Kukadzi
February 1
February 2
February 3
February 4
February 5
February 6
February 7
February 8
February 9
February 10
February 11
February 12
February 13
February 14
February 15
February 16
February 17
February 18
February 19
February 20
February 21
February 22
February 23
February 24
February 25
February 26
February 27
February 28
February 29
February 1. Pazuva rino muC1960, vadzidzi vana vemaodzanyemba kubva kuNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University vakagara pasi pakudya kwemasikati mukati pechitoro cheWoolworth ku132 South Elm Street muGreensboro, North Carolina. Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, naJoseph McNeil, vadzidzi kuNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, vakagadzirira kugara muWoolworth Department Store. Vadzidzi ava vana vakazozivikanwa seGreensboro Four nokuda kwekushinga kwavo uye kuzvitsaurira pakugumisa kusarura. Vadzidzi vana vakaedza kurongedza zvokudya paWoolworth panguva yezvokudya zvemasikati asi vakaramba vachibva pakurudzi. Pasinei nezvo Brown v. Bhodi yeZvikoro kutonga mu 1954, kusarura kwaive kuchiri kuwanika kuSouth. The Greensboro Vana vakagara patafura yezvokudya kusvikira hoteri yakavharwa, pasinei nekuramba basa. Vaya vechidiki vakadzokera kunhare yeWoolworth kwekudya kwemasikati kakawanda uye vakakurudzira vamwe kuti vabatane navo. Pakazosvika February 5th, vadzidzi ve300 vakange vauya mu-Woolworth's. Zviito zvevadzidzi vatsvuku vana vakafuridzira vamwe veAfrica America, kunyanya vadzidzi vekukoloni, muGreensboro uye mhiri kweJim Crow South kuti vabatanidze mu-sit-ins uye dzimwe mhirizhonga dzisingaiti. Pakupera kwaMarch, kusununguka kwekusava nekutenderera kwakange kwakapararira kumaguta e55 mu13 states, uye izvi zviitiko zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa kwezvokudya zvakawanda kumativi eSouth. Dzidziso dzaMohandas Gandhi dzakafuridzira majaya aya kuti atore muzviratidziro zvisingasviki, zvichiratidza kuti kunyange munyika yechisimba nekudzvinyirira, kufamba kwakasvibiswa kunogona kuva nechinje.
February 2. Pazuva iri muna 1779, Anthony Benezet akaramba kubhadhara mutero kuti atsigire Hondo yeRevolutionary. Kuti urambe uchichengetedza uye ibhadhara Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress yakabudisa mutero wehondo. Anthony Benezet, anonzi Quaker ane simba, akaramba kubhadhara mutero nokuti waibhadhara mari. Benezet, pamwe naMozisi Brown, Samuel Allinson, nevamwe veQuaker, vainyatsopesana nehondo mune zvayo zvose, pasinei nekutyisidzira kuiswa mujeri uye kunyange kuurayiwa nekuda kwekubhadhara mutero.
Uyewo pazuva iri mu1932, gungano rekutanga rezvokubvumira nyika rakazarurwa muGeneva, Switzerland. Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, Sangano reMarudzi rakanga raungana kuti richengetedze rugare rwepasi, asi United States yakasarudza kusabatanidzwa. MuGeneva, League of Nations neUnited States vakaedza kudzivisa hurumende yakakurumidza yakaitika muEurope yose. Nhengo dzakawanda dzakabvuma kuti Germany inofanira kuva nehuwandu hwemauto akaenzaniswa nenyika dzeEurope dzakadai seFrance neEngland; zvisinei, Hitler's Germany yakabuda mu1933 uye hurukuro dzakaputsika.
Uye pazuva iri muna 1990, Mutungamiri weSouth Africa Frederik Willem de Klerk akasimudza kurambidza mapoka ekupikisa. Sangano reAfrica National Congress kana ANC rakava mutemo uye rave gurukota rezvekutonga muSouth Africa sezvo 1994 inofanirwa kushanda kune imwe nyika, yakasarura, uye yezvematongerwe enyika. Nhengo yeAIDS neyo nhengo yayo yakakura zvikuru Nelson Mandela yakabatana mukuparadzwa kwehutongerwe enyika, uye kubvumira kuti ANC inobatanidzwa muhurumende yakagadzira South Africa yakawanda.
February 3. Pazuva rino mu1973, makumi emakumi mana emakakatanwa muVietnam akapera zvakaguma apo chibvumirano chekugumisa moto chakasimbiswa muParis mumwedzi wapfuura chakatanga kushanda. Vietnam yakanga yatsungirira ruvengo rwusina kumiswa kubvira 1945, pakatangwa hondo yerusununguko kubva kuFrance. Hondo yevagari vemo pakati pematunhu ekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwenyika yakatanga mushure mekunge nyika yapatsanurwa neGeneva Convention muna 1954, nemauto "ekuAmerica" achisvika muna 1955. Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2008 neHarvard Medical School neInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation pa iyo Yunivhesiti yeWashington yakafungidzira kufa kwemhirizhonga yehondo 3.8 mamirioni yakabva kune inonzi neVietnamese Hondo yeAmerica Vanenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevakafa vaive vehurumende. Mamwe mamirioni akafa sezvo United States yakawedzera hondo kupinda muLaos neCambodia. Vakakuvadzwa vaive muzviverengero zvakakwirira kwazvo, uye tichitarisa nezvinyorwa zvekuchipatara zveSouth Vietnamese, chetatu chavo vaive vakadzi uye kota imwe chete vana vari pasi pemakore 13. Vakakuvadzwa veUS vaisanganisira 58,000 vakaurawa uye 153,303 vakakuvara, pamwe ne2,489 vasipo, asi huwandu hwakakwira hwevarwi vaizotevera kufa nekuzviuraya. Sekureva kwePentagon, United States yakashandisa madhora zviuru mazana masere zana nemakumi masere neshanu paHondo yeVietnam (ingangoita $ 168 tiririyoni muna 1 mari). Mari iyoyo ingadai yakashandiswa kunatsiridza dzidzo kana kubhadhara zvirongwa zvichangobva kugadzirwa zveMedare neMedicaid. Vietnam haina kuisa tyisidziro kuUnited States, asi - sekuratidzwa kwePentagon Papers - hurumende yeUS yakaenderera mberi nehondo, gore rimwe nerimwe, kunyanya "kuchengetedza chiso."
February 4. Pazuva rino mu1913, Rosa Parks akaberekwa. Rosa Parks akanga ari muAfrica, kodzero yepamusoro yekodzero dzevanhu, uyo akanyanya kuumba Montgomery Bus Boycott kuburikidza nekuramba kupa chigaro chake kumurume mutsvuku, achikwira bhazi. Rosa Parks inozivikanwa se "First Lady of Civil Rights" uye yakakunda Presidential Medal of Freedom nokuda kwekuzvitsaurira kwake kune kuenzana nekugumisa kusarura. Paki yakaberekerwa muTuskegee, Alabama, uye yakashungurudzwa kazhinji semucheche nevavakidzani vachena; asi, akagamuchira diploma yake yechikoro chepamusoro mu1933, pasinei nokuti 7% yevaAfrica veAmerica vakapedza chikoro chesekondari panguva iyoyo. Apo Rosa Parks akaramba kurambidza chigaro chake, akatarisana nekusarura kwevaya vakamupoteredza uye nemitemo yaJim Crow isina kururama yakagadzwa nehurumende. Nomutemo, Parks aifanira kurasa chigaro chake, uye aida kuenda kujeri kuti aratidze kuzvipira kwake kuhutano. Mushure mokunge vashandura kwenguva yakareba uye yakaoma, vanhu vemaMadgomery vakagumisa kusarura pamabhazi. Vakaita izvozvo vasina kushandisa chisimba kana kuti kuwedzera kuvenga. Mumwe mutungamiri akabuda kunze kwechikwata ichi uye akaenderera mberi achitungamirira mamwe mishandirapamwe ainzi Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Izvochete mazano nemashandisirwo akashandiswa muMontgomery zvinogona kugadziriswa uye kushandiswa kumitemo isina kururama uye masangano asina kururama nhasi. Tinogona kukurudzirwa kubva kuna Rosa Parks nevaya vakakurudzira mhaka yake kuti vatungamirire zvikonzero zvekururamisa uye kururamisira pano uye ikozvino.
February 5. Pazuva rino mu1987, Vanasekuru veKunyararo vakapikisa pane imwe nzvimbo yeNyada yekuongorora nyukliya. Barbara Wiedner akatanga nhembera dzeRugare International mu1982 mushure mekunge adzidza nezve150 zvombo zvenyukireya mumakiromita eimba yake muSadramento, California. Chinangwa chesangano chacho ndechekugumisa kushandiswa uye wehuyo hwezvombo zvenyukireya kuburikidza nekuratidzwa uye kupemberera. Vatanhatu veSenatori veUnited States, kusanganisira Leon Panetta naBarbara Boxer, vakabatanidzwa mukuratidzwa uku, pamwe chete nevatambi Martin Sheen, Kris Kristofferson, naRobert Blake. Kuparidzirwa kwechisimba kuNevada nsikiti yekuongorora nzvimbo yakaunza huwandu hwezvinobudisa nhau uye kuzivisa kune zvisiri pamutemo zvombo zvenyukireya kuongororwa. Kuedza zvombo zvenyukireya muNevada kwakaputsa mutemo uye kwave kuchikanganisa ukama hweUnited States neSoviet Union, vachikurudzirazve zvimwe zvombo zvenyukireya kukura nekuedzwa. Panguva yekuratidzwa, kusanganiswa kwevasati vashoma vezvematongerwo enyika, vateereri, vakadzi vakwegura, uye vamwe vazhinji vakatumira shoko kuna Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan uye hurumende yeUnited States kuti kuongorora kwenyukireya kwakange kusagamuchirwe, uye kuti vagari venyika havafaniri kuchengetwa murima pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende. Imwe mharidzo yakatumirwa kune vanhuwo zvavo vari mumiganhu iyi: kana boka duku rekurukuru rinogona kuva nemigumisiro yehutungamiri hwevanhu pavanenge vakarongeka uye vachishanda, saka iwe unogonawo. Chimbofungidzira kuchinja kwatingaita kana isu tose takashanda pamwe chete. Kutenda mukugadzirisa zvombo zvenyukireya kwakaputsika, asi zvombo zvinoramba zviripo, uye kudiwa kwesangano rakasimba kukugumisa kunowedzera negore rimwe nerimwe rinopfuura.
February 6. Pazuva rino muna 1890, Abdul Ghaffar Khan akazvarwa. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, kana Bacha Khan, akaberekerwa muIndia yeBrithani kutaridzirwa kune mhuri yakafuma yekugara. Bacha Khan inofanirwa hupenyu hwehupfumi kuitira kuti iumbe sangano risina chekuita, rainzi "Red Shirt Movement," iro rakatsaurirwa kusununguka kweIndia. Khan akasangana naVaMohandas Gandhi, mutsigiri wekusateerera kwevanhu vasingasviki, uye Khan akava mumwe wevadzidzisi vake vaive pedyo, zvichiita kuti ushamwari hwaizoguma kusvikira kuurawa kwaGandhi mu1948. Bacha Khan akashandisa rusununguko rwevanhu kusateerera kusununguka kuwana kodzero dzePastuns muPakistan, uye akasungwa kakawanda nekuda kwezviito zvake zveushingi. SeMuslim, Khan akashandisa chitendero chake sekukurudzira kusimbisa rusununguko rune rusununguko uye runyararo, apo varombo varombo vaizopiwa rubatsiro uye vanobvumirwa kukura mune zvehupfumi. Khan aiziva kuti kusagadzikana kunobereka rudo nekunzwira tsitsi apo kupandukira kwechisimba kunongotungamirira kurango rukuru uye ruvengo; saka, kushandisa nzira dzisiri dzevhangeri, asi dzakaoma mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuita shanduko munyika. Umambo hweBritain hwakatya zvaiitwa naGandhi naBacha Khan, sezvazvakaratidzwa apo pamusoro pe200 runyararo, vapanduki vasingagadzirwi vakaurayiwa nemauto nemaPurisa. Kuparara kweKissa Khani Bazaar kwakaratidza utsinye hwevatongi veBritain uye vakaratidza kuti nei Bacha Khan akarwisana nehurumende. Mukubvunzurudzwa mu1985, Bacha Khan akati, "Ndiri mutendi mukusagadzikana uye ndinotaura kuti hakuna rugare kana runyararo ruchaburuka pamusoro penyika kusvikira kusagadzikana kuchiitwa, nokuti kusava nerudo rudo runoita kuti vanhu vave noushingi."
February 7. Pazuva rino, Thomas More akazvarwa. Saint Thomas More, muChechi yeKaturike muzivi uye munyori, akaramba kubvuma kereke itsva yeAnglican yeEngland, uye akagura musoro nokuda kwekupandukira mu1535. Thomas More zvakare akanyora Utopia, bhuku rinoratidzira chitsuwa chakakwana icho chinozviriritira uye chinoshanda pasina matambudziko. Zvimwe zvinoongorora hunhu mubhuku rese nekukurukura mhedzisiro yezviito zvakanaka. Akanyora kuti mumwe nemumwe anowana mibairo kubva kuna Mwari nekuita zvakanaka uye zvirango zvekuita noutsinye. Vanhu munharaunda yeUtopian vaibatira pamwe uye vaigara zvine rugare mumwe nemumwe pasina mhirizhonga kana kukakavara. Kunyangwe hazvo vanhu vava kuona nzanga yeUtopian yakatsanangurwa naThomas More sechinhu chisinga fungidzike, zvakakosha kuti utsvage runyararo urwu. Nyika parizvino haina runyararo uye haina mhirizhonga; zvisinei, zvakakosha kusimba kuyedza kugadzira nyika ine runyararo, nyika. Dambudziko rekutanga rinofanirwa kukundwa chiito chehondo mune ese mafomu. Kana isu tichigona kugadzira world beyond war, nzanga isinganzwisisike haizoite senge inoshamisa uye nyika dzichakwanisa kutarisa kupa vagari vadzo zvinopesana nekushandisa mari kuvaka mauto. Nzanga dzeUtopian hadzifanirwe kungokandirwa kure sezvisingakwanisike; pachinzvimbo, zvinofanirwa kushandiswa sechinangwa chehurumende dzepasirese uye nevanhu vamwe nevamwe. Thomas More akanyora Utopia kuratidza zvinetso zvakange zviripo munharaunda yose. Vamwe vakagadziriswa. Vamwe vanoda kuva.
February 8. Pazuva rino mu1690, kuuraya kwakaitwa Schenectady kwakaitika. The Schenectady kuuraya kwakange kuri kurwisana nemusha weChirungu kunyanya vakadzi nevana vanoitwa neboka revarwi veFrance neAgongonquian Indiya. Kuurayiwa kwakaitika panguva yaWilliam William's War, inozivikanwawo seNyika Yemazana Emakore, shure kwekurwisana kwechisimba kwemaIndia neChirungu. Vavengi vacho vakapisa dzimba mumusha wose uye vakaurayiwa kana kuiswa mujeri vanenge vose vari munharaunda. Pose, vanhu ve60 vakaurayiwa mukati meusiku, kusanganisira vakadzi ve10 nevana 12. Mumwe akapona, paakakuvadzwa, akabva ku Schenectady kuenda kuAlbany kudzidzisa vamwe zvakanga zvaitika mumusha. Gore roga roga mukuyeuka kuurayiwa, meya we Schenectady akatasva mabhiza kubva kuSchenectady kuenda kuAlbany, achitora nzira imwecheteyo mupukunyu akatora. Chirangaridzo chegore negore inzira inokosha yekuti vagari vemo vanzwisise kutyisa kwehondo uye chisimba. Varume vasina mhosva, vakadzi, nevana vakaurayiwa pasina chikonzero. Guta re Schenectady rakanga risati rakagadzirirwa kurwiswa, uyewo vakanga vasina kukwanisa kuzvidzivirira kubva kuChipiri cheFrance neAlgonquians. Uku kuurayiwa kwaizove kwakadziviswa kana mapoka maviri akanga asina kumboenda kuhondo; uyezve, izvi zvinoratidza kuti hondo inoparadza munhu wose, kwete chete avo vanorwisana pamigero yepamberi. Kusvikira hondo yanyangarika icharamba ichiuraya vasina mhosva.
February 9. Pazuva rino mu1904, hondo yeRusso-Japanese yakatanga. Munharaunda yose yekupedzisira 19th uye kutanga 20th Mazana emakore, Japan, pamwe nemarudzi akawanda eEurope, akaedza kuisa zvikamu zveAsia zvisina kukodzera. Kungofanana nemasimba eEurope, ikatora nyika nekuisa hurumende yekoloni yenguva pfupi inoshandisa vanhu vomunharaunda uye inobudisa zvinhu kuti zvibatsire nyika yekoloni. Vose Russia neJapan vakakumbira kuti korea iiswe pasi pesimba ravo, iyo yakakonzera kukakavadzana pakati pemarudzi maviri pamusoro penyika yeKorea. Iyi hondo yakanga isiri hondo yekuzvimirira neKorea; panzvimbo yazvo, yakanga iri kurwisana nemasimba maviri kunze kwekutonga Korea yekupedzisira. Hondo dzinodzvinyirira hondo dzakaita seyiyi nyika dzakaparadzwa seKorea zvose mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mumuviri. Korea yaizoenderera mberi kugadzirisa hondo kuburikidza neHondo yeKorea muZ1950. Japan rakakunda Russia muRussia-Japanese War uye yakaramba ichitonga muchechi yeKorea kusvikira 1945 apo United States neSoviet Union vakakunda maJapan. Pakazara, paive nekufungidzirwa kuti 150,000 yakafa pamagumo ehondo Russo-Japanese, kusanganisira 20,000 kufa kwevanhu. Iyi hondo yekoloni yakabata nyika yakakonzerwa neKorea kupfuura yevaiti vehondo nekuti yakanga isina kurwiswa munyika yeJapan kana yeRussia. Makoroni anoenderera mberi achiitika nhasi kuMiddle East, uye United States inotarisana kurwisana nehondo inopesana nekupa zvombo kubatsira mamwe mapoka. Panzvimbo pokushanda kupedza hondo, United States inoramba ichipa zvombo zvehondo munyika yose.
February 10. Pazuva iri mu1961, The Voice of Nuclear Disarmament, purogiramu yemavhidhiyo, yakatanga kushanda kumahombekombe pedyo neGreat Britain. Chigaro chacho chaishandiswa naDkt. John Hasted, nyanzvi yezveatomu kuLondon University, nyanzvi yemimhanzi neredhiyo munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Muparidzi, Lynn Wynn Harris, aiva mudzimai waDkt. John Hasted. Dr. Akashamwaridzana nenyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muzivi Bertrand Russell muKomiti yeNuclear Nyaradzi, boka rakatevera fungiro yaGandhi yekusaderera kwevanhu kusateerera. Inzwi reNyukliya Kuparadzaniswa kwaive kuparadzirwa mumhanzi weBBC mushure mokunge 11 masikati mu1961-62. Yakakurudzirwa muLondon neAntiwar War Committee ye100 apo ichikurudzira vanhu kuti vabatane nemisangano yavo. Bertrand Russell akasarudza semutungamiri weKomiti yeNyukliya Kuparadzaniswa kuti ave mutungamiriri weKomiti ye100. Komiti ye100 yakaita zviratidzo zvekugara pasi, iyo yekutanga yakaitwa musi waFebruary 18, 1961 kunze kweUnited Defense yeWhitehall, uye gare gare muTrafalgar Square uye paChechi Loch Polaris. Izvi zvakatangira nekusungwa uye kuidzwa kwevamiriri ve32 veKomiti ye100, avo mahofisi avo akarovererwa nemahofisi eDaviro Rebazi, uye vatanhatu nhengo dzakatungamira vakapomerwa mhosva yekugadzirira pasi peMutemo weChitubu cheMutemo. Ian Dixon, Terry Chandler, Trevor Hatton, Michael Randle, Pat Pottle, naHelen Allegranza vakawanikwa vane mhosva uye vakasungwa munaFebruary 1962. Komiti yakabva yaparara muCommunity Regional Committees. ILondon Komiti ye13 ndiyo yainyanya kushanda, inotanga magazini yemunyika, Chiito cheRugare, muna April 1963, gare gare The Nemishonga, 1964.
February 11. Pazuva rino mu1990, Nelson Mandela akasunungurwa kubva mujeri. Akaenderera mberi achitamba basa rinokosha mukuguma kwehurumende yeApartheid muSouth Africa. Nekubatsirwa kubva kuU.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Nelson Mandela akasungwa pamhosva yekupandukira, uye akagara mujeri kubva 1962-1990; zvisinei, akaramba ari mufananidzo uye mutungamiri anoshanda wehutachiona hwehutachiona. Makore mana mushure mekusunungurwa kubva mujeri, akasarudzwa mutungamiri weSouth Africa, achimubvumira kudarika mutemo mutsva, achiita kodzero dzezvematongerwe enyika dzakakosha kune vatema uye vatsvene. Mandela akadzivisa kutora uye akadzingisa chokwadi uye kuyananisa kwenyika yake. Akati akatenda kuti rudo rungakunda kukunda uye kuti munhu wese anofanira kutora chikamu chekudzivirira kudzvinyirirwa uye kuvenga. Maonero aMandela anogona kuiswa muchidimbu mubhuku rinotevera: "Hakuna munhu anoberekwa achivenga mumwe munhu nekuda kwerudzi rweganda rake, kana mamiriro ake ezvinhu, kana chitendero chake. Vanhu vanofanira kudzidza kudzivenga, uye kana vachigona kudzidza kuvenga, vanogona kudzidziswa kuda, nokuti rudo runouya zvakasununguka kumwoyo wemunhu kudarika rakasiyana. "Kuti mugone kupedza hondo uye kugadzira nzanga izere norugare, panofanira Iva vashandi vakaita saNelson Mandela avo vanoda kupa upenyu hwavo hwose nekuda kwechikonzero chacho. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokupemberera kusagadzikana kwemaitiro, dhipatimendi, kuyananisa, uye kururamisira kwekudzorera.
February 12. Pazuva rino mu1947, nguva yokutanga yorugare yakashandura kadhi inopfuta muUnited States yakaitika. Pane pfungwa dzakajairika dzokuti kushorwa kune zvinyorwa zvakatanga muHondo yeVietnam; chaizvoizvo, vazhinji vakatsoropodza kunyoresa zvehondo kubva pakatanga kwaro muUnited States War. Anofungidzirwa kuti varume ve72,000 vakaramba kurongwa panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, uye shure kwehondo, vazhinji vevanhu vakafanana vakamira ndokupisa mabhadhi avo. Hondo Yenyika II yakanga yapfuura uye pakange pasina mitsva yakangoshandiswa, asi kupisa makadhi avo aiva sangano rezvematongerwe enyika. Pasi peA500 veterans vehondo dzehondo mbiri dzepasi vakapisa makadhi avo muNew York City neWashington, DC kuti varatidze kuti havazobatsiri kana kubvumira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nehurumende yeUnited States. Vakawanda vemauto aya vakaramba nhoroondo yakareba yekupindira mune zvechisimba muNative America nedzimwe nyika pasi pose kubvira pakaberekwa United States. IUnited States yave iri pakurwa hondo nguva dzose kubvira 1776, uye iri rudzi rwakapindirana zvikuru nechisimba. Asi zviito zvakaoma sekupisa makadhi emakadhi zvakambotaura zvakasimba kuhurumende yeUnited States kuti vagari venyika havangagamuchiri nyika nguva dzose muhondo yehondo. IUnited States ikozvino iri kurwisana, uye zvinotarisirwa kuti vagari vese vanowana zvisizvo zvisiri izvo zvisiri nzira yekukurukurirana kusagutsikana nezviito zvehurumende yavo.
February 13. Pazuva rino mu1967, kutakura mifananidzo yakawanda yeNapalmed Vietnamese vana, vemu 2,500 veboka iro Women Strike for Peace vakaderedza Pentagon, vachitsvaka kuona "vakuru vakuru vanotumira vanakomana vedu kuVietnam." Vatungamiriri mukati mePentagon pakutanga vakavhara mikova uye vakaramba kubvumira vapanduki mukati. Mushure mokunge vakaramba vachiedza, ivo vakazobvumirwa mukati, asi havana kupiwa musangano wavo nevakuru vakuru vavakanga varonga kusangana navo. Pane kudaro, vakasangana ne congressman vasina kupa mhinduro. Vakadzi Vanorwisa Guru Rorugare vakakumbira mhinduro kubva kuhutungamiri hwaisazojekesa, saka vakasarudza kuti yakanga yava nguva yekuenderera mberi kuWashington. Zuva rino nevamwe, hurumende yeUnited States yakaramba kubvuma kushandiswa kwayo kwemagetsi ane chepfu asingabvumirwi nehondo muhondo yekurwisana neVietnamese. Kunyange nemifananidzo yevana veVietnamese veVietnam, hurumende yeJohnson yakaramba ichipa mhosva paNorth Vietnam. Hurumende yeUnited States inoreva nhema kune vagari varo kuitira kuti ienderere mberi kune iyo inonzi "hondo kurwisana nemakominism," pasinei nekuona pasina mitezo uye zvinoshamisa zvakanyanya kuurawa kwemitengo. Vakadzi Vanorwisa Sangano Rorugare vakaona kusakosha kwehondo muVietnam uye vaida mhinduro chaiyo pamusoro pekuti kurwisana kwaizoguma sei. Nhema uye unyengeri zvakakonzera Hondo yeVietnam. Ava vaipikisa vaida mhinduro kubva kune vakuru vakuru mukati me Pentagon, asi vatungamiriri veuto vakaramba vachiramba kushandiswa kwemagasi ane chepfu pasinei neuchapupu hunoshamisa. Asi chokwadi chakabuda uye hachichapikiswi zvakare.
February 14. Pazuva rino mu1957, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) yakatangwa muAtlanta. Southern Southern Leadership Conference yakatanga mwedzi mishomanana mushure mekunge bhasiro reMongomery rakasanganiswa neMontgomery Bus Boycott. ICCLC yakafuridzirwa neRosa Park uye yakasunungurwa nevanhu vakadai saMartin Luther King Jr. vakashanda semusarudzo akasarudzwa. Sangano rakaramba richienderera mberi nderokushandisa kupesana kwekusagadzikana uye chiito kuitira kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu uye kubvisa rusarura. Mukuwedzera, SCLC inotsvaga kuparadzira chiKristu seyeinofunga kuti inzira yekuumba nzvimbo ine rugare kune vanhu vose muUnited States. ICCLC yave ichinetseka kushandisa nzira dzorugare dzinounza shanduko munyika dzisina kubvumirwa, uye dzakabudirira zvikuru. Kune huri kurwisana kwehutano, humwe uye hutsika, uye nyika haina kuenzana, asi pane kuve nekufambira mberi kukuru kwekugara kwevanhu kune veAfrica America. Runyararo hachisi chimwe chinhu chichauya munyika yedu pasina vatungamiri vakaita seCSCLC vachiita kuti vaite shanduko. Pari zvino, pane zvitsauko uye mapoka akambidzana muUnited States, haasisiri kumucheto kuSouth. Vanhu vanogona kubatana nemapoka akadai seCSCLC, iyo inokurudzira rugare kuburikidza nechitendero uye inogona kuita mutsauko chaiyo nekuenderera mberi kuita chimwe chinhu pane izvo zvakanaka. Masangano ezvitendero akadai seCSCLC akaita basa rinokosha mukuderedza kusarura uye kukurudzira nzvimbo dzine rugare.
February 15. Pazuva rino mu1898, ngarava yeUnited States inonzi USS Maine yakasimuka ichienda kumahombekombe muHaana, Cuba. Vakuru vakuru veUnited States nemapepanhau, vamwe vavo vainge vakatsamwira pachena kuti vawane hondo kwemakore vakabva vatongesa kuSpain, pasinei nekushaikwa kwehumwe uchapupu. Spain yakasarudza kuongorora kwakazvimirira uye yakazvipira kurarama nesarudzo yeumwe wevatatu vezvematongerwo enyika. IUnited States yakasarudza kukurumidza kupinda muhondo yaisazove yakaruramiswa kana Spain yakanga iine mhosva. Kutsvakurudza kweUnited States pamusoro pemakore 75 kwakapera nguva yakareba, sezvakaitwa neU.S. Naval Academy purofesa Philip Fagger panguva iyo (mumushumo wakadzingwa nehondo yechisimba Theodore Roosevelt) kuti Maine zvinenge zvichinyatsoputika nekuputika kwemukati uye kunowanzoitika. Yeuka Maine neGehena neSpain Kwaive kuchema kwehondo, ichiri kukurudzirwa nemakumi ezviyeuchidzo zvichiratidza zvidimbu zvechikepe muUnited States yose kusvika nhasi. Asi kugehena nemaonero, pfungwa, runyararo, hunhu, uye vanhu veCuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, uye Guam chaive chokwadi. MuPhilippines, mazana maviri ezviuru kusvika kumazana mashanu nemazana ezviuru zvevanhuwo zvavo vakafa nechisimba nezvirwere. Makore zana nemashanu mushure mezuva iro Maine vakazununguka, nyika yakazvidza kutyisidzirwa kwekutungamirirwa kweUnited States kuIraq muzuva guru pane kupesana kwevanhu munhau. Somugumisiro, nyika zhinji dzakarwisana nehondo, uye United Nations yakaramba kurambidza. IUnited States yakafamba zvakadaro, mukuputsa mutemo. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokudzidzisa nyika pamusoro pehondo nhema uye kushorwa kwehondo.
February 16. Nezuva iri muna 1941, tsamba yevafundisi yakaverengwa mumapurupiti ese eNorway Church yakaraira vanhu kuti "vamire vakasimba, vachitungamirwa neshoko raMwari… uye vave vakatendeka kune zvamunotenda mukati." Kune iro chikamu charo, Chechi yakakwazisa vateveri vayo vese "mukufara kwekutenda uye kushinga muna Ishe neMuponesi wedu." Tsamba iyi yaitsvaga kuunganidza vanhu vekuNorway kuti varambe kutora kwaitorwa nevaNazi kweLutheran State Church yeNorway, zvichitevera kupinda nechisimba kwenyika kweGerman musi waApril 9, 1940. Chechi iyi yakatorawo matanho akanangana nekukanganisa kumukira kweNazi. NeSvondo Svondo, 1942, gwaro rakatumirwa neChechi kuvafundisi vese rakaverengwa zvinonzwika kuinenge ungano dzese. Inonzi "Nheyo yeChechi," yakadaidzira mufundisi wese kuti arege basa semushumiri weChechi yeHurumende - chiito icho Chechi yaiziva kuti chaizovatambudza nekusungwa. Asi zano rakashanda. Vafundisi pavakasiya basa, vanhu vakavatsigira nerudo, kuvimbika, nemari, vachimanikidza vakuru vechechi yeNazi kusiya hurongwa hwekuvabvisa kubva kumachechi avo. Nekurega basa, zvakadaro, State Church yakaparadzwa uye kereke nyowani yeNazi yakarongeka. Yakanga isiri kusvika May 8, 1945, nekuzvipira kwemauto eGerman, kuti machechi muNorway adzorerwe muchimiro chavo chenhoroondo. Zvakadaro, tsamba yevafundisi yaiverengwa mumapurpiti eNorway makore anopfuura mana apfuura yaive yatamba basa rakakosha. Yakanga yaratidza zvakare kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanogona kutarisirwa kuwana hushingi hwekudzivisa kudzvinyirirwa uye kudzivirira tsika dzavanofunga kuti dzakakosha pahunhu hwavo.
February 17. Pazuva iri mu1993, vatungamiri vechikwata cheC1989 muChina vakasunungurwa. Vakawanda vakasungwa muBeijing apo mu1949, paTiananmen Square, Mao Zedong vakaparidza "People's Republic" pasi pehurumende yezvino yavaKomonisiti. Chido chechokwadi chema democracy chakakura kwemakore makumi mana kusvikira avo vari muTiananmen, Chengdu, Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Changsha, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakashamisa nyika sezviuru zvevadzidzi vakaurayiwa, vakakuvadzwa, uye / kana kuti vakasungwa. Pasinei nekuedza kweChina kubvisa pepanhau, vamwe vakagamuchirwa munyika yose. Fang Lizhi, purofesa we astrophysics, akapiwa rubatsiro muAmerica, uye akadzidziswa paYunivhesiti yeArizona. Wang Dan, ane makore ane makore gumi nemana anonzi Peking University yemakore gumi nemana, akaiswa mujeri kaviri, akadzingwa mu20, uye akava muongorori wekuenda kuOxford, uye ari sachigaro weChina Constitutional Reform Association. Chai Ling, wechikoro chepfungwa yeC23-makore akapukunyuka pashure pemwedzi gumi achivanda, akapedza chikoro kubva kuHarvard Business School, uye akava mukuru mukuru wekushanda mukugadzirisa nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti kumayunivesiti. Wu'er Kaixi, mumwe wevanhu vane makore ane gumi nemana anonzi NNUMX ane nzara akatsiura Mutungamiri Li Peng pamusoro peterevhizheni yehurumende, akatizira kuFrance, ndokudzidza zvoupfumi kuHarvard. Liu Xiaobo, muongorori wezvinyorwa uyo akatanga "Charter 08," maitiro ekukumbira kodzero dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe, rusununguko rwekutaura, uye sarudzo dzakawanda-sangano, rakaitwa munzvimbo isina kufanirwa pedyo neBeijing. Han Dongfang, anonzi 27-year-old railway worker uyo akabatsira kuumba Beijing Autonomous Workers 'Federation muZ1989, wokutanga kuzvimiririra hurumende muChina chemakominist, akaiswa mujeri uye akadzingwa. Han akapukunyuka akaenda kuHong Kong, ndokutanga China Labor Bulletin kudzivirira kodzero dzevashandi veChina. Murume uyu aikwanisa kuvhara video yakachengetedza mutsara wematangi haana kumboonekwa.
February 18. Nezuva iri muna 1961, mutungamiri weBritain, 88, muBrithani, aitungamirira kufamba kwevamwe vanhu va4,000 kuenda kuLondon Trafalgar Square, apo hurukuro dzakapikiswa dzichipikisa kubva kubva kuAmerica yePollaris nuclear-armed armmar-launched missiles. Vakatengesa vakabva vatanga kuenda kuBritain Ministry of Defense, uko Russell akatora mharidzo yekupikisa kumasuo ekuvaka. Chiratidziro chekugara pasi chakateverwa mumugwagwa, iyo yakagara nguva inenge maawa matatu. Chiitiko cheFebruary chakanga chiri chokutanga chakarongedzwa nehutsva mutsva anti-nuke activist boka, "Komiti ye100," iyo Russell akanga asarudzwa mutungamiri wenyika. Komiti yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kuUk yakagadzirirwa Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, iyo Russell akasiyira semutungamiriri wenyika. Panzvimbo yekuronga nzira dzakasununguka dzemugwagwa nevatsigiri vane zviratidzo, chinangwa cheKomiti chaiva chekuita nesimba uye kutarisa-kuwana zviito zvakananga zvisiri zvechisimba zvekusateerera kwevanhu. Russell akatsanangura zvikonzero zvake zvekuisa Komiti mune imwe nyaya munyaya yacho New Statesman muna Kukadzi 1961. Akataura muchidimbu kuti: “Dai vese avo vasingabvumire mutemo wehurumende kuti vabatanidze kuratidzira kukuru kwekusateerera hurumende vanogona kupa hurumende upenzi husingaiti uye vomanikidza vanonzi vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vabvume nezviyero zvinoita kuti kurarama kwevanhu kuvepo. ” Komiti ye100 yakaratidzira kuratidzira kwayo kwakanyanya musi waGunyana 17, 1961, payakabudirira kuvharira misoro yepier paMuganhu weParine Loch Polaris. Mushure meizvozvo, zvisinei, zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakakonzera kudzikira kwayo nekukurumidza, kusanganisira misiyano yezvinangwa zveboka, kuwedzera kusungwa kwemapurisa, uye kubatanidzwa mumishandirapamwe inoenderana nenyaya dzisiri dzezvombo zvenyukireya. Russell pachake akasiya basa muKomiti muna 1963, uye sangano rakabviswa muna Gumiguru 1968.
February 19. Pazuva rino mu1942, munguva yeGermany yeHondo yeHondo Yenyika II yekushanda kweNorway, vadzidzisi veNorway vakatanga kubudirira mukurwisana kwekusagadzirisa kurwisana neNazi yakagadzirirwa kutora dzidzo yenyika. Kutora kwacho kwainge kwatemwa nemushandi mukuru weNazi Vidkun Quisling, uye mushumiri akasarudzwa neNazi-Mutungamiri weNorway. Pasi pemitemo yemurairo, sangano revadzidzisi riripo raifanira kuparadzwa uye vadzidzisi vose vakanyoreswa naFebruary 5, 1942 neNazi-yakatungamirirwa neNorwegian Teachers Union. Vadzidzisi vakaramba kutorwa, zvisinei, uye havana hanya nemusi wekutanga waFebruary 5. Vakabva vatevera mutungamiri weboka repasi repasi revaNazi muOslo, izvo zvakatumira vese vadzidzisi mutsara mutsva wavanogona kushandisa kuti vazivise kukanganisa kwavo pamwe chete kubatana nechishuvo cheNazi. Vadzidzisi vaifanira kukopa uye kutumira zvinyorwa kuHurumende yeQuisling, zita ravo nekero rakagadziridzwa. Pakazosvika February 19, 1942, vazhinji vevaNorway vadzidzisi ve12,000 vakanga vaita izvozvi. Kudzidzira kwekunyangarika kwaQuisling kwaiva kuronga kuti zvikoro zveNorway zvivharwe kwemwedzi. Chiito ichocho, zvakadaro, chakaita kuti vabereki vakatsamwa kunyora dzimwe tsamba dze200,000 dzokupikisa hurumende. Vadzidzisi ivo pachavo vaisvibisa zvidzidzo munzvimbo dzakasarudzwa, uye masangano epasi pasi akabhadhara kurasikirwa nemisha kune mhuri yevanopfuura vadzidzisi vevarume ve1,300 vakasungwa uye vakasungwa. Vachitaura kukanganisa kwezvirongwa zvavo zvokupamba zvikoro zveNorway, vatongi veFascist vakabudisa vese vadzidzisi vakanga vasungwa munaNovember 1942, uye dzidzo yepamusoro yakadzorerwa kuNorway. Sangano rekusava nechisimba kumanikidzana kwevanhu rakabudirira mukurwisana nekudzvinyirira maitiro ehondo ine utsinye ine simba.
February 20. Pazuva rino muC1839, Congress yakaparadzanisa mutemo wakabvumidza kubhadhara muDunhu reColumbia. Chirevo chemurairo chakanga chichikurudzirwa nekudanidzira kwevanhu pamusoro peC1838 duel paBladensburg Dueling Grounds inonyanyisa muMadganland, kunze kwemuganhu weDDC. Mumakwikwi iwayo, mumwe mukuru weCongress aibva kuMaine anonzi Jonathan Cilley akanga adzirwa kuti afe nemumwe Mutungamiriri weChishanu, William Graves weKentucky. Kuenderera mberi kwakaonekwa sekunonyanya kushamwaridzana, kwete chete nokuti kutengesana kwemoto mitatu kwaidiwa kupedzisa, asi nokuti mupukunyuka, Graves, akanga asina kutarisana nemunhu wake. Akanga apinda muduro sechimire-mu kuti aonekwe mukurumbira weshamwari, imwe nyanzvi yepepanhau reNew York ainzi James Webb, uyo Cilley akanga atora kuti aora. Kune rumwe rutivi, Imba yeVamiririri yakasarudza kusazvidza Makuva kana vamwe vaviri veMakurukota aripo pa duel, kunyange zvazvo kudengesa kwakanga kwave kutopesana nemutemo muDDC uye muAmerica akawanda nyika nenzvimbo. Pane kudaro, yakapa mushumo unogona "kurambidza kupa kana kugamuchira mukati meRuwa rweColumbia, zvekuoma kurwisana nechero, uye nekurangwa kwayo." Mushure mokunge zvayambuka neCongress, chiyero chakasarudzwa nehurumende chekudziviswa kubata, asi hazvina kuita zvishoma kugumisa chiito. Sezvo vainge vaita nguva dzose kubva muC1808, vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika vakaramba vachisangana panzvimbo yeBladensburg muMadganis, kunyanya murima. Kutevera Hondo yeVanhu, zvisinei, kudengenyeka kwakabva kusina kufarirwa uye kwakarambira nokukurumidza muUnited States Yese yekupedzisira yevamwe makumi mashanu pamwe chete nemadhora eBladensburg yakarwiwa mu1868.
February 21. Nezuva iri muna 1965, mushumiri weAfrica-American uye mutongi wezvekodzero dzevanhu Malcolm X akaurayiwa nepfuti-moto sezvaakagadzirira kutarisana neSangano reAfro-American Unity (OAAU), boka rezvematongerwo enyika raakanga atanga gore risati rasvika vakatsvaka kugadzirisa zvakare vanhu veAfrica neAmerica nefa ravo reAfrica uye kubatsira kubvisa rusununguko rwehupfumi. Mukurudzira kodzero dzevanhu kune vanhu vatsvuku, Malcolm X akaronga maonero akasiyana-siyana ekuona. Sezvo ari nhengo yeRudzi rweIslam, akarambidza vatsvene veAmerica se "madhimoni" uye vakatsigira rudzi rwekuparadzanisa. Kusiyana naMartin Luther King, akakurudzira vanhu vemahombe kuti vazvipfuurire "nenzira ipi zvayo inodikanwa." Asati abva Nation of Islam, akaparadzanisa sangano nekuda kwaro kurwisa kushungurudza mapurisa evanhu vemazuva uye kushanda pamwe nevatongi vezvematongerwo enyika kufambisa kodzero dzemavara. Pakupedzisira, mushure mokunge vatora chikamu mu 1964 Hajj kuMecca, Malcolm akauya pakuona kuti muvengi wechokwadi weAfrica muAmerica akanga asiri mutambo wakachena, asi rudzi rwemadzinza. Akanga aona vaMuslim ve "mavara ose, kubva mavara-maziso ebhuruu kusvika kune vanhu vemavara-vemaAfrica," vachibatanidza zvakaenzana uye vakapedzisa kuti Islam pachayo ndiyo yaivayo yekukunda matambudziko emadzinza. Zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti Malcolm akaurayiwa nhengo dzeAmerican Nation of Islam (NOI) chechi yaakange atadza gore rakapfuura. NOI zvaityisidzira pamusoro pake zvakange zvichisimudzira kukonzera kuurawa, uye vatatu veNGOI vakazopomerwa mhosva yekuurayiwa. Asi, vaviri vevatatu vanouraya vakaramba vakachengeta kusava nemhosva, uye makumi emakore ekutsvakurudza vakaita kuti kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvakaitwa pamusoro pavo.
February 22. Pazuva rino muC1952, North Korea Foreign Foreign Ministry yakamhan'arira zvekurwa kweSouth America yekuderedza zvipembenene zvine utachiona pamusoro peNorth Korea. Munguva yehondo yeKorea (1950-53), mauto eChina neKorea anga achirwara nekuparara kwezvirwere zvinouraya zvakatsunga kuva chibhokisi, korera, nedenda. Makumi mana nevana vaive vatofa vaive vaongororwa hutachiona hwemeningitis. IU.S. yakaramba chero ruoko muhondo yehupenyu, kunyangwe vazhinji-zvapupu vakauya pamberi kusanganisira mutori wenhau weAustralia. Vepepanhau repasirese vakakoka kuferefetwa kwepasi rose nepo US nevabatsiri vayo vachiramba vachidaidzira kuti zvirevo ndezvekunyepa. IU.S. yakurudzira kuferefetwa neInternational Red Cross kubvisa chero kusahadzika, asi Soviet Union nevatsigiri vayo vakaramba, vakagutsikana kuti US yainyepa. Pekupedzisira, iyo Runyararo Rwepasi rose yakamisikidza International Scientific Commission yeiyo Chokwadi Nezve Bacterial Warfare muChina neKorea ine masayendisiti ane mukurumbira, anosanganisira anozivikanwa weBritish biochemist uye sinologist. Kudzidza kwavo kwakatsigirwa nezvakaona, vanachiremba, uye vana vekuAmerican Korea vasungwa vakasimbisa kuti US yakatumira hondo yehutachiona kubva kunhandare dzendege muOkinawa inotorwa neAmerica kuenda kuKorea kutanga muna 1951. Gwaro rekupedzisira, munaGunyana 1952, rakaratidza kuti US yaishandisa zvombo zvoutachiona, uye International Association of Democratic Lawyers yakazivisa mhedzisiro iyi mu "Report on US Crimes in Korea." Chirevo chakaburitsa pachena kuti iyo US yakanga yatora kuyedza kweJapan kwekutanga kwehupenyu kwakaunzwa mukutongwa kwakaitwa neSoviet Union muna 1949. Panguva iyoyo, US yakadana miedzo iyi se "manyepo akashata uye asina hwaro." MaJapan, zvisinei, akawanikwa aine mhosva. Uyezve, saka yaive iyo US
February 23. Pazuva rino mu1836, Hondo yeAlamo yakatanga muSan Antonio. Hondo yeTexas yakatanga mu1835 apo boka reAnglo-America vaigara neTejanos (vakavhenganiswa veMexico uye vaIndia) vakatora San Antonio yaiva pasi pekutonga kweMexico, vachiti nyika iri mu "Texas" sehurumende yakasununguka. Mumwe mukuru weMexico Antonio Lopez weSanta Anna akadanwa, uye akatyisidzira hondo yacho "isingatori vasungwa." Mutungamiri weAmerica ainzi Chief Sam Houston akapindura nekuraira vatorwa kuti vabve muSan Antonio sezvo vashoma kupfuura 200 vakanga vashoma kwazvo neuto re4,000 Mauto Mexico. Iboka racho rakaramba, richipotera kune imwe imba yevaFrance yakasiyiwa yakavakwa mu1718 inozivikanwa seAlamo. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, musi waFebruary 23, 1836, mazana matanhatu eMexican mauto akafa muhondo sezvavakarwisa uye vakauraya vagari zana nemakumi masere nevatatu. Hondo yeMexico yakaisa zvitunha zvevagari vemunharaunda iyi kunze kweAlamo. Jenerali Houston akaunganidza hondo yekutsigira avo vakaurayiwa muhondo yavo yekusununguka. Mutsara wokuti "Yeuka Alamo" yakava kudanidzira kwekuenda kuTexas fighters, uye makore gumi gare gare mauto eUnited States muhondo yakaba nharaunda yakakura zvikuru kubva kuMexico. Kutevera kuurayiwa kuAlamo, mauto eHouston akakurumidza kukunda uto reMexico kuSan Jacinto. MunaMuvhuro we1836, Peace Treaty yeVelasco yakasimbiswa naGeneral Santa Anna, uye iyo itsva Republic yeTexas yakazivisa rusununguko rwayo kubva kuMexico. Texas haina kutora chikamu cheUnited States kusvika munaDecember weC1845. Yakaparidzirwa muhondo inotevera.
February 24. Pazuva rino mu1933, Japan yakabva kuLigi yeMarudzi. Chikwata ichi chakange chakavambwa muna 1920 netariro yekuchengetedza runyararo pasi rose zvichitevera Musangano weParis weParis uyo wakapedza Hondo Yenyika I. Nhengo dzekutanga dzaisanganisira: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia , Denmark, El Salvador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam, Spain , Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Venezuela, uye Yugoslavia. Muna 1933, League yakaburitsa mushumo ichitsvaga Japan yaive nemhosva yekurwa muManchuria, ndokukumbira kubviswa kwemauto eJapan. Mumiriri weJapan Yosuke Matsuoka akaramba zvakaburitswa nemushumo uyu neshoko rinoti: “… Manchuria ndeedu nekodzero. Verenga nhoroondo yako. Isu takawanazve Manchuria kubva kuRussia. Takazviita sezvazviri nhasi. ” Akataura kuti Russia neChina zvakakonzera "kunetsekana kwakadzama uye kunetseka," uye Japan yakanzwa "ichimanikidzwa kugumisa kuti Japan nedzimwe nhengo dzesangano iri vane maonero akasiyana pamusoro penzira yekuwana rugare muFar East." Akadzokorora kuti Manchuria yaive nyaya yehupenyu nerufu kuJapan. "Japan yave uye ichagara iri musimboti werunyararo, kurongeka uye kufambira mberi kuFar East." Akabvunza, "Vanhu veAmerica vangabvuma kutonga kwakadai kwePanama Canal Zone; maBritish vaizoibvumidza pamusoro peEjipitori? IUS neRussia vakadaidzwa kuti vapindure. Zvisinei nekutsigirwa kwairehwa, iyo US, iyo yakanga yadzidzisa Japan mune impiriism, haina kumbobatana neLeague of Nations.
February 25. Pazuva iri mu1932, muBrithani anonyanya kukwana, musikana, aive muparidzi, uye muKristu wekurudzira rugare Maude Royden akabudisa tsamba muLondon Daily Express. Co-yakasimbiswa nevari vaviri vevashandi, iyo tsamba yakaronga kuti chii chingangodaro chaive chirongwa chekutsvaira rugare rwemazana makumi maviri. Pasi pemitemo yazvo, Royden nevamwe vake vaviri vaizotungamirira "Rugare Hondo" yevarume nevakadzi veBritain kuShailand, kwavaizoedza kudzivisa hondo yeChinese neJapan mauto kuburikidza nekuzvinyima vasina rusarura pakati pavo. Kurwisana pakati pemativi maviri kwaive kuchiendererazve, mushure mekutsvaira kwenguva pfupi mushure mokupinda kweManchuria nemauto eJapan munaSeptember, 1931. Pane imwe nguva yapfuura, Royden akanga atanga pfungwa ye "Peace Army" mumharidzo yeungano yake kuCondon Congregational chechi. Ikoko akanga ave achiparidza: "Varume nevakadzi vanozvitenda kuti ndivo basa ravo vanofanira kuzvipira kuzviisa vasina rusununguko pakati pevarwi." Akasimbisa kuti chikumbiro chake chaiva kuvarume nevakadzi, uye avo vanozvipira vanofanira kukumbira League of Nations kutumira ivo vasina kusarudzwa kunzvimbo yekukakavara. Mukuguma, chikwata chaRoyden chakanga chisingateereri neChishanu yeMarudzi uye chikafu muhurukuro. Asi, kunyange zvazvo Hondo Yorugare isina kumbobatana, vamwe varume nevakadzi vechi800 vakazvipira kuti vabatane, uye boka reArmed Army rakasimbiswa rakaramba rakashanda kwemakore akawanda. Mukuwedzera, pfungwa yaRoyden yezvaakadana "kutyisidzira mauto erugare" akagamuchira kudzidziswa kwepamusoro kwemazuva sechirongwa chezvinhu zvose zvinotevera zvinowanikwa zvino "sekusagadziriswa kwekugadzirisa rugare rwemasimba."
February 26. Pazuva iri muna 1986, Corazon Aquino akatora simba mushure mokumukira kwechisimba kusina kubvumira kwakaiswa Ferdinand Marcos muPhilippines. Marcos, akasarudzwazve mutungamiri wePhilippines muna 1969, akarambidzwa kubva mutemu yechitatu, uye nekuzvidza akazivisa mutemo wemauto nekutonga kwemauto, kuparadzwa kweCongress, nekuiswa mutirongo kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika. Mutsoropodzi wake ane mukurumbira, Senator Benigno Aquino, akapedza makore manomwe ari mutirongo asati agadzira mamiriro emoyo. Akanga apomerwa zvenhema kuponda, kutongwa, uye kutongerwa rufu apo United States yakapindira. Sezvo iye akapora muUS, Aquino akafunga kudzokera kuPhilippines kunobvisa Marcos pasimba. Iwo mabasa uye zvinyorwa zvaGandhi zvakamukurudzira kune kusagadzikana senzira yakanakisa yekukunda Marcos. Sezvo Aquino paakadzoka zvakare muPhilippines muna 1983, zvakadaro, akapfurwa ndokuurayiwa nemapurisa. Rufu rwake rwakakurudzira mazana ezviuru zvevatsigiri vakapinda mumigwagwa vachida "Kururamisira Kune Vese Vakashungurudzwa Nezvematongerwo enyika neUgandanga hweMasoja!" Chirikadzi yaBenigno Corazon Aquino, akaronga rally kuMalacanang Palace pamusi wemwedzi mumwe wekuurawa kwaAcino. Sezvo maMarines akapfura mukati mevanhu, varatidziri vane rugare zviuru gumi nezvishanu vakaenderera mberi nekufamba kwavo kubva kumuzinda kuenda kuMendiola Bridge. Mazana akakuvara uye gumi nemumwe vakaurawa, zvakadaro kuratidzira uku kwakaenderera kusvikira Corazon amhanyira mutungamiri wenyika. Marcos paakataura kuti akunda, Corazon akarayira kuti nyika yose isateerere, uye mamirioni 15,000 vakapindura ne "Kukunda kweVanhu Rally." Mazuva matatu gare gare, United States Congress yakashora sarudzo, ndokuvhota kucheka rutsigiro rwemauto kudzamara Marcos asiya chigaro. Paramende yePhilippine yakabvisa sarudzo dzakashata, ndokuzivisa mutungamiri weCorazon.
February 27. Pazuva rino mu1943, maGestapo echiNazi muBerlin akatanga kutenderera varume vechiJudha vainge vakaroora kune vakadzi vasiri vaJudha, pamwe nevana vavo vevana. Vanosvika zviuru zviviri, varume nevakomana vacho vakaitirwa panzvimbo yemunharaunda yechiJudha paRosenstrasse (Rue Rue), vachimirira kudzingwa kumisasa yebasa iri pedyo. Mhuri dzavo "dzakasanganiswa", zvisinei, dzaisakwanisa kuve nechokwadi panguva iyo varume vacho vakasazotarisana nemafungiro akafanana nezviuru zvevaJudha veBerlin zvichangobva kuendeswa kumisasa yekufa yeAuschwitz. Nekudaro, mukukura kuri kuverengeka kwakanyanya kwakaitwa nemadzimai naamai, nhengo dzemhuri dzaiungana zuva nezuva kunze kwenzvimbo yenharaunda kuzotambira kuratidzira kukuru kwevagari veGerman munguva yehondo. Vakadzi vevasungwa vechiJudha vakaimbira, "Tidzosere varume vedu." Kana varindi veNazi pavakadzidzisa pfuti pechaunga, yakaridza nemhere-mhere ye "Murderer, mhondi, mhondi ..." Nekutya kuti kuuraya kwemazana emazana evakadzi veGerman pakati peBerlin kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana pakati pezvikamu zvakakura zvehuwandu hweGerman, Gurukota reNazi rePropaganda Joseph Goebbels akarayira kusunungurwa kwevanhurume vevakaroora vechiJudha. Pakazosvika March 2,000, vese kunze kwe12 chete evarume zviuru zviviri vevasungwa vakanga vasunungurwa. Nhasi, nzvimbo yeRosenstrasse yenzvimbo haisisipo, asi chirangaridzo chechivezwa chakanzi "Block of Women "yakagadzirwa mupaki iri pedyo ne1995. Mashoko acho anonyorwa kuti: "Simba rekusateerera kwevanhu, simba rerudo, rinokunda chisimba chekudzvinyirira. Tipei varume vedu zvakare. Vakadzi vakanga vamire pano, vachikunda kufa. Varume vechiJudha vakanga vasununguka. "
February 28. Nezuva iri muna 1989, zviuru zvishanu zvevaKazakh vanobva kwakasiyana siyana vakaita musangano wekutanga weNevada-Semipalatinsk Antinuclear Movement - iyo yakatumidzwa kuratidza kubatana neAmerica kuratidzira kurwisa kuyedzwa kwenyukireya panzvimbo iri muNevada. Pakupera kwemusangano, vatungamiri veKazakh vakanga vabvumirana pane chirongwa chekuita kwekugumisa kuongorora kwenyukireya muSoviet Union ndokugadzira chinangwa chokuguma chekuparadza zvombo zvenyukireya pasi rose. Purogiramu yavo yese yakaparidzirwa sekumbiro uye yakakurumidza kugamuchira mamiriyoni ezvinyorwa. Sangano rekuchengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya rakanga rakatangwa mazuva maviri chete zvisati zvaitika, apo munyori wechirangaridzo weCongress of People's Deputies yeSoviet Union akadana vagari vane hanya kuti vabatanidzwe kuratidzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kuongororwa munzvimbo inonzi Semipalatinsk, nzvimbo yekutonga yeSoviet Khazakisitani. Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwenyukireya pamusoro pepamusoro kwakange kwapera mubvumirano yeUnited States / Soviet yakasayirwa mu1963, kuongorora pasi pevhu kwakaramba kwakabvumirwa uye kwakaramba kuri nzvimbo yeSemipalatinsk. Musi waFebruary 12 uye 17, 1989, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nehutachiona zvakasvibiswa kubva panzvimbo yacho, kuisa pangozi upenyu hwevagari vemo munzvimbo dzakapoteredza vanhu. Zvichida sezvikonzero zvezviito zvakatorwa neNevada-Semipalatinsk kufamba, Supreme Soviet, munaAugust 1, 1989, yakakumbira kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvose zvekugadzira nyukireya neUnited States neSoviet Union. Uye munaAugust 1991, Mutungamiri weKazakhstan akavhara masangano eSemipalatinsk senzvimbo yekutengesa nyukliya uye akaizarurira kune vashandi vekuvandudza. Nezviyero izvi, hurumende dzeKazakhstan neSoviet Union dzakava yekutanga yekuvhara nzvimbo yekuedza yenyukireya chero kupi zvako panyika.
February 29. Pazuva rino rekutsvaga mu2004, United States yakabvuta uye ikaisa Mutungamiri weHaiti. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rinofanira kuyeuka kuti kuda kwekuti demokrasi haifaniri kuenda kuhondo nema demokrasi inorega tsika yeU.S. demokarasi inorwisa nekuderedza dzimwe demosi. Mumiriri weU.U. Luis G. Moreno pamwe chete nhengo dzakashonga dzeuto reUnited States dzakasangana nemutungamiri wekuHaiti ainzi Jean-Bertrand Aristide paaigara mangwanani eFebruary 29th. Maererano na Moreno, hupenyu hwaAristide hwakanga huri kutyisidzirwa nevaHaiti, uye aitsvaga. Chiitiko chaAristide chemangwanani iwayo chakasangana zvikuru. Aristide akati iye nemudzimai wake vakanga vatorwa neuto reUnited States sechikamu chekutsvaga hurumende yakawana simba reboka rakatsigirwa neU.S. Aristide rakatapwa kuAfrica, ndokuedza kuonana nevakawanda veAmerican African-American political figures. Maxine Waters, congresswoman kubva kuCalifornia, akasimbisa kuti Aristide akanga ataura kuti: "Nyika inofanira kuziva kuti yakanga iri kupikisa. Ndakabatwa. Ndakamanikidzwa kunze. Ndizvo zvakaitika. Handina kusiya basa. Handina kuenda nokuzvidira. Ini ndakamanikidzwa kuenda. "Mumwe, Randall Robinson, aimbova mutungamiriri weTransAfrica social-ruramisiro uye hurumende yekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu, akasimbisa kuti" mutungamiriri wenyika akasarudzwa "akanga" atorwa "neUnited States" mumutungamiriri we [US] akakurudzira kubvuma, "achiwedzera," Ichi chinhu chinotyisa kufungisisa. "Zvido zvezviito zveUnited States zvakataurwa neC Congressional Black Caucus, uye vamiririri veHaiti muUnited States vakatungamirira kusunungurwa kwekupedzisira kweMutungamiri Aristide makore matatu gare gare, uyewo kusvika pakuzivikanwa kwemhosva iyo United States yakanga yaita.
Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.
Tenga chinyorwa chakadhindwa, Kana PDF.
Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.
Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.
Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.
Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.
Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.
mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.
Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.
Graphics na Parisa Saremi.
World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.
