Zvita

December 1
December 2
December 3
December 4
December 5
December 6
December 7
December 8
December 9
December 10
December 11
December 12
December 13
December 14
December 15
December 16
December 17
December 18
December 19
December 20
December 21
December 22
December 23
December 24
December 25
December 26
December 27
December 28
December 29
December 30
December 31

December 1. Pazuva iri mutungamiri wenyika yeChnUMX Costa Rica akazivisa chinangwa chenyika kuparadza uto rayo. Mutungamiri Jose Figueres Ferrar vakazivisa mweya mutsva wenyika muhurukuro musi iwoyo kubva kumuzinda wemauto enyika, iyo Cuartel Bellavista, muSan Jose. Mukuita kwekufananidzira akapedzisa kutaura kwake nekupwanya gomba pamadziro uye nekupa makiyi eiyo nzvimbo kune gurukota redzidzo. Nhasi uno waimbove wemauto chivakwa inyanzvi yemunyuziyamu. Ferrar akataura kuti, "yave nguva yekuti Costa Rica adzokere pachimiro chake chetsika chekuva nevadzidzisi vakawanda kupfuura varwi." Mari iyo yanga yashandiswa muchiuto, ikozvino inoshandiswa, kwete chete kune dzidzo, asi hutano, tsika tsika, rubatsiro rwemagariro, nharaunda, uye mapurisa anopa kuchengetedzeka mudzimba. Mhedzisiro ndeyekuti maCosta Ricans vane chiyero chekuverenga nekuverenga che96%, tarisiro yeupenyu makore makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe - chinzvimbo chepasirese chiri nani kupfuura icho cheUnited States - mapaki eruzhinji nenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa dzinodzivirira kota yenyika yese, simba remagetsi rakavakirwa zvachose pazvinhu zvinogadziriswazve, uye inoverengerwa nhamba yekutanga neiyo Inofadza Planet Index ichienzaniswa nenzvimbo ye79.3 neUnited States Kunyange nyika zhinji dzakakomberedza Costa Rica dzichienderera mberi nekudyara mari muzvombo uye dzave kubatanidzwa mumakakatanwa emunyika nemunyika, Costa Rica haina kudaro. Uyu muenzaniso mupenyu kuti imwe yenzira dzakanakisa dzekudzivirira hondo ndeyekusagadzirira imwe. Zvichida vamwe vedu vanofanirwa kujoina "Switzerland yeCentral America" ​​uye vazivise nhasi sezvavane "Zuva Rokubvisa Mauto."

December 2. Pazuva iri mu1914 Karl Liebknecht akanganisa ivo voga kurwisa hondo muparamende yeGermany. Liebknecht akanga aberekerwa mu1871 muLeipzig sechipiri chevanakomana vashanu. Baba vake vaiva nhengo yekutanga yeSocial Democratic Party (kana SPD). Paakabhabhatidzwa, Karl Marx naFriedrich Engels ndivo vakabhabhatidzwa. Liebknecht akanga akaroora kaviri, wechipiri mudzimai wake wokuRussia, uye aiva nevana vatatu. Muna 1897, Liebknecht akadzidza mutemo uye hupfumi uye akapedza magna cum laude muBerlin. Chinangwa chake chaiva chokudzivirira Marxism. Liebknecht ndiyo yakanga iri iyo inotungamirira mukurwisana neWWI. Muna 1908, paakanga ari mujeri nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvake zvinorwisana nehondo, akasarudzwa kuva paramende yePrussia. Mushure mekuvhota mari yechikwereti chekubhadhara mari yehondo munaAugust 1914 - chisarudzo chinoenderana nekuvimbika kune sangano rake - Liebknecht, musi waDecember 2^nd, ndiye oga we nhengo yeReichstag yekuvhota kurwisana nemari yakawanda yehondo. Muna 1916, akadzingwa kubva kuSSPD uye akavakwa naRosa Luxemburg uye vamwe Spartacus League iyo yakabudisa mabhuku ekuchinja. Akabatwa panguva yekurwisana nehondo, Liebknecht akatongerwa mhosva yekupandukira kwemakore mana mujeri, kwaakagara kusvikira akanganwirwa munaOctober 1918. Pane 9^th yaNovember akazivisa Freie Sozialistische Republik (Free Socialist Republic) kubva pabhodhi reBerliner Stadtschloss. Mushure mokundikana uye kupomerwa zvakashata Spartacus kumutsa nemazana akaurayiwa, pane 15^th yaNdira Liebknecht neLuxemburg vakasungwa nekuurayiwa nenhengo dzeSPD. Liebknecht aive mumwe wezvematongerwo enyika mashoma akashoropodza kushungurudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muhumeni hweOttoman.

December 3. Pazuva rino muC1997 chibvumirano chekudzivirira minda yemvura chakasayirwa. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka raunoda kuti mamwe mashomanana anoramba nyika arege kuisa uye agutsikane. Icho Chinyorwa kuBan states chinangwa chayo chikuru: "Kutsunga kupedza kutambura uye kuurayiwa kunokonzerwa nemigodhi inopesana nevashandi inouraya kana kukuvadza mazana evanhu vhiki rese, vazhinji vevanhu vasina mhosva uye vasina kuzvidzivirira uye kunyanya vana ..." MuOttawa , Canada, vamiririri vanobva kunyika ye125 vakasangana naVaChina vepanhau rekune dzimwe nyika Lloyd Axworthy, uye Prime Minister Jean Chretien kuti vasayine chibvumirano chekudzivisa zvombo izvi zvine chinangwa Chretien chinotsanangurwa se "yekuparara kwekufamba kwenguva pfupi." Minda kubva kuhondo yapfuura yakagara munyika ye69 mu1997 , vachienderera mberi nekutyisa kwehondo. Mushandirapamwe wokupedza chirwere ichi wakatanga makore matanhatu apfuura neInternational Komiti yeRed Cross, uye mutungamiri wekodzero dzevanhu veAmerican Jody Williams uyo akatanga nheyo ye International Campaign yekudzivirira Miti, uye yakatsigirwa neCall Princess Diana weWales. Nyika dzakasimudzirwa kusanganisira United States neRussia dzakaramba kusaina chibvumirano. Mukupindura, Gurukota rezvekune dzimwe nyika Axworthy akataura chimwe chikonzero chekubvisa migodhi kwaiva kukwidziridza zvekurima zvekurima munyika dzakadai seA Afghanistan. Dr. Julius Toth weboka renyika dzakawanda rubatsiro rezvechiremba Doctors Without Borders akati "Zvakakosha kuti nyika idzodzo dzifunge zvakare vavariro dzavo dzekusayina. Kana vakakwanisa kupa mhosva kuvana ini zvandinofanira kubata nayo apo ini ndiri kushanda munyika dzine amputees nevaya vanobatwa nemigodi iyi ... zvingave nani kuuya nechikonzero chakanakisisa chekusasvike. "

December 4. Pazuva iri mu1915, Henry Ford akatamira kuEurope kubva kuHoboken, New Jersey pane imwe nyanzvi yegungwa yakanzi "Peace Ship". Ichitenderedzwa ne63 rugare varwi uye vatori venhau ve54, chinangwa chake chakanga chisina kupfurikidza kupedza maitiro akaita seasina maturo eHondo Yenyika I. Sezvo Ford akazviona, hondo yakasara yakadzika yemvura yakashanda pasina mhedzisiro asi rufu rwevarume vechidiki uye kubhadhara kwekare . Akatsunga kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro pazvo, akaronga kuenda kuOslo, Norway uye, kubva ikoko, akaronga kuronga musangano weEurope nevematongerwe enyika muThe Hague iyo yaizoita kuti vatungamiri venyika dzakadzvinyirira vave norugare. Pachikepe, zvisinei, kubatana kwakakurumidza kuparadzana. Nhau dzeMutungamiri Wilson nheyo yekuvaka vashandi uye zvombo zvehurumende yeUnited States yakagadzirisa zvakashata kune vamwe vanopedzisira vashandura. Zvadaro, apo ngarava yaisvika kuOslo musi waDecember 19, vashandi vacho vakawana vashoma vatsigiri kuti vagamuchire. Nenguva yeKrisimasi, Ford yakangoona yakanyora pamadziro uye yakanyatsouraya Runyararo Rwokutamba Simba. Achitaura nezvechirwere, akadarika chikwata chekufambisa chekuenda kuStockholm ndokufamba nechikepe kumba kumba kweNorway. Pakuguma, rugare rwekufamba rwendo rwakabhadhara Ford anenge hafu yemamiriyoni emadhora ndokumuwana zvishoma asi kuseka. Asi, zvingave zvakanaka kubvunzwa kana upenzi hwaiitwa kwaari hwakanga hwakaiswa zvakanaka. Chaizvoizvo chakarara naFeor, uyo akazviratidza kuti haana kukunda muhondo yeupenyu? Kana kuti nevatungamiri veEurope vakatumira mashome emamiriyoni e11 pakufa kwavo muhondo pasina chikonzero chakajeka kana chinangwa?

December 5. Pazuva iri mu1955, Montgomery Bus Boycott yakatanga. Munyori wechitsauko chemuno cheNational Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) Rosa Parks, mugari ane mukurumbira weguta rakaparadzaniswa zvakanyanya muAlabama, akaramba kuramba chigaro chake chebhazi kumunhu muchena mazuva mana apfuura. Akasungwa. Angangoita 90 muzana yevagari vechitema veMontgomery vakaramba vari pamabhazi, uye kuramwa kwacho kwakaita nhau dzenyika dzese. Kuratidzira uku kwakarongedzwa neMontgomery Improvement Association nemutungamiriri wayo, Martin Luther King Jr. Iri raive rake "Zuva reMazuva". Pamusangano mushure mekusungwa kwaMai Parks, King akataura, mune yaizove nzira yake yekujaira yekutaura, kuti vaizo "shanda nehutsinye uye neushingi kutsunga kuwana kururamisira mumabhazi," kuti kana vaikanganisa, Dare Repamusorosoro uye Bumbiro remitemo rakange rakanganisa, uye "Kana takanganisa, Mwari Wemasimbaose akarasika." Kuratidzira uye kuramwa kwakagara kwemazuva makumi matatu nemasere. King akatongerwa mhosva yekukanganisa bhizinesi repamutemo apo carpooling yakarongeka; imba yake yakabhombwa. Kuratidzira uku kwakapera nemutongo weU.S. Supreme Court kuti kusarura pamabhazi eruzhinji kwaipesana nebumbiro remutemo. Kurwiswa kweMontgomery kwakaratidza kuti kuratidzira kusingaite zvechisimba kwaigona kubudirira kupokana nekusarura kwemarudzi uye yaive muenzaniso kune mamwe makampuru ekumaodzanyemba akatevera King vakati, "Kristu akatiratidza nzira, uye Gandhi kuIndia aratidza kuti zvinogona kushanda." King akaenderera mberi nekubatsira kutungamira akawanda akabudirira mashandisiro ezve kusagadzikana kuita. Kuratidzira uyu muenzaniso wakatanhamara wekuti kusagadzikana kuita chiito kunogona sei kuunza shanduko isingaperi panotadza mhirizhonga.

December 6. Pazuva iri mu1904 Theodore Roosevelt akawedzerwa kuMonroe Dzidziso. The Monroe Doctrine yakanga yave yakataurwa naMutungamiri James Monroe mu1823, mumashoko ake gore negore kuCongress. Achinetseka kuti kuSpain inogona kutora maimbore ayo muSouth America, neFrance ichibatana nayo, iye akazivisa kuti Western Hemisphere inogona kudzivirirwa neUnited States, uye kuedza kupi zvako kweEurope kutonga nyika ipi neipi yekuLatin America kwaizoonekwa sechisimba kurwisa United States. Kunyangwe pakutanga pakutanga kwaiva mutsara muduku, iyi yakava ibwe rekona re US rekuita mutemo, kunyanya apo Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt akawedzera Roosevelt Corollary mukupindura dambudziko muVenezuela. Izvi zvakataura kuti United States ingapindira mukukakavadzana kwenyika dzeEurope neLatin America nyika kuti dzikwanise kutaura kweEurope, pane kubvumira veEurope kuti vaite zvakananga. Roosevelt akati US inonzi yakarurama pakuva "mhirizhonga yemapurisa epasi rose" kupedza kukakavara. Kubvira ikozvino, Monroe Dzidziso yaizonzwisiswa sechikonzero chekupindira kweUnited States, panzvimbo pokudzivirira kupindira kweEurope muLatin America. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kakawanda mumakore anotevera 20 muCaribbean neCentral America. Yakarambwa muna 1934 neMutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt, asi haina kumboenda. Iko Monroe Dzidziso yakave ichiitwa nguva dzose pamusoro pemakumi emakore, sezvo United States yakaponda, yakapinda, yakagadzirisa maitiro, uye akadzidziswa kufa. The Monroe Doctrine inotsanangurwa kusvikira nhasi nevatungamiri veUnited States vachida kuparadza kana kutonga hurumende kumaodzanyemba. Uye inonzwisiswa muLatin America sechitendero chemutungamiriri wehurumende chekukwirira uye kutonga.

December 7. Pazuva iri mu1941, mauto eJapan akarwisa zvigaro zveUnited States muPhilippines uye muHawaii paPearl Harbor. Kupinda muhondo kwakanga kusiri pfungwa itsva muRoosevelt White House. FDR yakanga yaedza kureva nhema kuvanhu veUnited States pamusoro pezvikepe zveUnited States kusanganisira Greer uye Kerny, iyo yanga ichibatsira ndege dzeBritain kuteedzera ngarava dzepasi peGerman, asi izvo Roosevelt akanyepedzera kunge zvakarwiswa zvisina mhosva. Roosevelt akanyepa zvakare kuti aive nemepu yakavanzika yeNazi kuronga kukunda kweSouth America, pamwe nechirongwa chakavanzika cheNazi chekutsiva zvitendero zvese neNazism. Uye zvakadaro, vanhu veUnited States havana kutenga pfungwa yekupinda mune imwe hondo kudzamara Pearl Harbor, panguva iyo Roosevelt anga atoisa gwaro, akamisa National Guard, akagadzira Navy hombe mumakungwa maviri, vakatengesa vaparadzi vekare. kuenda kuEngland mukuchinjana kubhadharisa mabhesheni ayo muCaribbean neBermuda, uye - kwasara mazuva gumi nerimwe kusati kwaitika fungidziro isingatarisirwi, uye mazuva mashanu FDR isati yatarisira - akange araira pachivande kuumbwa kwechinyorwa cheese chiJapan neJapanese- Munhu weAmerica muUnited States. Musi waAugust 11, Churchill anga audza kabhineti yake, "Mutungamiriri akange ati acharwa hondo asi asingazvizivise," uye "zvese zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidza chiitiko." Mari, ndege, varairidzi, uye vatyairi vendege zvakapihwa China. Kuvharirwa kwehupfumi kwakaiswa kuJapan. Kuvapo kwemauto eUS kwakawedzerwa kwakatenderedza Pacific. Musi waNovember 18th, Chief of Staff weVashandi, George Marshall akaudza vezvenhau, "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inorwisa Japan."

December 8. Pazuva iri mu1941, Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin akarovera ivo voga kuUnited World War II. Jeanette Rankin akaberekerwa muMontana muna 1880, dangwe pavana vanomwe. Akadzidza zvemagariro muNew York uye nekukurumidza akazova murongi wevakadzi suffrage. Kudzokera kuMontana, akaenderera mberi achishandira vakadzi suffrage, uye akamhanyira sarudzo seProgressive Republican. Muna 1916 akazove wekutanga uye ega mukadzi muImba yeVamiririri. Vhoti yake yekutanga muImba yaipesana neUS kupinda muHondo Yenyika I. Chokwadi chekuti anga asiri ega chakatariswa. Akasvibiswa nekuda kwekufungidzirwa kuti haana bumbiro rezvematongerwo enyika nekuda kwekuva kwake mukadzi. Akakundwa muna 1918, akapedza makore makumi maviri nemaviri anotevera achishandira masangano erunyararo uye akararama hupenyu hwakareruka, hwekuzviriritira. Muna 1940, aine makore makumi matanhatu, akakundazve sarudzo seRepublican. Vhoti yake yega "kwete" inopesana nekuzivisa hondo kuJapan yakauya zuva rakatevera kubhomba kwePearl Harbor izvo zvakashandura vanhu vaimbove vega vega vega vega veUS kuti vapinde muhondo. Akazonyora kuti kuiswa kwezvirango kuJapan muna 1940 kwaive kunodenha, kwakaitwa netarisiro yekurwiswa, maonero ave kugamuchirwa nevazhinji. Veruzhinji vakamupandukira. Mazuva matatu gare gare, iye akabva pane kutarisana nevhoti yehondo kuGerman neItari. Haana kumhanyirazve kuCongress asi akaramba achingova pacifist, achienda kuIndia kwaaitenda kuti Mahatma Gandhi akavimbisa muenzaniso werunyararo rwenyika. Akaratidzira zvine mutsindo Hondo yeVietnam. Rankin akafa ava nemakore makumi mapfumbamwe nematatu muna 1973.

December 9. Pazuva iri mu1961 Nazi SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann akawanikwa ane mhosva yemhosva yehondo munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1934 akange agadzwa kuti ashande muchikamu chinobata nenyaya dzechiJuda. Basa rake raive rekubatsira kuuraya maJuda nezvimwe zvinangwa, uye aive nebasa rekugadzirisa "mhinduro yekupedzisira." Akange akwanisa kwazvo kuzivikanwa, kuunganidzwa, uye kutakurwa kwemaJuda kuenda kwavaienda kuAuschwitz uye kumwe kumisasa yekuparadza. Akazodaidzwa kunzi "mugadziri weHolocaust." Kunyangwe Eichmann akatorwa nemauto eUS pakupera kwehondo, akapunyuka muna 1946 ndokupedza makore kuMiddle East. Muna 1958, iye nemhuri yake vakagara muArgentina. Israeri yainetseka nezvechizvarwa chiri kukura munyika iyoyo nyowani pasina ruzivo rwakanangana neHolocaust uye yaive neshungu yekuvadzidzisa pamwe nenyika yese nezvazvo. Vamiriri vechivande veIsrael vakasunga zvisiri pamutemo Eichmann kuArgentina muna 1960 ndokumuendesa kuIsrael kunotongwa pamberi pevatongi vatatu vakakosha. Kushushikana kwakasungwa uye kutongwa kwemwedzi mina kwakatungamira kuna Hannah Arendt kumhan'ara pane izvo zvaakadana kuti kubviswa kwehuipi. Eichmann akaramba kuita chero mhosva, achiti hofisi yake yanga ichingova nebasa rekutakura chete, uye kuti anga achingova mukuru webasa anoteedzera mirairo. Eichmann akatongerwa mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzakanangana nevanhu. Kukwirira kwakarambwa; akaurayiwa nekurembera musi waJune 1, 1962. Adolph Eichmann muenzaniso kune nyika yehutsinye hwerudzi nehondo.

December 10. Pazuva iri muna 1948, United Nations yakagamuchira Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Izvozvo zvakaita Zuva reHuman Rights. Chirevo chakanga chiri kupindura utsinye hweHondo Yenyika II. Sangano reUnited Human Rights, rinotungamirirwa naEleanor Roosevelt, rakanyora rugwaro rwemakore maviri. Yaiva yekutanga mutemo wenyika dzakawanda kushandisa izwi rokuti "kodzero dzevanhu." Declaration of Human Rights ine zvinyorwa zve30 zvinorondedzera humwe hukama hwezvematongerwe enyika, zvematongerwe enyika, hwehupfumi, hwemagariro evanhu, uye hwemagariro hunoratidza hutsika rusununguko, chiremerera, nerunyararo rweUnited Nations . Semuenzaniso, inobatanidza kodzero yehupenyu, uye kurambidzwa kweuranda uye kutambudzwa, kodzero yekusununguka kwefungiro, maonero, chitendero, hana, uye rugare. Yakanga yapfuura pasina nyika inopesana, asi kubvisa kubva kuU.SR, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, uye South Africa. Idzi hurumende dzehurumende dzakanzwa dzichivhiringidza uchangamire hwavo, uye maonero eSoviet akaisa mukana wehupfumi nehupfumi hwevanhu kana hurumende yeWest yakaisa kukoshesa zvakanyanya kodzero dzevanhu uye zvematongerwe enyika. Nenzira yekuziva kodzero dzemari, Declaration inotaura kuti "Munhu wose ane kodzero yehutano hwehupenyu hunokwana hutano uye hupenyu huri hwake iye nemhuri yake." Pakupedzisira, chirongwa chakava chisina kusunga uye chinotarirwa , kwete semutemo, asi semuenzaniso wemitemo uye semuenzaniso wakafanana wekubudirira kwevanhu vose nemarudzi ose. Kodzero dzave dzakashandiswa muzvibvumirano, zvibvumirano zvehupfumi, mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu, uye mitemo yakapoteredza nyika yose.

December 11. Pazuva iri mu1981, kuurayiwa kwakaipisisa mumazuva ano eLatin America zvakaitika muEl Salvador. Mhondi idzi dzakange dzadzidziswa uye dzakatsigirwa nehurumende yeUnited States, yaipikisa hurumende dzekuruboshwe uye dzakazvimirira pasi pechibvumirano chekununura nyika kubva kucommunism. MuEl Salvador United States yakapa hurumende inodzvinyirira nezvombo, mari, nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika nemutengo wemiriyoni imwe chete emadhora pazuva. Kuvhiya kwacho munzvimbo iri kure yeEl Mozote kwakaitwa nevakuru veAtlacatl battalion iyo yakadzidziswa mune zvinonzi vanopesana nemhirizhonga kuUS Army Chikoro cheAmerica. Vakaurayiwa vaive magandanga uye macampesinos vaive nesimba pamusoro penzvimbo zhinji dzekumaruwa. Masoja eAtlacatl akanyatso bvunzurudza, akatambudza nekuuraya varume, ndokutora vakadzi vacho, achivapfura mushure mekuvabata chibharo, vachipwanya matumbu evakadzi vane nhumbu. Vakatsemura huro dzevana, vakavaturika mumiti, uye vakapisa dzimba. Vanhu mazana masere vakaurayiwa, vana vazhinji. Vapupuri vashoma vakapunyuka. Asingasviki vhiki nhanhatu gare gare, mifananidzo yemitumbi yakaburitswa muNew York neWashington. United States yaiziva asi hapana zvayaiita. Mutemo wekuregerera muEl Salvador wakakanganisa kuferefetwa mumakore akatevera. Mushure memakore manomwe ekufukunurwa, munaGumiguru 2012, makore anodarika makumi matatu El Elote, Dare reUN Inter-American Court rikawana El Salvador mhosva yekuuraya vanhu, yekuzvivhara, uye yekukundikana kuferefeta mumashure. Kubhadhara kwemhuri dzichiri kurarama kwaive kushoma. Mumakore akatevera, El Salvador yaive nehuwandu hwekuuraya vanhu pasi rose. Iri izuva rakanaka rekupa nguva yekudzidza uye kuratidzira zvinotyisa zvekupindira kwemauto mune dzimwe nyika.

December 12. Pazuva iri mu1982, vakadzi vechi30,000 vanobatanidza maoko kuti vakwanise kupoteredza nzvimbo yakasvika mamita mapfumbamwe emasoja eUnited States muGreenham Common muBerkshire, England. Chinangwa chavo chavo chavo chakanga chakataurirwa chaiva chokuti "vagamuchire chigadziko," nokudaro "kurwisana nechisimba nerudo." Greenham Common base, yakazarurwa muna 1942, yakanga ishandiswa neBritish Royal Air Force uye US Army Air Force panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri . Munguva yeCold War yakatevera, yakabhadharwa kuUnited States kuti ishandiswe ne US Strategic Air Command. Mune 1975, Soviet Union yakashandisa zvombo zvinopindirana zvepakati penetinental ballistic pamwe nehondo dzisingatarisirwi munharaunda yaro iyo sangano reNATO rakaonekwa sengozi kune kuchengeteka kweWestern Europe. Mukupindura, NATO yakagadzira chirongwa chekuendesa zvinopfuura 500 pasi-based nuclear nuclear cruise nemisasa yebhokisi kuWestern Europe ne1983, kusanganisira 96 motokari yemisasa kuGreenham Common. Chirongwa chevakadzi vekutanga kupikisa chirongwa cheNATO chakaitika mu1981, apo vakadzi vechi36 vakapinda kuGreenham Common kubva kuCardiff, Wales. Apo tarisiro yavo yekukakavadzana chirongwa ichi nevatungamiri vakanga vasina hanya, vakadzi vakazvisunga pachavo kune fence kumhepo yepamhepo, vakagadzira Peace Camp ipapo, ndokutanga izvo zvakazova nhoroondo yegore reCNUMX yekupikisa pamusoro pezvombo zvenyukireya. Nekuguma kweCold War, Greenham Yechigaro chechiuto yakavharwa munaSeptember 19. Asi, kuratidzwa kunogara ikoko kunoitwa makumi ezviuru zvevakadzi kunoramba kuchikosha. Mune imwe nguva yekusimudzazve nyuchikireya, zvinotiyeuchidza kuti hupenyu-hunosimbisa hurumende pamwe chete hunopikisa hunopa nzira dzakasimba dzokuratidza hupenyu hunopesana nehupenyu hwemasoja / maindasitiri enyika.

December 13. Pazuva iri mu1937 maJapan mauto akarova uye akarova zvisungo zvevakadzi nevakadzi vechi20,000 vechiChinese. Mauto eJapan akatora Nanjing, iro guta guru reChina. Kwemavhiki masere vakauraya vanhu uye varwi uye vakapamba dzimba. Vakabata pakati peC20,000 nevakadzi veC80,000 nevana, vanocheka vakadzi vane pamuviri vakasununguka, uye vakadzi vane sodomized vane bamboo titi uye mabhononi. Nhamba yevakafa haina chokwadi, kusvika ku300,000. Zvinyorwa zvakaparadzwa, uye mhosva yacho ichiri chikonzero chekukakavadzana pakati peJapan neChina. Kushandiswa kwekubata chibharo uye zvechisimba zvepabonde sezvombo zvehondo zvakanyorwa mumakakatani akawanda akashongedzwa kusanganisira kuBangladesh, Cambodia, Cyprus, Haiti, Liberia, Somalia, Uganda, Bosnia, Herzegovina, neCroatia, uyewo kuSouth America. Inowanzoshandiswa mukuchenesa madzinza. MuRwanda, mhandara dzevechiri kuyaruka dzakasarudzwa nemhuri dzavo uye nharaunda. Vamwe vakasiya vana vavo; vamwe vakazviuraya. Kubatwa chibharo kunobvisa ruvara rwemusha mune imwe nzira zvishomanana zvombo zvingaita, uye kuputsa uye kurwadziwa kunodzikidzwa pamhuri dzose. Vasikana nevakadzi dzimwe nguva vanomanikidzwa kuita hupombwe nekutengesa, kana kuti kupa zvepabonde mukudzoka kwezvigadzirwa, dzimwe nguva pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwehurumende uye masimba ehondo. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, vakadzi vakasungwa uye vakamanikidzwa kugutsa masimba ekugara. Vakadzi vazhinji veAsia vaibatanidzwawo muupfambi panguva yehondo yeVietnam. Kushungurudzwa kwepabonde kunokonzera dambudziko guru mumisasa yevapoteri nevakasununguka. Nuremberg miedzo inorambidzwa kubata chibharo semhosva pamusoro pevanhu; hurumende dzinofanirwa kutumidzwa kuti dzisimbise mitemo nemitemo yekufambisa uye kupa kupa mazano uye mamwe mabasa kune avo vanotambudzwa.

December 14. Pazuva iri mu 1962, 1971, 1978, 1979, uye 1980, kuongororwa kwebhokisikireya kwakaitwa muUnited States, China, uye USSR. Iri zuva nderimwe shanho risina kusarudzwa yakasarudzwa kubva kuongorori inozivikanwa yenyukliya. Kubvira ku1945 kusvika ku2017, pakanga pane 2,624 kuongorora mabhomba enyukireya pasi rese. Mabhomba enyukireya okutanga akakundwa neUnited States kuNagasaki neHoshima, muJapan, muZ1945, mune izvo zvino zvaonekwa sekutanga kwekuongorora kwe nyukireya, sezvo pasina munhu aiziva kunyatsokwanisa kwaizove. Inofanirwa kuurayiwa uye kukuvara muHiroshima ndi150,000 naNagasaki, 75,000. Nguva yekukura kwenyukireya yakatevera Hondo yeNyika II. Munguva yeCold War, uye kubva ipapo, United States neSoviet Union zvakasimudzira hukuru mune imwe nhangemutange yezvombo zvenyukireya. IU.S. yakabata 1,054 kuongorora kwenyukliya, inoteverwa neUSSR yakaita zviratidzo zve727, uye France ne217. Miedzo yakaitwawo neUnited States, Pakistan, North Korea, uye India. VaIsraeri vanozivikanwawo kuti vane zvombo zvenyukireya, kunyange zvazvo vasina kumbobvumirana nemutemo, uye vakuru veUnited States vanowanzoenda pamwe nechokufungidzira. Simba rezvigadzirira zvenyukireya rakawedzera nguva refu, kubva mabhomu eatomu kune thermonuclear hydrobomu mabomu, uye zvombo zvenyukireya. Nhasi, mabhomba enyukireya ane nguva 3,000 ine simba sezvo bhomba rakadonha paHiroshima. Sangano rinopesana nenyuchikireya rakaunza kusagadzirisa zvibvumirano uye kuderedza, kusanganisira Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty ye1970 uye Nuclear Ban Treaty yakatanga kuunganidza kugadziriswa mu2017. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti nyika yenyukireya yakagadziriswa haisati yatsigira kurambidzwa, uye nhepfenyuro yevhepfenyuro yakabva kure nekuenderera mberi kwehondo.

December 15. Pazuva iri mu1791 Bill yeUnited States yakagamuchirwa. MuUnited States iyi ndiyo Bill of Rights Day. Pakave nekukakavadzana kukuru pamusoro pekunyora uye kugutsikana kweMutemo, izvo zvinorondedzera hurumende, asi yakaguma ichishanda mu1789, nekunzwisisa kuti Bhuku reMitemo raizowedzerwa. Mutemo weParamende unogona kuchinjwa nekugadziriswa neatatu-yechina yeZimbabwe. Iko kutanga kwegumi kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States ndiro Bill of Rights, rakagamuchirwa makore maviri mushure mokunge Mutemo weMutemo wakagadzwa. Chimwe Chinozivikanwa Amendment ndicho Chekutanga, icho chinochengetedza rusununguko rwekutaura, kunyora, kokorodzano, nechitendero. Shanduro Yechipiri yakashandurwa kuva nekodzero yokuva nepfuti, asi pakutanga yakataurira kodzero dzehurumende kuronga hurumende. Matanho ekutanga eEchipiri Amendment aisanganisira kurambidzwa kwemauto emunyika mauto (akawanikwawo mumakore maviri emiganhu pamusoro peuto riri mumagwaro makuru eMutemo). Zvinyorwa zvakare zvaisanganisira kusarudzwa kwevanhu pamusoro pehondo, uye kodzero yekuramba nehana kupinda muchiuto. Kukosha kwemhirizhonga kwaiva maviri: kuba nyika kubva kune vekuAmerica, nekusimbisa hutapwa. Ichinoshandurwa chakagadziriswa kuti chiendese kune hurumende yehurumende, panzvimbo yehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika, pamusangano wezvematongerwo enyika wakabvumira varanda, avo vamiririri vaityira vose varanda vekumukira uye kusunungurwa kwemuranda kuburikidza nehurumende yebasa rehondo. Chechitatu Chechigadziro chinorambidza munhu kumanikidzira kupinda mauto mudzimba dzavo, chiito chakashandurwa kusingagumi nemazana ezvigaro zvehondo zvisingagumi. Ichina kusvika pa8 Yezvigadziriswa, sekutanga, inodzivirira vanhu kubva kumhirizhonga yehurumende, asi inowanzoputswa.

December 16. Pazuva iri muna 1966 Mutemo Wenyika Yose pamusoro peHurumende Nezvematongerwe Enyika (ICCPR) yakagamuchirwa neUnited General Assembly. Yakatanga kushanda mu1976. Kubva munaDecember 2018, nyika dze172 dzakanga dzabvumirana neSungano. Chibvumirano cheNyika Dzepasi Pechupfumi neCultural Rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, uye ICCPR iri pamwe chete inozivikanwa seMutemo Wekodzero Dzepasi Pose. IICCPR inoshanda kune masangano ose ehurumende uye vamiririri, uye hurumende dzose dzehurumende uye dzenharaunda. Chinyorwa 2 chinovimbisa kuti kodzero dzinozivikanwa muCICPR dzichawanika kune vose vari mune dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira sungano. Chinyorwa 3 chinoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kodzero dzevarume nevakadzi. Pakati pevamwe kodzero dzakachengetedzwa neCICC ndezve: kodzero dzehupenyu, rusununguko kubva pakutambudzwa, rusununguko kubva muuranda, kune hukama hune rugare, kuchengetedzwa kwemunhu, rusununguko rwokufamba, kuenzana pamberi pematare, uye kutongwa kwakanaka. Zvisungo zviviri zvinosarudza kuti munhu ane kodzero yekunzwiwa neHuman Rights Committee, uye kubvisa chirango chekufa. Komiti yeHuman Rights inotsvaga nhepfenyuro uye inotaurira zvinetso zvayo uye mazano kunyika. Komiti inoparidzirawo Gwaro Rezve General nekududzirwa kwayo. Sangano reAmerican Civil Liberties Union rakatumira mutsara wezvakaitika munaJanuary 2019 kuKomiti pamusoro pekuputsika muUnited States, zvakadai sokuti mhirizhonga yemuganhu weUnited States-Mexico, kushandiswa kwemauto emhirizhonga kuendeswa kuurawa, National Security Agency surveillance, kuvharirwa oga, uye chirango chekufa. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro peCICC uye kuti uzvibatanidze nekuitsigira.

December 17. Pazuva iri muna 2010, kuzvidzora kwaMohamed Bouazizi muTunisia kwakatanga Arab Spring. Bouazizi akazvarwa mu1984 mumhuri ine hurombo ine vana vanomwe uye nababa vokurera vanorwara. Akashanda kubva pamakore gumi semutengesi mumugwagwa uye akarega chikoro kutsigira mhuri yake, achiwana madhora zana nemakumi mana pamwedzi achitengesa zvigadzirwa zvaakapinda muchikwereti kutenga. Iye aive anozivikanwa, anozivikanwa, uye ane rupo nezvigadzirwa zvemahara zvevarombo. Mapurisa aimushungurudza uye vaitarisira chioko muhomwe. Mishumo pamusoro pechiito chake inopesana, asi mhuri yake inoti mapurisa aida kuona mvumo yemutengesi wake, iyo yaaisada kutengesa kubva mungoro. Mumwe mukadzi wechikadzi akamurova nembama kumeso, akamupfira, akatora midziyo yake, uye akatuka baba vake vakafa. Vabatsiri vake vakamurova. Mukadzi anomutuka akaita kuti kunyadziswa kwake kuwedzere. Akaedza kuona gavhuna, asi zvakaramba. Akanetseka chose, akazvidururira nepeturu, ndokuzvigadzika. Mazuva gumi nemasere gare gare, akafa. Pamwe nekuratidzira kwakatsamwa mumugwagwa, vanhu zviuru zvishanu vakapinda kumariro ake. Kuferefetwa kwakapera nemukadzi wechikadzi aive amutuka akavharirwa. Mapoka akarayira kubviswa kwehutongi hwemutungamiri ane huwori, Ben Ali, musimba kubvira 140. Kushandiswa kwesimba kudzvinyirira kuratidzira kwakakwezva kushoropodzwa kwenyika, uye mazuva gumi mushure mekufa kwaBouazizi, Ben Ali aisungirwa kusiya basa ndokuenda nemhuri yake. Kuratidzira kwakaenderera nehutongi hutsva. Kuratidzira kusinga tsvete kunozivikanwa seArab Chitubu kwakapararira kuMiddle East, nevanhu vazhinji vachifora kupfuura chero nguva munhoroondo yayo. Iri izuva rakanaka rekuronga kusagadzikana kwekusaruramisira.

December 18. Nezuva iri mu2011, United States inonzi inopedzisa hondo yayo muIraq, iyo yakanga isingagumi, uye yakanga yakagara mune imwe nzira kana imwe kubva mugore ra 1990. Mutungamiri weUnited States George W. Bush akanga asayina chibvumirano chokuti mauto eUnited States abve muIraq ne 2011, uye akanga atanga kuvabvisa mu 2008. Mutungamiri wake semutungamiriri wehurumende, Barack Obama, akanga aita basa rokugumisa hondo yeIraq uye achiwedzera kuti kuA Afghanistan. Akachengeta hafu yepiri yechipikirwa ichocho, mauto matatu eUnited States muA Afghanistan. Obama akatsvaka kuchengetedza zviuru zvemauto muIraq kudarika nguva yakatarwa asi kana chete iyo Paramende yeIraa ichivapa kudzivirira kune chero mhosva dzavanogona kuita. Paramende yakaramba. Obama akadzinga mauto akawanda, asi mushure mokudzorerwa kwake zvakare akaendesa zviuru zvevarwi zvakare, pasinei nekushayikwa kwechiremera chemhosva. Zvichakadaro, mhirizhonga yakagadzirwa nechikamu chehondo yakatangwa mu2003, hondo ye2011 yeLibya, uye kusimbiswa nekusimbiswa kwevatongi munyika yese uye vapanduki muSiria kwakatungamirira kumhirizhonga pamwe nekusimudzirwa kweboka rinonzi ISIS rakashanda se chikonzero chekuwedzera mauto eUnited States muSiriya neIraq. Hondo inotungamirirwa neUnited States muIraq mumakore mushure mokunge 2003 inouraya mhiriyoni mamiriyoni eIrais, maererano nezvose zvakadzidza zvidzidzo zvakaitwa, zvakaparadza zvivako zvehupfumi, zvakagadzira zvirwere zvehutano, matambudziko evapoteri, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nekuparadzwa kwehupfumi, kuurayiwa kwevanhu. IUnited States inodururira pamusoro pemadhora emadhora ane zviuru zvitatu mumadhora chaiwo emhirizhonga gore rega rega kwemakore akawanda achitevera 2001, ichidzivirira pachayo nenzira iyo magandanga aSeptember 11th aigona kungozvirota.

December 19. Pazuva iri muna 1776 Thomas Paine akaburitsa yake yekutanga "American Crisis" rondedzero. Inotanga "Iyi inguva dzinoedza mweya yevanhu" uye yaive yekutanga pane ake gumi nematanhatu mapepa pakati pa16 na1776 panguva yeAmerican Revolution. Akange asvika muPennsylvania kubva kuEngland muna 1783, zvikuru vasina kudzidza, uye vakanyora nekutengesa zvinyorwa vachidzivirira pfungwa ye republic. Akavenga chiremera munzira ipi neipi, akashora "hudzvanyiriri hwehutongi hweBritain" uye akatsigira shanduko sehondo yakachena uye tsvene. Akadaidzira kuba kubva kuLoyalists, akatsigira kurembera kwavo, uye akarumbidza mhirizhonga yemhomho kumauto eBritish. Paine akazviratidza nemazwi akareruka, achigadzirira iwo anoparadzira ehondo munguva yehondo. Achiramba kuomarara, akati, “Handitombotauri nezvazvo; chikonzero ndechekuti, ndinogara ndichifunga. ” Vamwe vanotenda kuti kushora kwake kwevamwe vanofunga kunoratidza kushaya kwake dzidzo. Akadzokera kuGreat Britain muna 1774 asi kufunga kwake hakuna kugamuchirwa. Kutsigira kwake kwakasimba kweFrench Revolution kwaireva kuti akapomerwa mhosva yekumukira uye akamanikidzwa kutiza England kuFrance asati asungwa nekutongwa. France yakawira mumhirizhonga, kutya, uye hondo, uye Paine akaiswa mutirongo panguva yeTerror asi akazopedzisira asarudzwa kuNational Convention muna 1787. Muna 1792, Thomas Jefferson akakoka Paine kudzokera kuUnited States. Paine akabata zvakanyanya kufambira mberi maonero pamusoro pehurumende, vashandi, economics, uye chitendero - achizviwanira vazhinji vavengi. Paine akafa muNew York City muna 1802 uye anowanzo kuverengerwa pakati peVatangi Vababa veUnited States. Iri izuva rekuverenga uine pfungwa dzakakomba.

December 20. Pazuva iri mu1989 United States yakarwisa Panama. Kupindira, pasi peMutungamiri George HW Bush, yainzi Operation Just Cause, yakashandiswa mauto e26,000, uye ndiyo yaiva hondo huru yeUnited States kubva muhondo yeVietnam. Izvo zvinangwa zvinangwa ndezvekudzorera kumutungamiri wehurumende Guillermo Endara, avo vakasarudzwa vakanga vabhadharwa nemamiriyoni gumi emadhora eAmerica, uye avo vakanga vaiswa neBhuku raNoriega, uye kuti vasunge Noriega pamatare ekutengesa zvinodhaka. Noriega aive akabhadhara CIA sefa kwemakore makumi maviri, asi kuteerera kwake kuUnited States kwakanga kwave kuchikurira. Zvido zvekupinda kwechisimba zvaisanganisira kuchengetedza kweUnited States yePanama Canal, kuchengetedza nheyo dzehondo dzeUnited States, kuwana rubatsiro rwevarwi vomuSouth-backed muNicaragua nekune dzimwe nzvimbo, kuveza mutungamiriri we Bush Bush semutungamiri wemaziso panzvimbo pekuita wimp, kutengesa zvombo, inonzi Vietnam Syndrome, zvinoreva kusada kwevanhu veUnited States kutsigira hondo dzakaipa zvikuru. Kusvika ku4,000 Panamamaniya vakafa mu "runomhanya" kune iyi gare gare Gulf War. Panama yakagadzira hupfumi huripo hunoenderana nekushanyirwa, sangano rebasa, Panama Canal, kubhadhara mari yezvizvarwa, nzvimbo yepamusoro yepamusoro, mabhizimisi emitero kune dzimwe nyika makambani ekuvaka uye vatengesi, mabhizimisi ekunze kwenyika, mari shoma yekurarama, uye kukosha kwekugara kwenyika. Panama inozivikanwa nokuda kwekubhadhara mari, uori hwematongerwe enyika, uye cocaine transhipments. Ikoko kupararira kwemaitiro, uye kuparadzaniswa pakati pevapfumi nevarombo vakawanda, ne40% yevanhu vari pasi pehurombo. Vanhu vanogara mumusha usina kukwana uye havawanikwi zvishoma nezvekurapa kana kudya kwakakodzera. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rokufunga pamusoro peani anowana zvakapambwa zvehondo uye anotambura nemigumisiro.

December 21. Pazuva iri mu1940, kuronga kupisa moto kweTokyo neUnited States kwakabvumirana neChina. Vhiki mbiri dzichinyara gore risati rasvika kuJapan kurwisa Pearl Harbor, Gurukota rezveMari reChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, mutyairi wemauto eU.S., vakasangana muimba yekudyira yemunyori weUS Treasure Henry Morgenthau kuronga kuputika kweguta guru reJapan. Colonel, uyo aishandira maChinese, anga achivakurudzira kuti vashandise vatyairi vekuAmerican kubhomba Tokyo kubvira muna 1937. Morgenthau akati anogona kusunungura varume pabasa muUS Army Air Corps kana maChinese achigona kuvabhadhara $ 1,000 9 pamwedzi. . Soong akabvuma. IUS yakapa China nendege nevarairidzi, uyezve vatyairi. Asi kuputika kwemoto kweTokyo hakuna kuzoitika kusvika husiku hwaKurume 10-1945, 16. Mabhomba anopisa akashandiswa, uye dutu remoto rakaparadza makiromita makumi matanhatu emakiromita eguta, rakauraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva zviuru zana, ndokusiya vanhu miriyoni vasina pekugara. . Kwaive kubhomba kunoparadza kwazvo munhoroondo yevanhu, kunoparadza kupfuura Dresden, kana mabhomba eatomiki akashandiswa muJapan mumashure megore. Iko kubhomba kweHiroshima neNagasaki kwakagashira kutariswa kukuru uye kupiwa mhosva, kuparadzwa kweUS kwemaguta anopfuura makumi matanhatu eJapan pasati pabhombwa. Kubhomba maguta kwave kuri pakati pehondo yeUS kubva ipapo. Mhedzisiro yacho yakawedzera kukuvara asi vashoma kuurayiwa kuUS. Iri izuva rakanaka rekutarisa kukosha kweasina-US hupenyu hwevanhu.

December 22. Pazuva iri muna 1847, Congressman Abraham Lincoln akapokana neMutungamiriri James K. Polk kururamisa kwehondo kuMexico. Polk akange asimbirira kuti Mexico yakanga yatanga hondo neku "kudeura ropa reAmerica pavhu reAmerica." Lincoln akakumbira kuratidzwa uko kurwa kwakaitika uye akati masoja eUS akapinda munzvimbo ine nharo yaive yeMexico zviri pamutemo. Akaenderera mberi achishoropodza Polk nezve "kunyengera kwekunyepedzera" nezvekwakabva hondo uye nekuedza kuwedzera kunharaunda yeUS. Lincoln akavhota achipokana nechisarudzo chakadaidza kuti hondo yakatsiviwa, uye gore rakazotevera rakatsigira rakapfuura zvishoma, richizivisa kuti hondo haina bumbiro. Mwaka wakatevera hondo yakapera neChipatano cheGuadalupe-Hidalgo. Chibvumirano ichi chakamanikidza hurumende yeMexico kubvuma kutora Alta California neSanta Fe de Nuevo Mexico neUnited States. Izvi zvakawedzera mazana mashanu nemazana mashanu emakiromita mamaira kuenda kunharaunda yeUS, kusanganisira ivhu rinoumba zvese kana zvikamu zvemazuva ano Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, uye Wyoming. United States yakabhadhara mari inosvika mamirioni gumi nemashanu uye yakanzura chikwereti chemamirioni mazana matatu. Mexico inobvuma kurasikirwa kweTexas uye yakagamuchira iyo Rio Grande semuganhu wayo wekuchamhembe. Kuwedzera kukuru kwenzvimbo yeUnited States kwaitika kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwaPolk kweTexas muna525,000, kutaurirana kwechibvumirano cheOregon neGreat Britain muna 15, uye kupera kweMexico -America Hondo. Hondo yakaonekwa muUS sekukunda, asi yakashoropodzwa nekuda kwekukuvara kwevanhu, kudhura kwemari, uye nehuremu. Kupokana kwaLincoln nehondo kwaive kusiri chinhu chekupinda kwake muWhite House, uko, kufanana nevatungamiriri vazhinji, akaisiya.

December 23. Pazuva iri mutungamiri we1947 Truman akakanganwira 1,523 ye 15,805 Hondo Yenyika II yevashandi vezvigadziriswa. Pardoni yaive nguva dzose iri mvumo yemadzimambo uye madzimambo. MuUnited States mu1787, paBumbiro reConstitutional, simba rekuregerera rakapiwa Mutungamiri weUnited States. MuC1940, Mutemo weSelective Training uye Service wakapiwa. Vose varume pakati pezera re21 ne45 vaifanira kubhadharira kuti zvinyorwa. Mushure mehondo, nhamba yevarume vakaiswa mutirongo nekuda kwekugadziriswa, kusakwanisa kunyoresa, kana kusakwanisa kuwana muedzo wakamanikana wokuramba nehana nekuda kwehana 6,086. Nhamba yekutsvaira yakanga isina kufanirwa, asi mu1944, Army yakanyora chiyero che 63 chidimbu kune varume vose ve1,000 pabasa raishanda. Truman akaramba kuratidza ruregerero rwaizokangamwira munhu wose, uye panzvimbo iyoyo akatevera tsika kubva muHondo Yenyika Yese: kusarudza kukanganwira. Mhedzisiro yekuregererwa ingadai iri yekudzorera zvizere zvehurumende uye zvematongerwe enyika. Mune 1946, Truman anonzi nhengo nhengo nhatu kuti iongorore maitiro evanhu vanoramba zvehana. Bhodi rakakurudzira kuregererwa kweva 1,523 chete vashandi vezvigadziriswa. Dare rakaratidza kuti hapana kukanganwirwa kwakange kwakarurama kune avo "vanozvimisa sevakachenjera uye vakanyatsokwanisa kupfuura sangano kuti vaone basa ravo rekuuya kudzivirira rudzi." Muna 1948, Eleanor Roosevelt akakurudzira Truman kuti aongorore nyaya dzose, asi Truman akaramba, achitaura kuti varume vaibatanidzwa vakanga "vanongodaro chete kana kuti shirkers." Asi muna 1952, Truman akaregerera kune avo vakanga vashanda muHondo munguva yorugare, uye nguva dzose dzorugare dzakabuda kubva kuhondo.

December 24. Pazuva iri mu1924 Costa Rica akapa chiziviso chokurega kubva kuLigan of Nations kunopikisa Monroe Dzidziso. Sungano yeChinano cheMarudzi, yakagamuchirwa pamusana pekuumbwa kwayo mu1920, yakanga ichitaura nezvenzidziso dzakadaro senzira yekusimbisa "kuchengetedza runyararo" pasinei nokuti vazhinji veLatin America nyika havana kuona Monroe Dzidziso sekuita saka. The Monroe Doctrine, yakasikwa muna 1823, yakanga ichishandurwa kuva chidziviriro chekudzivirira zvido zveUnited States muAmerica kunyange dai zvaireva kuramba nyika dzakatonga kodzero yekutonga. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kushandiswa zvemashoko zvekare-kududzira Monroe Dzidziso yeRoosevelt Corollary ye1904, iyo yakarambidza pachena pachena kutonga kweUnited States muAmerica. The Roosevelt Corollary yakashandura zvakajeka Monroe Dzidziso kubva kune imwe yekusapindira kwemasimba eEurope muAmerica kune imwe yekupindira kushingaira neUnited States. Vamwe vatsigiri vemutemo uyu vaidavira kuti yaiva chikamu che "mutoro wevanhu vachena" kuti vaite maererano nemadzinza, tsika, uye zvekunamata. Roosevelt akanga ataura kuti "kutadza kusingaperi, kana kusava nemhosva kunokonzera kugadziriswa kwemasangano evanhu vakabudirira" akapa US kodzero yekushandura "simba rezvematongerwo enyika" maererano nekududzirwa kwake kweDzidziso yeMonroe. Uku kufunga kwechisarudzo, pamwe nehupfumi hweUnited States, kwakanga kwatoita nzira yekutengesa kuHawaii, Cuba, Panama, Dominican Republic, Honduras, neNicaragua panguva iyo Costa Rica yakaita chisarudzo chaicho mu 1924.

December 25. Pazuva iri mu1914, mune dzimwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo neWest Front muHondo Yenyika I, mauto eBritain neGermany akaisa maoko avo uye akakwira kubva mumatanda awo kuti achinjana kukwazisa kwezororo nekufarirwa nemuvengi. Kunyangwe hurumende dzenyika dziri kurwisana dzakanga dzisingateereri Papa Benedict XV kudana masvondo maviri mberi kwekugadza kanguva yeKrisimasi kupedza-moto, masoja pachavo akazivisa mutauro unozivikanwa. Chii chakavabatsira kuti vaite izvozvo? Zvichida kuti, mushure mokugadzirisa mune dambudziko uye nengozi dzehondo dzemvura mumhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweFrance, ivo vakanga vatanga kuzivisa zvavo pachavo nhamo yakaoma neyavavengi vemauto mumatokari kwete kure. A "mararamiro ehupenyu uye akararama" akanga atozviratidza pacheche "pakurambidza nekubvongodza" nemuvengi munguva ye "nguva yakanyarara" pakati pehondo. Zvechokwadi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende kumativi maviri vakavhiringidzika kuisa pangozi kuderedza kushingaira kwekuuraya muvengi, vachitungamirira British kuJanuary 1915 kuti vaite mamwe maitiro asina kukanganisa anotarirwa kurangwa kwakanyanya. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, Krisimasi Truce ye1914 yakagara ichifungidzirwa kuva chiitiko chimwe chete. Asi, humwe uchapupu hwakaratidzwa mu2010 nemunyori wezvakaitika kare wechiGermany Thomas Weber anoratidza kuti mamwe maKrisimasi akawanikwa akaonekwa zvakare mu1915 uye 1916. Ichi chikonzero, anotenda, chinonyatsopindira mukuti,, shure kwehondo, masoja aipona kakawanda ainzwa kusuruvara kwakadaro kuti vakagamuchirwa kubatsira varwi vakakuvara kune rumwe rutivi. Masoja akaenderera mberi kuchengeta chisungo cheKisimusi paaikwanisika, nokuti maitiro avo evanhu, vakavigwa mumhepo yehondo, vakaramba vachiteerera kune mikana yakawanda yorudo nerunyararo.

December 26. Pazuva rino mu1872 Norman Angell akazvarwa. Kuda kuverenga kwakatungamirira kumagumo ake eMill Essay on Liberty pazera re 12. Akadzidza muEngland, France, neSwitzerland vasati vatamira kuCalifornia ku17. Akatanga kushanda kuSt. Louis Globe-Democrat, uye kuSan Francisco Chronicle. Somunyori, akatamira kuParis uye akava munyori-editor we Daily Messenger, ipapo mushandi anozvipa Éclair. Kutaura kwake pamusoro peSpain-America War, Dreyfus nyaya, uye Hondo yeBoer yakatungamirira Angell mubhuku rake rokutanga, Kuita zvepabonde pasi pemitambo mitatu: Chikonzero chekufungidzira mune zvematongerwo enyika (1903). Pakugadzira shanduro yeParis yeIshe Northcliffe Daily Mail, Angell yakabudisa rimwe bhuku Europe Optical Illusion, iyo yakawedzerwa mu1910 uye yakatumidzwa zvakare The Great Illusion. Nhoroondo yeAngell pamusoro pehondo inotsanangurwa mubasa rake ndeyekuti simba rehondo nevezvematongerwe enyika raive munzira yekupa chaiyo kuzvidzivirira, uye kuti hazvigoneki mune zvezvemari kuti rudzi rumwe rutore rumwe. The Great fungidziro yakagadziridzwa kuburikidza nebasa rake, kutengesa kupfuura mamiriyoni e2 makopi, uye yakashandurwa mumitauro ye25. Akashanda seMutevedzeri weDare reParamende, neWorld World pakurwisana neHondo neFascism, paMutungamiri weDare reLisangano yeMarudzi, uye seMutungamiri weAbyssinia Association, achinyora mabhuku makumi mana nerimwe, kusanganisira The Money Game (1928), Vakaurayiwa Vasingaoneki (1932), Dambudziko Redu Kudzero Yedu Yenyika (1934), Rugare neVaDictator? (1938), uye Shure kwezvose (1951) pamusoro pekushandira pamwe sechikonzero chekubudirira. Angell yakabatwa muC1931, uye yakagamuchira Nobel Peace Prize mu1933.

December 27. Pazuva iri mu1993 Belgrade Women in Black vakagadzirira kupesana kwegore idzva. Communist Yugoslavia yaiumbwa nemaRepublics eSlovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro neMacedonia. Mushure mekufa kwaVa Prime Minister muna 1980, kupesana kwakamuka uye kwakakurudzirwa pakati pemapoka emadzinza nevanhu venyika. Slovenia neCroatia zvakazivisa rusununguko muna 1989, zvichikonzera kupokana neuto reYugoslavia. Muna 1992 hondo yakatanga pakati pevaMoslim veBosnia nemaCroats. Kukombwa kweguta guru, Sarajevo, kwakatora mwedzi makumi mana nemana. Vanhu zviuru gumi vakafa uye vakadzi zviuru makumi maviri vakabatwa chibharo mukuchenesa madzinza. Mauto eBosnia maSerb akatora Srebrenica akauraya maMuslim. NATO yakabhomba nzvimbo dzeBosnia Serb. Hondo yakatanga muna 44 muKosovo pakati pevapanduki veAlbania neSerbia, uye zvakare NATO yakatanga kubhomba, ichiwedzera kurufu nekuparadza uku ichiti irikurwira inonzi hondo yevanhu. Vakadzi muBlack vakaumbwa munguva dzehondo dzakaomarara uye dzinoparadza. Anti-zvechiuto ibasa ravo, "kwavo kwemweya sarudzo uye zvematongerwo enyika." Mukutenda kuti vakadzi vagara vachidzivirira nyika dzavo nekurera vana, kutsigira vasina simba, uye kushanda vasingabhadharwe mudzimba, vanoti "Tinoramba simba remauto… kugadzirwa kwemaoko ekuuraya vanhu… kutonga kweumwe murume, murume, nyika , kana kutaura pamusoro peumwe. ” Vakaronga mazana ekuratidzira panguva uye mushure mehondo dzeBalkan, uye vari kushandira pasirese nemusangano wekudzidzisa nemisangano, pamwe nekuratidzira. Ivo vanogadzira mapoka erunyararo evakadzi uye vakagamuchira akawanda UN uye vamwe vakadzi nemubairo werunyararo uye mazita. Iri izuva rakanaka rekutarisa kumashure kuhondo uye kubvunza izvo zvingadai zvakaitwa zvakasiyana.

December 28. Pazuva iri mu1991, hurumende yePhilippines yakaraira United States kuti ibve kubva kunheyo yayo yevashandi ku Subic Bay. Vakuru veAmerica nePhilippine vakanga vaita chibvumirano chekuita chiitiko chezhizha rapfuura pachibvumirano chingave chakawedzera kubhadhara kwevhesi yemamwe gumi mukutengesa $ 203 mamiriyoni mumubatsiro wegore negore. Asi chibvumirano chakarambidzwa neFhilipian Senate, iyo yakarwisa mauto eUnited States munyika iyi sechinhu chakazara chekolonialism uye nechisimba kuFhilipiine uchangamire. Hurumende yePhilippine yakabva yatendeuka Subic Bay kuIndaneti Subic Freeport Zone, iyo yakagadzira mamwe mabasa 70,000 mumakore ayo mana ekutanga. Muna 2014, zvisinei, iUnited States yakavandudza mauto ayo munyika iyo pasi peshoko reEnhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. Chibvumirano chinobvumira US kuti ivakwe nekushanda zvivako pazvivako zvePhilippines zvingashandiswa nevekudzivirirwa kwenyika mukusimudzira kukwanisa kwenyika yekuzvidzivirira pachayo kurwisa zvingangoitika kunze. Chinodiwa ichocho hachina chokwadi, zvisinei. IPhilippines inotarisana nengozi inotaridzika yekupinda, kurwisana, kana basa kubva kune chero kupi zvako-kusanganisira kubva kuChina, iri kushanda nePhilippines kukudziridza zvigaro muSouth China yeChina pasi pesungano inodzivisa kupindira kweUnited States. Zvimwe zvakanyanyisa, zvinogona kubvunzwa kana USA inogona here kuratidza kuchengetedza hondo kune dzimwe nyika dzinopfuura 80 nenharaunda pasi rose. Pasinei nokutyisidzirwa kunokonzerwa nevezvematongerwo enyika uye pundits, US inzvimbo uye inyanzvi dzakasununguka kubva kune chero dambudziko rekune dzimwe nyika uye haina kodzero yekukurudzira njodzi dzakadaro mune imwe nzvimbo semapurisa akazvimirira pasi pose.

December 29. Pazuva iri mu1890, mauto eUnited States akauraya 130-300 Sioux varume, vakadzi, uye vana muWounded Knee Massacre. Ichi chaiva chekupedzisira kwemakakatanwa akawanda pakati pehurumende yeUnited States nemarudzi eNative America munguva ye19^th Muzana remakore kumavirazuva kuwedzera kweUnited States. Imhemberero yechitendero inozivikanwa seMweya Dance yakanga iri kukurudzira kushorwa, uye yakanzwisiswa neUnited States sekutyisidzira kupesana kukuru. IAmerica yakanga ichangobva kuuraya mukuru we Lakota Chief Sitting Bull mukuedza kumusunga uye kugumisa kudhanha. Vamwe vaLakota vaitenda kuti mutambo waizodzorera nyika yavo yekare uye kuti kupfeka izvo zvinonzi "mweya shirts" zvaizovadzivirira kuti vasadurwe. VaLakota, vakakundwa uye vane nzara, vakanga vachienda kunzvimbo yePine Ridge. Vakatomiswa neU.S. 7th Cavalry, vakatorwa kuWounded Knee Creek, uye vakakombwa nepfuti huru dzinopisa. Nhau ndeyokuti kupfura kwakadzingwa, zvichida neLakota kana neuto reUnited States hazvizivikanwi. Kuuraya kwakaipisisa uye kunodziviswa kwakatevera. Nhamba ye Lakota yakafa inopikisana, asi zviri pachena kuti hafu yevaya vakaurayiwa vaiva vakadzi nevana. Iyi ndiyo hondo yekupedzisira pakati pevarwi vehurumende neSioux kusvika 1973, apo nhengo dzeAmerican Indian Movement dzakabata Vachikuvadza Knee kwemazuva 71 kuti vapikise mamiriro ekuchengetedzwa. Muna 1977, Leonard Peltier akatongerwa kuuraya vaviri veFBI vashandi ikoko. Sangano reUnited States rakapedza kugadzirisa kuratidza kuzvidemba kwekuuraya kwe 1890 makore zana gare gare, asi United States inonyanya kusaremekedza maitiro ayo ekuparadzanisa kwemhirizhonga yehondo uye kucheneswa kwemarudzi.

December 30. Pazuva iri mu1952 Tuskegee Institute yakashuma kuti 1952 yaiva gore rokutanga mumakore e71 ekunyora kuchengetedza kuti hakuna munhu akanga atsigirwa muUnited States-kubvumirana kunoshamisa kusingagoni kumira muedzo wenguva. (Iyo yekupedzisira lynching muUS yakaitika muzana ramakumi maviri nemasere.) Iyo inotonhora nhamba haina kugona kuratidza kutyisa kwechiitiko chepasirese chekuwedzera kwekuuraya vanhu. Inowanzoitwa nemhomho dzinopenga, lynching inopa muenzaniso wakajeka wevanhu vangangoita pasi rose kusavimba uye kutya "mumwe," "akasiyana." Lynching inomira semufananidzo wakashomeka mudiki wemidziyo yeinenge hondo yese munhoroondo yevanhu, iyo yagara ichiratidza kupokana pakati pevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana, zvitendero, madzinza, zvematongerwo enyika, kana mafilosofi. Kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwe kumwe kunhu pasi pano, lynching muUnited States, iyo yakabudirira kubva mumashure-Hondo Yenyika makore kusvika muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, yaive hunhu hunhu-hunosimudzira nhangemutange. Vanopfuura makumi manomwe nematatu muzana yeavo vangangoita zviuru mazana mana nemazana masere vakaurayiwa muUS vaive African-American. Lynchings yaive yakanyanya-kunyangwe isiri yega - chiitiko cheSouthern. Chokwadi, nyika gumi nembiri dzekumaodzanyemba dzaive nemazana mana nemakumi mairi nemazana manomwe ane makumi mashanu emhirizhonga yevaAfrica -America kubva muna 21 kusvika 20. Zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe kubva muzana zvevanhu vakapara mhosva idzi havana kumborangwa nevakuru vakuru venyika kana vemunharaunda. Hapana chimwe chingave chinoratidza zvakanyanya kutadza kwemunhu kushandira pamwe mukudzivirira njodzi dzepasirese, sekuparadza nharaunda kana hondo yenyika yenyukireya kupfuura iyo iyo United States Congress yakundikana kupasisa mutemo uchizivisa kuuraya mhosva kusvika muna Zvita, 73, mushure memazana emakore ekuyedza.

December 31. Pazuva rino, vanhu vazhinji pasi rose vanopemberera kuguma kwegore uye kutanga kweimwe itsva. Kazhinji, vanhu vanogadzirisa zvirongwa kana zvipikirwa kuti vawane zvinangwa zvegore gore chete. World BEYOND War yakagadzira Chirevo cherunyararo icho isu chatinotenda chinoshandawo seyakagadziriswa sarudzo yegore idzva. Ichi Chiziviso cherunyararo kana rugare runyararo chinowanikwa pamhepo pa worldbeyondwar.org uye chakasainwa nezviuru zvevanhu nemasangano munzvimbo dzinenge dzese dzepasi. Chirevo ichi chine mitsara miviri chete, uye chiverengwa chizere: "Ndinonzwisisa kuti hondo nehondo zvinoita kuti tirege kuchengetedzeka pane kutichengetedza, kuti dzinouraya, dzinokuvadza nekushungurudza vanhu vakuru, vana nevacheche, dzinokuvadza zvakanyanya nharaunda, dzinokanganisa rusununguko rwevagari, uye kupedza hupfumi hwedu, tichitsvaga zviwanikwa kubva kuzvinhu zvinosimbisa hupenyu. Ndinozvipira kuita uye nekutsigira zvisina mhirizhonga kupedza hondo dzose uye kugadzirira zvehondo uye nekugadzira runyararo runyararo. ” Kune chero munhu ane kusahadzika nezve chero zvikamu zvekuzivisa - ichokwadi here kuti hondo dzinotikanganisa? Hondo inokanganisa zvakatipoteredza nharaunda here? Haisi hondo isingadzivisike here kana kuti inodikanwa kana inobatsira? - World BEYOND War yakagadzira webhusaiti izere yekupindura mibvunzo yakadai. Pa worldbeyondwar.org pane rondedzero uye tsananguro dzemanyepo anotenda nezvehondo uye zvikonzero nei tichifanira kupedza hondo, pamwe nemishandirapamwe munhu anogona kubatanidzwa mukufambisa icho chinangwa. Usasaine chibvumirano cherunyararo kunze kwekunge iwe uchireva. Asi ndokumbirawo uzvireve! Ona worldbeyondwar.org Goredzva Rakanaka!

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Enda chinyorwa.

Enda kumifananidzo.

Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.