaive chikamu chenzira yakatsamwisa Japan. Kutyisidzira kwekupindira kweUnited States muPacific kwakasimbiswa kusvikira munyori weUnited States kuJapan akanzwa nezvekugona kuitika paPearl Harbor, uye akaudza hurumende yake kuti ingangodarika mwedzi gumi nemana isati yasvika kuJapan. Kuita zvemasimba kwakakurumbira muUnited States sezvo yakakura ikapa mabasa kune veAmerica nekuwana nekubhadhara hondo. Pamusoro pe405,000 mauto eUUS akafa, uye pamusoro pe607,000 vakakuvadzwa panguva yeWWII, chikamu chema 60 mamiriyoni kana kupfuura vazhinji vakafa. Pasinei nenhamba idzi, Dhipatimendi reHondo yakakura, uye yakanzizve Dhipatimendi reZviviri mu1948.

March 10. On nhasi muC1987 United Nations yakaratidza kusava nehana nekuda kwehana sekodzero yevanhu. Kuramba nehana kunotsanangurwa sekuramba pahunhu kana chitendero kutora zvombo muhondo yehondo kana kushanda muchiuto. Kuzivikanwa uku kwakasimbisa kodzero iyi sechikamu cherusununguko rwemunhu wese chekufunga, hana, uye chitendero. Komisheni yeUN yekodzero dzevanhu yakakurudzirawo nyika dzine mitemo yekumanikidzwa kupinda muchiuto kuti “vafunge nezvekuunza nzira dzakasiyana dzevanosarudza kupinda muchiuto izvo zvinowirirana nezvikonzero zvekuramba nekuda kwehana, tichifunga nezvechiitiko cheimwe Nyika mune izvi. , uye kuti varege kuisa vanhu vakadaro mujeri. ” Kuzivikanwa kwekuramba nehana, mune dzidziso, kunotendera avo vanoona hondo seisina kunaka uye nounzenza kuti varambe kutora chikamu machiri. Kuziva kodzero iyi kunoramba kuri basa riri kuenderera mberi. MuUnited States nhengo yemauto inova inoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana inofanira kukurudzira varwi kuti vabvume. Uye kuramba kune imwe hondo hakutombobvumirwi; mumwe anogona chete kupokana nehondo dzese. Asi kuziva uye kukoshesa kukosha kwekodzero kuri kukura, zviyeuchidzo pasi rese zvakavakirwa kukudza vanoramba zvehana uye zororo rakatangwa muna Chivabvu 15. Mutungamiri weU.S. John F. Kennedy akasimbisa kukosha kweizvi paakanyorera shamwari iyi mazwi: "Hondo ichavapo kusvikira zuva rekure iro munhu anoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana anemukurumbira uye mukurumbira sezvinoitwa nemurwi nhasi."

March 11. Nezuva rino mu2004, 191 vanhu vakaurawa neAl-Qaeda mabhomba muMadrid, Spain. Musi weMarch 11^th, 2004, Spain yakaona hurumende yakafa kana kuti isiri yehondo muhuwandu hwayo. 191 vanhu vakaurawa uye vanopfuura 1,800 vakakuvadzwa apo anenge anenge mabhomba gumi akaputika pamakumbo mana emotokari uye mune zvitatu zviteshi zvezvitima pedyo neMadrid. Kuputika kwakakonzerwa nemaoko akaitwa nemaoko, asingashandisi maitiro ekuputika. Pakutanga, mabhomba aifungidzirwa kuti ibasa reETA, boka reBasque separatist rinorondedzerwa seboka remagandanga neUnited States neEuropean Union. Boka racho rakaramba zvakasimba basa rebhaimhi. Mazuva mashomanana akatevera kuputika, boka rezvegandanga reAl-Qaeda rakazvidavirira nezvekurwiswa kuburikidza nemharidzo yevhidhiyo. Vakawanda muSpain pamwe nenyika dzakawanda pasi pose vakaona kurwiswa sekudzorera kweSpain kubatanidzwa muhondo muIraq. Uku kurwiswa kwakaitwawo kwemazuva masere isati yasvika sarudzo huru dzeSpain umo maikonzera hondo-Socialist, inotungamirirwa naHurezidhendi Jose Rodriguez, akauya. Rodriguez akachengetedza kuti mauto ese eSpain aizotorwa kubva kuIraq, uye wekupedzisira wavo achabuda muna May we2004. Kuti urangarire avo vakavhiringidzwa nekurwiswa kunotyisa, sango rekuyeuchidza rakasimwa paEl Retiro Park muMadrid, pedo imwe yemigwagwa yepamigwagwa ndiyo yakatanga kuputika. Iri izuva rakanaka apo kuedza kuputsa kuronga kwechisimba.

March 12. Pazuva rino mu1930 Gandhi yakatanga Salt Salt. Britain's Salt Act yakadzivirira maIndia kubva kuunganidza kana kutengesa munyu, maminerari aive chikafu chezvokudya zvezuva nezuva. Vagari vomuIndia vaitofanira kutenga munyu zvakananga kubva kuBrithani kwete kwete chete kutengesa mhizha yemunyu asiwo vakapa mutero unorema. Mutungamiri weUndendence, Mohandas Gandhi, akaona kusaremekedza munyu wechuru semunzira yekuti maIndia aputse mutemo weBritain nenzira isiri yechisimba. Musi waMarch 12^th, Gandhi akabva kuSabarmati nevatungamiri ve78 ndokuenda kuguta reDandi paGungwa reArabia, uko boka racho raizozviitira munyu kubva mumvura yegungwa. Iko kufamba kwaiva ne241 mamaira kure, uye munzira iyo Gandhi yakawana zviuru zvevateveri. Kusateerera kwehurumende kwakatanga munyika yose yeIndia, uye vanopfuura vaIndia vaIngx vakasungwa, kusanganisira Gandhi pachake paMay 60,000st. Misa kusateerera kwehurumende kwakaenderera mberi. MunaJanuary we21, Gandhi akasunungurwa kubva mujeri. Akasangana naVa Viceroy weIndia, Ishe Irwin, uye vakabvumirana kuti vasiye mabasa avo mukutsinhana kwekuita nhaurirano mumusangano weLondon mune ramangwana reIndia. Musangano uyu hauna kuwana mugumisiro wakaitwa naGandhi, asi vatungamiri veBritain vakaziva kuti simba iri rakange riri pakati pevanhu veIndia uye kuti aisakwanisa kuparara nyore nyore. Ichokwadi kuti kusagadzikana kwekusimba kusununguka kusunungura India kwakaenderera kusvikira VaBrithani vabvumirana uye India yakasunungurwa nebasa ravo mu1931.

March 13. Pazuva rino mu1968, makore emagetsi emagetsi akabuda kunze kweUnited State's Army's Dugway Proving Grounds muUtah, kutyisa mhuka 6,400 iri pedyo neSkull Valley. Iyo Dugway Proving Ground yakavambwa mukati ma1940s kuitira kuti ipe mauto nzvimbo iri kure kuitisa zvombo zvekuyedza. Mazuva akati kuti chiitiko ichi chisati chaitika, Mauto akange abhururutsa ndege izere neropa gasi pamusoro peUtah Desert. Ndege basa raive rekumwaya gasi pamusoro pechikamu chiri kure cheUtah Desert, muyedzo uyo waive chikamu chidiki chekuenderera kwemakemikari uye zvombo zvehupenyu kuDugway. Iyo gasi retsinga riri kuyedzwa raizivikanwa seVX, chinhu chakapetwa katatu saSarin. Muchokwadi, donhwe rimwe chete reVX rinogona kuuraya munhu mukati maminetsi gumi. Pazuva rekuyedzwa, kamwene kaishandiswa kupuruzira gasi retsinga kwakatyoka, saka ndege payakasiya kamwene yakaenderera kuburitsa iyo VX. Mhepo ine simba yakatakura gasi kuenda kuDehenya Valley uko zviuru zvemakwai zvaifura. Vakuru vehurumende havawirirane nenhamba chaiyo yemakwai akafa, asi iri pakati pe10 ne3,500. Mushure mechiitiko ichi, mauto akavimbisa veruzhinji kuti kufa kwegwai dzakawanda hakungangodaro kwakakonzerwa nemadonhwe mashoma eVX akapfapfaidzwa kusvika kure. Chiitiko ichi chakatsamwisa vazhinji vekuAmerican avo vaishungurudzika zvakanyanya nemauto uye nekushandisa kwavo kushaya hanya kwekuparadza kukuru.

March 14. Pazuva rino mu1879 Albert Einstein akazvarwa. Einstein, mumwe wemafungiro akasika zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu, akaberekerwa muWürttemberg, Germany. Akapedzisa zvakawanda zvekudzidzisa muSwitzerland, kwaakadzidziswa semudzidzisi mune fisikiti uye masvomhu. Paakagamuchira diploma yake mu1901, haana kukwanisa kuwana nzvimbo yekudzidzisa uye akagamuchira chigaro semubatsiri wekambani muSwitzerland Patent Office. Akabudisa zvizhinji zvebasa rake rakakurumbira munguva yake yekusununguka. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, Einstein akaita basa guru muHurumende yeHurumende yeHurumende. Akapiwa hurumende yeHurumende yeIsraeli, asi akadzoka iyo kupa. Mabasa ake anokosha pane ose Chidzidzo Chinokosha chekubatana, Kuwirirana, Gwaro Rokukurukurirana, Neiko Hondo ?, uye My Philosophy. Kunyange zvazvo mishonga yesayenzi yeEinstein yakabatsira mamwe masayendisiti kugadzira bhomba reatomu, iye pachake akanga asina chikamu mukusika kwebhomu reatomu rakadonhedzwa kuJapan, uye akazonyadzisa kushandiswa kwezvombo zvose zveatomu. Zvisinei, pasinei nehupenyu hwake hwose pacifist zvitendero, akanyora kuna Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt panzvimbo yeboka revasayendisiti vakange vaine hanya nekusava nesimba kweAmerica munharaunda yekutsvakurudza zvombo zveatomu, vachitya kuGermany kuwana chinhu chakadaro. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, Einstein yakadana kuumbwa kwehurumende yenyika iyo yaizogadzirisa zvigadzirwa zve nyukireya nekudzivirira mhirizhonga yemangwana. Akatsigirawo kuti nyika yose irambe kupinda muhondo. Akafira muPrinceton, New Jersey mu1955.

March 15. Pazuva iri muC1970, vanyori vechechi ye78 vakasungwa panguva yekuedza kwevanhu vekuAmerica kuti vashande Fort Lawton, vachitsvaka kuti guta reSeattle ripe nzvimbo isina kushandiswa kudzokera kuNative America. Sangano rakatangwa neboka reUnited States of All Tribes, rakarongwa zvikuru naBernie Whitebear. Vashandi vakakunda Fort Lawton, mumiriri weuto we1,100-acre muSeattle's Magnolia, vakaita saizvozvo nekuda kwekuderera kwenyika yekuAmerica kusungirirwa uye kushorwa uye matambudziko akatarisana neSeattle kukura kwevanhu vekuIndia. Mune 1950s, hurumende yeUnited States yakanga yagadzirisa zvirongwa zvekuendesa zviuru zvevaIndia mumaguta akasiyana-siyana, zvichivavimbisa basa rakanaka uye mikana yekudzidzisa. Pakazosvika makumi matanhatu, guta reSeattle rainyatsoziva nezve "dambudziko" revaIndia vemuMaguta, asi vanhu vemuAmerica vakanga vachiri kunyanyisa kunzwisiswa mune zvematongerwo enyika eSeattle uye vakavhiringidzika neguta risingadi kutaurirana. Yakachena, yakafuridzirwa nemafungiro akafanana neBlack Power, yakasarudza kuronga kurwisa kwa Fort Fortton. Pano vashandi vakatarisana ne392^nd Military Police Company iyo yakanga yakashongedzerwa nharo dzechisimba. VaIndia vaiuya vakanga "vakazvigadzirira" nemasikisi, mabhegi akarara, uye midziyo yekubika. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakapinda muchengeti kubva kumativi ose, asi kupikisana kukuru kwakaitika pedyo nechepakati pechitsiko apo mumiriri we 40-musoja akauya panzvimbo yacho ndokutanga kutakwidza vanhu kuenda kujeri. Muna 1973 mauto akapa huwandu hwenyika, kwete kuVaAmerica, asi kuguta kuti ave Discovery Park.

March 16. Pazuva rino mu1921, War Resisters International yakatangwa. Sangano iri antimilitarist uye pacifist boka iro rine simba rakazara munyika yose kune anopfuura 80 maboka akabatanidzwa munyika dze40. Vakawanda vatangi vesangano iri vakapindira mukurwisana neHondo Yenyika yekutanga, yakadai seyanyori wekutanga weWRI, Herbert Brown, uyo akashumira mutongo wejeri wegore nehafu muBrithani nekuda kwehana yake. Sangano raizivikanwa seHondo Resisters League, kana WRL, muUnited States uko yakatangwa zvakarongeka mu1923. WRI, iyo mahofisi makuru ari muLondon, inofunga kuti hondo imhosva zvechokwadi kune vanhu uye kuti hondo dzose, pasinei nechinangwa chavari shure, dzinoshumira zvematongerwe enyika uye zvehupfumi zvehurumende. Uyezve, hondo dzose dzinotungamirira kukuparadza kwakawanda kwezvakatipoteredza, kutambura nekufa kwevanhu, uye pakupedzisira masimba matsva emasimba ekuwedzera kutonga uye kutonga. Iboka rinoedza kugumisa hondo, kutanga mapurogiramu asina kukanganisa anosanganisira mapoka emunharaunda uye vanhu pachavo mukugumisa hondo. WRI inotanga mapurogiramu matatu makuru ekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo: chirongwa cheNyika, chisina kukurudzira kusagadzikana uye kusasabatsirana, kodzero yekurega kuuraya chirongwa, iyo inotsigira hana dzehana nekuda kwehana uye inotarisa basa rehondo nekushandira, uye pakupedzisira, kupikisa iyo Militari yeChirongwa Chevechidiki, iyo inoedza kuziva uye kupikisa nzira iyo vechidiki venyika vanokurudzirwa kugamuchira tsika dzehondo nemaitiro sekurumbidzwa, kwakanaka, kwakanaka, kana kusingagoni.

March 17. Pazuva rino muC1968 paHotani yakakura yehondo yehondo yeBuritain kusvika panguva ino, 25,000 vanhu vakaedza kuparadza America Embassy kuGrosvenor Square muLondon. Chiitiko chacho chakanga chakatanga mune runyararo runyararo uye rwakarongeka, uye nezvevanhu vane 80,000 vakaungana kuzoratidzira hondo yeUnited States muVietnam nekusimbirwa kweBritain kwekubatanidzwa kweAmerica muhondo. Embassy yeUnited States yakanga yakakombwa nemazana emapurisa. Mutori wenhau chete uye anopesana nehondo muzvidzidzo Vanessa Redgrave nevatsigiri vake vatatu vakabvumirwa kupinda mu embassy kuti vanyore kupesana kwakanyorwa. Kune kunze, boka revanhu rakarambidzwa kuti risapinda muhurumende, asi vakaramba kumira pasi, kupotsera mabwe, kupisa moto, uye kusvuta mabhombe kumapurisa. Vamwe vanyori vakaona kuti vapanduki vacho vakashandura zvechisimba mushure me "ganda" vakatanga kuimba nhepfenyuro dzep-war kwavari. Munenge maawa mana gare gare, vanenge 300 vanhu vakanga vasungwa uye 75 vanhu vakapinda muchipatara, kusanganisira maPolisa a25. Mutungamiri muimbi uye mubatanidzwa weboka rakakosha dombo The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger aiva mumwe wevaipikisa muGrosvenor Square nhasi, uye vamwe vakatenda kuti zviitiko zvakamufuridzira kunyora nziyo Mugwagwa Kurwisana Nemunhu uye Tsitsi kune Dhiyabhorosi. Paiva nehuwandu hwehondo yeVietnam inopikisa mumakore akatevera, asi hapana muLondon yakanga yakakura seyo yakaitika musi waMarch 17^th . Kurwisana kukuru kwakateverwa muUnited States, uye mauto ekupedzisira eUnited States akazobuda muVietnam mu1973.

March 18. Pazuva rino mu1644, hondo yechitatu yeAnglo-Powhatan yakatanga. IAnglo- Powhatan Hondo dzaive dzakawanda zvehondo zvitatu dzakarwisana pakati pevaIndia vePowhatan Confederacy nevatongi veChirungu veVirginia. Kwemakore anenge gumi nemaviri achitevera kuguma kwehondo yechipiri, pakanga pane nguva yerugare pakati pevaAmerica veAmerica uye varongi. Zvisinei, musi waMarch 18^th 1644, varwi vePowhatan vakaita imwe yekupedzisira yekuedza kubvisa ndima yavo yevatongi veChirungu kamwe chete. Vakuru veAmerica vakatungamirirwa na Chief Opechancanough, mutungamiri wavo uye mukoma muduku kuna Chief Powhatan uyo akaronga Powhatan Confederacy. Pasi pevarume veC500 vakaurayiwa mukurwiswa kwokutanga, asi nhamba iyi yakanga iri duku kana ichienzanisa nekurwiswa mu1622 yakanga yatora chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu zvevanhu vevakoloni. Mwedzi mushure mokunge kurwisa uku, chiChirungu chakatora Opechancanough, uyo akanga ari pakati pe90 nemakore 100 akange aripo panguva iyoyo, ndokumuunza kuJamestown. Pano, akafuridzirwa kumashure nemusungwa uyo akasarudza kutora nyaya mumaoko ake. Mitemo yakapedzisira yaitwa pakati pomutungamiri weChirungu neOpechancanough Necotowance. Izvo zvibvumirano zvakavhara zvakanyanya nzvimbo yevanhu vePowhatan, vachidziisa kune zvishoma zvishoma munzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kweYork River. Zvibvumirano izvi zvaiitirwa uye zvakagadzira muenzaniso wekubvisa vaAmerica kuti vasapinda muhondo dzeEurope kuitira kuti vatore nyika yavo vagadzirise vasati vatowedzera nekuvadzosa zvakare.

March 19. Pazuva rino muC2003, United States, pamwe chete nemauto ekubatana akarwisa Iraq. Mutungamiri weU.S.George W. Bush akataura mune terevhizheni kuti hondo yaive "yekumisikidza Iraq, kusunungura vanhu vayo, uye kudzivirira nyika kubva panjodzi huru." Bush neveRepublican neveDemocratic vanobatana navo kazhinji vairuramisa hondo muIraq nekunyepera kuti Iraq ine zvombo zvenyukireya, zvemakemikari, uye zvombo, uye kuti Iraq yakabatana neAl Qaeda - chirevo chakagutsa ruzhinji rwevanhu veUS kuti Iraq yakabatana. kumhosva dzaSeptember 11, 2001. Nenhanho dzinoremekedzwa zvikuru nesainzi dziripo, hondo yakauraya mamirioni 1.4 eIraq, yakaona mamirioni 4.2 akakuvara, uye vanhu mamirioni 4.5 vanova vapoteri. Vane 1.4 miriyoni vakafa vaive 5% yevagari. Kurwiswa kwacho kwaisanganisira kurova kwemhepo makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, kuchiteverwa ne29,200 mumakore masere anotevera. Mauto eUS akatarisana nevanhuwo zvavo, vatori venhau, zvipatara, nemaamburenzi. Yaishandisa masumbu emasumbu, chena phosphorus, uranium yakapera, uye nyowani nyowani yemadhorobha. Kuremara kwekuzvarwa, huwandu hwekenza, uye kufa kwevacheche kwakakwira. Mvura, nzvimbo dzekuchenesa tsvina, zvipatara, mabhiriji, nemagetsi zvakaparadzwa, uye zvisina kugadziriswa. Kwemakore, mauto anotora akakurudzira kupesana kwemarudzi uye kwemapoka uye mhirizhonga, zvichikonzera nyika yakatsaurwa uye kudzvanyirirwa kwekodzero dzakanakirwa nevaIraq kunyange pasi pesimba remapurisa raSaddam Hussein. Mapoka emagandanga, kusanganisira rimwe rakatora zita rekuti ISIS, rakasimuka rikabudirira. Iri izuva rakanaka parinokurudzira kutsiva kuvanhu veIraq.

March 20. Pazuva rino mu1983, 150,000 vanhu, vanenge 1% yevoruzhinji rweAustralia, vakabatanidzwa mukurwisa nuclear nyuzi. Sangano reNyukliya rezvombo zvehondo rakatanga muZ1980s muAustralia, uye yakatanga isina kukwana munyika yose. Sangano revanhu reNuclear Nuclear Disarmament rakagadzirwa mu1981, uye kuumbwa kwarwo kwakawedzera hutungamiri hwechikwata, kunyanya kuVictoria, apo boka racho rakatangwa. Boka racho rainyanya kuumbwa nevanhu vanozvimirira voga uye vadzidzisi vezvidzidzo vakazotanga sangano kuburikidza nesangano rekudzidzisa rugare. Vanhu veNyukliya Kuparadzana kunoda kuti kugadziriswa kweSouth Bases muAustralia, uye yakagamuchira hurongwa hwekupikisana nehurumende yeAustralia kusabatana neUnited States. Dzimwe hurumende dzenyika dzakazotevera dzakabuda dziine zvivakwa zvakafanana kuPND. Australia ine nhoroondo yakareba yekurwisa mauto. Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam mu1970, vanenge 70,000 vanhu vakafamba muMelbourne uye 20,000 muSydney mukurwisana nehondo. Mune 80s, veAustralia vakatsvaka kupedza chero mupiro wehurumende kuUnited States hondo yekurwa. The March 20^th rally ye1983, iyo yakaitwa musi weSvondo isati yasvika Easter, yaizivikanwa seyokutanga ye "Palm Sunday" rally, uye yakaunza runyararo rukuru nerunyunyuko rwezvombo zvenyukireya izvo vagari veAustralia vaiva nazvo. Aya magungano emusi weSvondo wePamende akapfuurira muAustralia munguva yose ye1980s. Nemhaka yekuparadzirwa kwekukwira kwenyukireya kwakange kuri kuonekwa muzviratidzwa izvi, kupararira kwehurongwa yenyukireya yeAustralia kwakagadziriswa

March 21. Pazuva rino mu1966, Zuva reMarudzi rose rekuparadzanisa rusarura rakasarudzwa neUnited Nations. Zuva iri rinoratidzwa munyika yose neruzhinji rwezviitiko nemabasa zvinotarisa kukwevera vanhu kutarisa zvakaipa uye zvinokuvadza zvekusarura kwemarudzi. Uyezve, zuva racho rinoshanda sechiyeuchidzo kune vanhu vose vebasa ravo rekuedza kurwisa kusarura kwemadzinza mune zvose zvoupenyu sevagari venyika yakaoma uye ine simba yakasimba inotarisana nekushivirira uye kugamuchirwa kwemamwe marudzi kuti tirambe tichirarama. Zuva ranhasi rinofanirwa kubatsira vanhu vaduku munyika yose kutaura maonero avo uye kukurudzira nzira dzakanaka dzokurwisa rusarura nekukurudzira kushivirira mukati meharaunda dzavo, sezvo UN inobvuma kuti kuisa tsika idzi dzekuregerera uye kubvuma mukati mevechidiki vemazuva ano zvingava nzira dzinokosha uye dzinogadzirisa kurwisa kusawirirana kwemarudzi nekusarura. Zuva iri rakasimbiswa makore matanhatu mushure mezvinozivikanwa seShapeville Massacre. Munguva iyi inotyisa, mapurisa akazarura ndokuuraya vanhu ve69 mukurwisana zvine rugare kune mitemo yehutongerwe enyika muSouth Africa. Sangano reUnited Nations rakakumbira rudzi rwemarudzi ose kuti rusimbise kugadzirisa kwayo kurambidza marudzi ose echisarura rudzi kana ichiziviswa nhasi mukuchengetedza kuurayiwa mu1966. IU inoramba ichishanda mukurwisana nemhando dzose dzerusaruriro rwemadzinza uye chisimba chezvematongerwo enyika chakakonzera kukakavadzana kwemarudzi.

March 22. Pazuva rino mu1980, 30,000 vanhu vakapinda muWashington, DC, vachirwisana nemvumo yekunyora. Panguva yekupikisa, nyaya dze Kuramba Nhau, yakasikwa neNational Resistance Committee, yakagoverwa kune vatongi uye vatori vechikamu. INRC yakaumbwa mu1980 kupikisa kubhadharwa kune zvinyorwa, uye sangano raishanda mukutanga kwe1990s. Mapepa e Kurwisana Nhau akapararira kune mapoka evanhu akajekeswa pane chimiro cheNRC chakanga chiri chokuti sangano rakanga rakazarurirwa kumarudzi ose ekurwisana, kana chikonzero chekudzivisa chakanga chakavakirwa pakusununguka, chitendero, pfungwa, kana zvimwe zvikonzero izvo munhu angave nazvo nokuda kwekusatenda kuti ivo anofanira kunge aifanira kupinda muzvinyorwa. Shanduro yekunyora muUnited States yakadzoserwa pasi peMutungamiri Carter mu1980 sechikamu che "kugadzirira" kweUnited States kuti inogona kupindira muAfghanistan. Pakupemberera kwemunyika yose nhasi uye munguva yose ye1980, zviratidzo zvakadai sekuti "Rega Kuzvinyorera" kana "Ini handisi kuzonyora" zvakaonekwa mukati mezvizhinji zvemakumi ezviuru zvaitenda kuti raiva kodzero yavo sevanhu kuti varambe kubhadhare. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rekubatsira mamwe mafomu ekunyora ekunyora mubhadha rekushandisa zvakare uye kubvuma kuti kodzero yekuramba kupinda muchirwere chisimba uye chinokuvadza ndiyo kodzero yevanhu vose, sezvo pasina munhu anofanira kumanikidzwa kuve akabatanidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma sehondo.

March 23. Pazuva rino mu1980 Archbishop Óscar Romero weEl Salvador akanunura mharidzo yake yakakurumbira yorugare. Akadana varwi veSalvador nehurumende yeEl Salvador kuti vateerere hurongwa hwaMwari, uye vasiye kutyora kodzero dzevanhu nekupondana nekuuraya. Zuva rakatevera, Romero akapinda musangano wemwedzi nevapristi kuti afunge nezvehupirisita. Manheru iwayo, akapemberera Misa pane imwe imba diki yekunamatira kuDivital Providence Hospital. Paakapedza mharidzo yake, mota tsvuku yakamira mumugwagwa pamberi pechechi. Mumwe murume akapfura akabuda, akafamba achienda kumusuwo wechechi, ndokupfura. Romero akarohwa mumoyo. Mota yakasimuka. Musi waKurume 30, vanopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ekuchema kubva kumativi ese epasi vakaenda kumariro ake. Munguva yemhemberero utsi mabhomba akaputika mumigwagwa padhuze nechedhedral uye pfuti pfuti dzakabva kuzvivakwa zvakapoteredza. Pakati pevanhu makumi matatu kusvika makumi mashanu vanhu vakaurayiwa nepfuti uye mukudengenyeka kwakatevera. Zvapupu zvakati mauto ehurumende akanda mabhomba muboka revanhu, uye varwi vanopfura, vakapfeka sevanhuwo zvavo, vakapfura kubva pabhokisi kana padenga reNational Palace. Pfuti payakaramba ichienderera, mutumbi waRomero wakavigwa mukirisito pasi penzvimbo tsvene. United States, panguva yehutongi hwaJimmy Carter naRonald Reagan, yakabatsira mukukonana nekupa zvombo uye kudzidziswa kumauto ehurumende yeEl Salvador. Muna 250,000, United Nations General Assembly yakazivisa musi wa 30 Kurume “Zuva Renyika Dzepasi Pose Kodzero Yechokwadi Panyaya yeKutyorwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu Kwakakomba uye neKukudzwa Kwevanotambudzwa.”

March 24. Pazuva rino mu1999, United States neNATO zvakatanga mazuva 78 ekuputika kweYugoslavia. United States yakatenda kuti, kusiyana nenyaya yakazotevera yeCrimea, Kosovo yaive nekodzero yekuzvibatanidza. Asi United States yaisada kuti zviitwe, seCrimea, pasina vanhu vanourayiwa. Mumagazini yaThe June 14, 1999, The Nation, George Kenney, aimbove Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reYugoslavia, akataura kuti: zvakavanzika pahurukuro dzeRambouillet, mukuru weDhipatimendi reHurumende akange achizvikudza kuti United States 'yakamisa nemaune bhawa kupfuura zvaigona kubvumirwa nevaSerbia' ”kuitira kuti vadzivise runyararo. United Nations haina kubvumidza United States nevatsigiri vayo veNATO kuti vabhombe Serbia muna 1999. Kunyange United States Congress. IU.S. yakaita mushandirapamwe wekubhomba wakauraya vanhu vazhinji, ndokukuvadza vamwe vazhinji, yakaparadza zvivakwa zvevanhu, zvipatara, nenhepfenyuro, ndokugadzira dambudziko revapoteri. Uku kuparadzwa kwakaitwa kuburikidza nenhema, kunyepedzera, uye kuwedzeredza pamusoro pehutsinye, uye ndokururamisa anachronistically semhinduro kumhirizhonga iyo yaakabatsira kuburitsa. Mugore bhomba risati rasvika vanhu zviuru zviviri vakaurayiwa, ruzhinji neveKerros Liberation Army magandanga avo, nerutsigiro kubva kuCIA, vaitsvaga kukurudzira mhinduro yeSerbia iyo yaizokwidza varwi vekuMadokero. Mushandirapamwe wekuparadzira wakasunga hutsinye hwakawedzeredzwa uye hwekufungidzira kuuraya kukuru kweNazi. Pakanga paine hutsinye chaihwo, asi hwakawanda hwacho hwakaitika mushure mekubhomba, kwete pamberi pazvo. Mazhinji ekumavirira eWestern akashandura nguva iyoyo.

March 25. Iri ndiro Zuva Rokurangarirwa Kwevaranda Vakatambudzwa neTransatlantic Slave Trade. Pazuva rino, tinotora nguva yekuyeuka varume vane mamiriyoni e15, vakadzi, nevana avo vakave vatambudziro vekutengeswa kwevaranda ve transatlantic kwemakore anopfuura 400. Uku kuparwa kwechisimba kuchagara kuchionekwa seimwe, kana isiri iyo, zvikamu zvakasviba munhoroondo yevanhu. Kutengeswa kwevaranda veTransatlantic ndiyo yakanyanya kukumanikidzwa kuendeswa munhau, sezvo mamiriyoni eAfrica America akambomanikidzwa kubva kumisha yavo muAfrica uye akatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, achisvika pazvikepe zvakanyanyisa zvevaranda pamahombekombe muSouth America neCaribbean Islands. Kubva ku1501-1830, vaAfrica vana vakayambuka Atlantic kune imwe yeEurope. Izvi kuve pachena nhasi, ine vanhu vakawanda kwazvo vevanhu veAfrica vanogara munyika yose dzeAmerica. Tinoremekedza uye tinoyeuka nhasi avo vakatambura uye avo vakafa nekuda kwesimba rinotyisa uye rechisimba rehuranda. Uranda hwakabviswa zvachose muUnited States munaFebruary we1865, asi kusarudzwa kwechisarudzo uye kusarura kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaramba kuchienderera mberi kwemazana emakore anotevera, apo kusarura kwechisarudzo uye rusarura zviripo kusvikira nhasi. Zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoitwa munyika yose nhasi, zvinosanganisira zviyeuchidzo zvekuyeuchidza uye magira avo avo vakafa. Nhasi unowo mukana wakanaka wokudzidzisa vanhu, kunyanya vechiduku, pamusoro pemigumisiro yechisarura, uranda, uye kutengeswa kwevaranda ve transatlantic. Zviitiko zvezvidzidzo zvinoitwa muzvikoro zvose, makoroji, uye vunivhesiti. Muna 2015, chiyeuchidzo chakavakwa paUnited Nations Headquarters muNew York City.

March 26. Pazuva iri muna 1979, Sungano yeIsrael-yeEgypt Yakagadziriswa.  Panguva yemhemberero yakaitirwa paVhite House, Mutungamiri wekuEgypt Anwar Sadat uye Mutungamiri weIsrael Menachem Begin vakasaina Israeri-Egypt Cobatanano Yorugare iyo yaiva yekutanga mutano wekugara pakati peIsraeri nenyika yeArabhu. Panguva yemhemberero, vatungamiri veMutungamiri weAmerica Jimmy Carter vakanyengeterera kuti chibvumirano ichi chizounza rugare rwechokwadi kuMiddle East uye kupedzisa chisimba nekurwa kwakange kuripo kubva munguva ye1940. Israeri neEgypt vakange vaita zvekupokana kubva muArab-Israel War, iyo yakatanga zvakananga mushure meIsrael yakatangwa. Runyararo runyararo pakati peIsraeri neEgypt rwakaguma kwemwedzi yekutaurirana kwakaoma. Pasi pemutemo uyu, nyika dzose dzakabvumirana kupedza chisimba nekukakavadzana uye kugadzirisa ukama hwepabonde. Ijipiti yakabvuma kubvuma Israeri senyika uye Israeri akabvumirana kubva kuSinai Peninsula yainge yatora kubva kuEgipita mukati mehondo yemazuva matanhatu mu1967. Nokuda kwekuita kwavo mukusaina chibvumirano ichi, Sadat uye Begin vakabatanidzwa pamwe chete kupiwa 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. Vakawanda munyika yeArabhu vakashatirwa nehasha kune chibvumirano cherugare sezvavakaona sekutengesera, uye Eygpt yakamiswa kubva muArabic League. MunaOctober ye1981, vaMuslim vanoparadza vakauraya Sadat. Runyararo runyararo pakati pemarudzi rwakaramba rusina Sadat, asi pasinei nechibvumirano, kukakavadzana kunoramba kuchikwirira pakati penyika idzi dzeMiddle-Eastern.

March 27. Pazuva rino mu1958, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev akava Gurukota reSoviet Union. Kuswera zuva pamberi pesarudzo yake, Khrushchev akaronga mutemo mutsva wezvekunze. Zano rake rekuti masimba enyukireya anotora zvombo uye kurega kumisa zvombo zvenyukireya akagamuchirwa. Kutevera kutaura, Gurukota rezvekunze, Andrei A. Gromyko akabvuma kuti "kurambidzwa kwenyukireya uye zvombo zvenyukireya kuyedza" kwaive chikamu chehurongwa hweSoviet. Marshal Voroshilov, sachigaro wePresidium yeSupreme Soviet, akatizve hurumende itsva iri "kubata danho," uye kuti vanhu venyika vaiziva VaKhrushchev se "mutsigiri akasimba, asinganeti, werunyararo." Ndichiri kuronga hukama hune runyararo nenyika dzemabhizimusi, Khrushchev akaramba ari mutendi akasimba mukomunizimu. Uye, hongu, Hondo Yemashoko yakaenderera mberi pasi pehutongi hwake sezvo kuratidzira kweHungary kwakadzvanyirirwa zvine chisimba, Rusvingo rweBerlin rwakavakwa, uye ndege yevasori yeUS yaibhururuka pamusoro peRussia yakarwiswa uye mutyairi wayo akabatwa. IUS yakabva yawana zvombo zvenyukireya pachigaro cheRussia kuCuba. Khrushchev akazobvuma kubvisa zvombo zvinokandwa apo Mutungamiri weUS John F. Kennedy akavimbisa kuti US haizorwisa Cuba, uye, pachivande, kuti ichabvisa zvombo zvese zvenyukireya kubva kuUS base kuTurkey. Khrushchev akashamisa nyika nguva zhinji nekuburitsa yekutanga satellite, uye wekutanga muchadenga muchadenga. Kukundikana kwake kugutsa mumwe wake mutungamiri wemakominisiti, Mao Zedong weChina, kufunga nezvezvombo kwakatungamira mukushayikwa kwekutsigirwa muSoviet Union. Muna 1964, Khrushchev akamanikidzwa kusiya chigaro, asi kwete asati ataura kurambidzwa kwenyukireya kwakatemwa neUS neUnited Kingdom.

March 28. Pazuva rino muC1979, njodzi yemagetsi yenyukireya yakaitika paTatu Mile Island muPennsylvania. Chikamu chemukati chakanyungudika mune yechipiri gadziriro yemagetsi. Mumwedzi yakatevera tsaona iyi, veruzhinji veUS vakaratidzira kuratidzira kwakawanda kwenyukireya munyika. Veruzhinji veUS vakaudzwa manyepo mazhinji, akanyorwa nemurwi wezve nyukireya Harvey Wasserman. Kutanga, veruzhinji vakavimbiswa kuti kwaive kusina kuburitswa nemwaranzi. Ikoko kwakakurumidza kubvumikisa kuva kwenhema. Veruzhinji vakabva vaudzwa kuti zvaburitswa zvaidzorwa uye zvakaitwa nechinangwa kudzikisira kumanikidza pachinhu chikuru. Zvese zvirevo zvaive zvemanyepo. Veruzhinji vakaudzwa kuti zvaburitswa izvi "hazvina basa." Asi masiteki emonitor akaguta uye asingashandisike, uye iyo Nyukireya Regulatory Commission yakazoudza Congress kuti yaisaziva kuti yakawanda sei radiation yakaburitswa paTatu Mile Island, kana kwayakaenda. Zvinofungidzirwa zviri pamutemo kuti muyunifomu yunifomu kune vanhu vese mudunhu iri yakaenzana nechipfuva chimwe x-ray. Asi vakadzi vane nhumbu havasisina x-rayed nekuti zvakagara zvichizivikanwa kuti kamwe chete dosi inogona kukuvadza zvine njodzi kune embryo kana fetus mu utero. Veruzhinji vakaudzwa kuti hapana chikonzero chekubvisa chero munhu kubva munzvimbo iyi. Asi Gavhuna wePennsylvania Richard Thornburgh akabva aburitsa vakadzi vakazvitakura nevana vadiki. Nehurombo, mazhinji akatumirwa kuHershey iri padyo, iyo yakadururwa nekudonha. Mwero wekufa kwevacheche wakapetwa katatu muHarrisburg. Ongororo dzepasuo nesuo mudunhu dzakawana kuwedzera kukuru mukenza, leukemia, kuremara kwekuzvara, matambudziko ekufema, kurasikirwa nevhudzi, mapundu, maronda uye nezvimwe.

March 29. Pazuva iri mu1987 muNicaragua, Vietnam Veterans for Peace yakabva kuJinotega uye kuWicuili. Ivo veterans vakapinda mukufora vanga vachinyatso kuongorora kuyedza kweUnited States kugadzirisa nyika yeNicaragua nekupa rubatsiro kunegandanga Contras. Sangano reVeterans for Peace rakavambwa muna 1985 nevarwi gumi vekuUS vachipindura mujaho wepasi rose wezvombo zvenyukireya nemauto eUnited States munyika dzakasiyana siyana dzeCentral America. Sangano rakakura kusvika pamitezo inopfuura zviuru zvisere panguva iyo United States yakapinda muIraq muna 8,000. Pakatanga kuumbwa maVeterans eRunyararo, yaiumbwa zvikuru nemauto emauto eU.S. uye Hondo yeGulf. Iyo yaive zvakare yakaumbwa neiyo nguva yerunyararo veterans uye vasiri-veterans, asi yakakura mhiri kwemakungwa mumakore achangopfuura uye ine nhengo zhinji dzinoshanda muUnited Kingdom. Iyo Veterans for Peace Organisation inoshanda nesimba kusimudzira dzimwe nzira dzehondo nemhirizhonga. Sangano rakapokana uye richienderera mberi nekushora mazhinji emauto eUS, NATO, neIsrael, kusanganisira zvemauto nekutyisidzira Russia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Siria, etc. Nhasi, nhengo dzesangano iri dzinoramba dzichishanda mishandirapamwe yekubatsira kuunza nzwisiso yezvinhu zvinotyisa zvehondo, uye rakawanda rebasa ravo razvino rinotarisa kuhondo inoita senge isingagumi yekutyisa. Sangano rinogadzira mapurojekiti ekutsigira varwi vanodzoka, vanopokana nehondo dzedrone, uye vanopokana nekutsvaga muchiuto muzvikoro.

March 30. Nezuva rino mu2003, 100,000 vanhu vakayambuka neJakarta, guta guru reIndonesia, kuratidzira kurwisana nehondo muIraq, iyo yakatanga mutemo pamusi waMarch 19, 2003. Yaive rally huru yekurwisa hondo yakamboitika munyika yevaMuslim yakakura pasi rose. Zuva iri rakaonawo yekutanga yakatemerwa zviratidziro zvinopesana nehondo kuChina. Boka revadzidzi vekune dzimwe nyika mazana maviri vakabvumidzwa kufora vachipfuura mumuzinda weAmerica muBeijing vachiimba masirogani anopesana nehondo. MuGerman vanhu zviuru makumi mana vakaumba cheni yakareba-mamaira makumi matatu nemashanu pakati pemaguta eMunster neOnabrueck. MuBerlin 200 vakapinda mumusangano muTiergarten Park. Kufora nemisangano zvakaitikazve muSantiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw neDublin, India nePakistan. Sekureva kwemudzidzi wechiFrench Dominique Reynié, pakati paNdira 40,000 naApril 35, 23,000, vanhu vane mamirioni makumi matatu nematanhatu pasi rese vakapinda mukuratidzira zviuru zvitatu kurwisa hondo yeIraq. Kuratidzira kukuru panguva iyi kwaive muEurope. Roma yakanyorwa muBhuku reGuinness reRekodhi sekubata rally huru kwazvo yamborwisa hondo: mamirioni matatu vanhu. Mimwe misangano mikuru yakaitika muLondon (varongi vakaisa huwandu pamamirioni maviri); New York City (3); uye 12 mataundi nemaguta kuyambuka France (2003). Kuongorora kwaKurume 36 Gallup kwakaitwa mukati memazuva mashoma ekutanga ehondo kwakaratidza kuti 3,000% yevaAmerica vakatora chikamu mukuratidzira kurwisa kana dzimwe nzira dzakaratidza kupokana nehondo. Munyori weNew York Times, Patrick Tyler akataura kuti misangano mikuru iyi "yakaratidza kuti paive nemasimba maviri pasi, United States nepfungwa dzeveruzhinji pasi rose".

March 31. Pazuva rino 1972, boka revanhu rakasangana nemauto enyukireya muLondon Trafalgar Square. Vazhinji vanopfuura 500 vanhu vakaungana munzvimbo yakatarisa zuva iroro kuti vataure manzwiro ekutya uye kuvhiringidzika pakuenderera mberi kwekugadzirira nyuchikireya uye atomiki inoitwa nehurumende yeBritain. Bhenesi yepakutanga yakadzama yakashandiswa neCampaign for Nuclear Nyaradzo yakadzokera ku1958 yakaunzwa kunzvimbo yakatarisana vasati vatanga kufamba kwePaster ye 56-mila kubva kuLondon kusvika kuAldermaston, Berkshire. Kufamba kwemazuva mana, maererano naDick Nettleton, munyori weCampaign, yakarongwa kuzivisa vanhu avo vakatungamirirwa kuti vatende kuti zvinyorwa zvekutsvaga zvombo zveatomu zvave zvichipfigirwa kuti zvaive zvichiendeswa kuAldermaston. Kufambiswa kwacho kwaive kwakagadzirwa nekushambadzira kwemahofisi ekutsvakurudza zvombo kubva Atomic Energy Commission kuenda kuUnited Defense. Nettleton yakataura kuti 81% yebasa raKomisheni raisanganisira kuvandudzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya uye bhomba reBritish. Akawedzera zvakare kuti masayendisiti akanga amuratidza kuti vainetseka nezvehupenyu hwavo pachavo sezvo kushandiswa kwekutsvakurudza nekuvandudzwa kwezvombo izvi zvakapfuurira mberi. Vanyori vacho vakatanga kushanyira kuguta reChiswick, vachitarisira kuwana rubatsiro kubva kune vavakidzani vari munzira sezvavakaramba vachienda kunzvimbo yenyukireya. Vaitarisira kuvhiringidzwa nemapurisa nenguva yavakasvika muAldermaston, asi vakawanawo vatatu vatsigiri. Pamwe chete, vakaisa mabhokisi makumi maviri namanomwe matema pamasuo, rimwe rimwe nerimwe gore kubva kuAmerica mabhomba eJapan. Vakasiyawo Campaign yeNyukliya Disarmament chiratidzo chakashongedzwa ne daffodils, chiratidzo chetariro.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

Tenga chinyorwa chakadhindwa, Kana PDF.

Enda kumafaira ekuteerera.

Enda chinyorwa.

Enda kumifananidzo.

Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.