Mbudzi

November 1
November 2
November 3
November 4
November 5
November 6
November 7
November 8
November 9
November 10
November 11
November 12
November 13
November 14
November 15
November 16
November 17
November 18
November 19
November 20
November 21
November 22
November 23
November 24
November 25
November 26
November 27
November 28
November 29
November 30
November 31

Mbudzi 1. Pazuva rino mu1961 vakadzi vanorwisana nerunyararo muUnited States ndiyo yakanyanya kukurudzira kuti vagadzirire kurarama. "Takatanga kuvapo musi waNovember 1, 1961," yakadaro nhengo, "sekupokana nekuyedzwa kwemuchadenga nenyukireya kwakaitwa neUS neSoviet Union izvo zvaisvibisa mweya nechikafu chevana vedu." Gore iro, vakadzi zviuru zana kubva kumaguta makumi matanhatu vakabuda mumakicheni nemabasa vachida: PEDZISA RASI RASI - ASI RUDZIMU RWEVanhu, uye WSP yakazvarwa. Boka rakakurudzira kutorerwa zvombo nekudzidzisa nezve njodzi dze radiation uye kuyedzwa kwenyukireya. Nhengo dzayo dzakakoka Congress, dzakaratidzira nzvimbo yekuyedza yenyukireya muLas Vegas, uye vakatora chikamu mumusangano weUN Disarmament Conferences kuGeneva. Kunyangwe paine vakadzi makumi maviri kubva kuboka vari kuendeswa kuma100,000 neImba Un-American Activities Committee, ivo vakabatsira kupasiswa kwechibvumirano cheLitest Test Ban Chibvumirano muna 60. Kuratidzira kwavo kurwisa Hondo yeVietnam kwakatungamira vakadzi chiuru nemazana maviri kubva kunyika gumi nemana dzeNATO kuti vabatane navo. kuHague muchiratidziro chakanangana nekusikwa kweMultilateral Nuclear Fleet. Vakatanga zvakare kusangana nevakadzi veVietnamese kuronga kutaurirana pakati pePOWs nemhuri dzavo. Vakaratidzira kupindira kweUS muCentral America, pamwe nekumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo, uye vakapokana nezvirongwa zvitsva zvezvombo. Mushandirapamwe weNuclear Freeze wema20 wakatsigirwa neWPS, uye vakataura neVakuru veMakurukota eNetherlands neBelgium, vachivakurudzira kuramba zvombo zvese zveUS zvombo uye zvaisanganisira rondedzero yePurezidhendi Regan chirongwa cheDziviriro. , kupona, uye kufungidzirwa kukunda hondo yenyukireya.

November 2. Pazuva iri mu1982 referendum ye nyukliya yakapfuudzwa mune mapfumbamwe eUnited States inogadzira chikamu chimwe chetatu cheSU electorate. Yaive referendamu hombe pane imwe nyaya munhoroondo yeUS, uye yaive yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza chibvumirano pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union kumisa kuyedzwa, kugadzirwa, uye kutumirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Makore apfuura vapanduki vaive vatanga kuronga kuyedza uye dzidziso yeruzhinji kutenderera United States. Chirevo chemushandirapamwe uyu "Funga pasi rose; zviitei munharaunda imomo. ” Masangano akaita seUnited of Concerned Scientists ne Ground Zero movement dzakatenderedza zvikumbiro, dzikaita nharo, uye dzichiratidza mafirimu. Vakapa mabhuku nezve nhangemutange yemaoko enyukireya uye vakagadzirisa zvisarudzo zvavakaenda nazvo kuguta, kuguta, uye kumatunhu eUnited Stares. Gore rimwe chete mushure meferendamu ya1982, zvisarudzo zvinotsigira chimbichimbi zvombo zvenyukireya zvakange zvapasiswa nemakurukota emadhorobha mazana matatu nemakumi matatu, makanzuru makumi manomwe nenomwe, uye neimwe kana dzimba mbiri dzematare eparamende makumi maviri nematatu. Pakapihwa danho reNuclear Freeze kuhurumende dzeUS neSoviet kuUnited Nations, yaive nemasaini zviuru zviviri nemazana matatu. Yakanga isina rutsigiro rwehutungamiriri hweMutungamiri Ronald Reagan, iyo inoiona senjodzi. Varatidziri ava vakashandiswa, White House yakati, ne "vashoma vevanyengeri vakarairwa kubva kuMoscow." White House yakatanga musangano wehukama neruzhinji kurwisa referendamu yeFreeze. Reagan akapomera kuti Freeze "yaizoita kuti nyika ino ive panjodzi yekutyisidzirwa nenyukireya." Zvisinei nekupokana kwakasimba, kufamba kwakaenderera kwemakore mazhinji mushure ma370 uye kwakapa matanho akakura ekudzivirira zvombo uye kupona kwehupenyu pasi pano panguva yeCold War.

November 3. Pazuva rino muC1950, UN Uniting for Peace resolution yakagadziridzwa neUnited General Assembly paFlushing Meadows, NY. Chisarudzo ichi, 377A, chinoratidza kusungirwa kweUnited Nations, pasi peChirango chayo, kuchengetedza rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka. Inobvumira General Assembly kuongorora nyaya iyo Security Council isingagoni kugadzirisa nyaya. Pano pane nhengo dze193 dzeUnited Nations, uye nhengo dze15 dzeDare. Chigadziro chinogona kushandiswa nevhoti mu Security Council, kana nechikumbiro chevoruzhinji rweUnited States kuMunyori Mukuru. Vanogona kugovera mazano ekugadzirisa zvibvumirano pasina "P5" kana kuti nhengo dzishanu dzisingagumi dzeHarare Council dzinoti: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, uye United States. Havana kukwanisa kuvhiringidza kubvumirwa kwemasarudzo ekugadzirisa. Zvirongwa zvinogona kusanganisira kushandiswa kwehondo yakashonga kana kudzivirira kwayo. Simba rekuti veto mukati meS Security Council rinogona kukundwa nenzira iyi kana imwe yeP5 iri kurwisa. Yakashandiswa kuHungary, Lebanon, Congo, Middle East (Palestine neEast Jerusalem), Bangladesh, Afghanistan, uye South Africa. Zvinopikiswa kuti hurongwa huripo hweHarare Council nehupenyu hunogara hune simba hweveto hahuratidzi hwechokwadi hwemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino, uye inonyanya kusiya Africa, dzimwe nyika dziri kusimukira, uye Middle East pasina inzwi. Institute for Security Studies inoshanda kuti ive neSarudzo yakasarudzwa, kuburikidza nechitenduko chekushandura kuUnited Charter nehuwandu hweMakurukota eGeneral Assembly, iyo ichabvisa zvigaro zvigaro.

November 4. Pazuva iri mu1946 UNESCO yakagadzwa. IUnited Nations Dzidzo, Sayenzi, uye Tsika Sangano iri muParis. Chinangwa chesangano ndechekupa rugare nerunyararo nekusimudzira kudyidzana kwepasi rese uye kutaurirana kuburikidza nedzidzo, sainzi, uye tsika zvirongwa uye shanduko uye kuwedzera kuremekedzwa kweruramisiro, mutemo wemutemo, uye kodzero dzevanhu. Kuti vatevedze izvi zvinangwa, nhengo dzayo makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe nenhengo gumi neimwe dzakabatana vane zvirongwa mufundo, masayendisiti sayenzi, zvemagariro uye zvevanhu sainzi, tsika nemagariro. UNESCO haina kunge isina gakava, kunyanya muhukama hwayo neUS, UK, Singapore, neyaimbova Soviet Union, zvikuru nekuda kwekutsigira kwavo kwakasimba rusununguko rwevezvenhau uye nezvinetso zvavo zvebhajeti. United States yakabva kuUNESCO muna 193 pasi paMutungamiri Reagan, ichiti yaive chikuva chemakomunisti nevadzvanyiriri veTatu World kurwisa Madokero. IUS yakabatana zvakare muna 11, asi muna 1984 yakacheka mupiro wayo kuUNESCO, uye muna 2003 yakamisikidza gore rekupedzisira re2011 kubviswa kwayo, muchidimbu nekuda kwenzvimbo yeUNESCO paIsrael. UNESCO yakanga yashora Israeri nekuda kwe "hutsinye" uye "matanho asiri pamutemo" kurwisa maMuslim kupinda kwavo munzvimbo dzinoera. Israel yakanga yaomesa zvisungo zvese nesangano. Ichishanda se "laboratory yemazano," UNESCO inobatsira nyika kutora zviyero zvepasi rose uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvinokurudzira kuyerera kwemahara kwemazano nekugovana ruzivo. Chiono cheUNESCO ndechekuti marongero ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi ehurumende hazvina kukwana kumisikidza mamiriro edemokrasi, budiriro, nerunyararo. UNESCO ine basa rakaoma rekushanda pamwe nenyika dzine nhoroondo refu dzekupokana uye zvido zvehondo.

November 5. Pazuva iri mu1855 Eugene V. Debs akaberekwa. Uyewo musi uyu musi we1968 Richard Nixon akasarudzwa mutungamiri weUnited States mushure mekuparadzanisa hurukuro dzorugare rweVietnam. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka kufungisisa kuti ndiani vatungamiriri vedu chaivo. Pazera remakore gumi nemana, Eugene Victor Debs akatanga kushanda panjanji uye akazova locomotive fireman. Akabatsira kuronga Hukama hweLocomotive Firemen. Mutauri anoshanda uye anoonekera uye mupepanhau, aive nhengo yedare reparamende reIndiana muna 14 aine makore makumi matatu. Akabatanidza mibatanidzwa yezvitima zvakasiyana muAmerican Railway Union uye akaita ratidziro yakabudirira yemubhadharo wakakwira kurwisa Great Northern Railway muna 1885. mwedzi mitanhatu mutirongo mushure mekutungamira Chicago Pullman Car kambani kuramwa. Akaona musangano wevashandi sekurwa pakati pemakirasi, uye akatungamira kuumbwa kweSocialist Party yeAmerica kwaakange ari mumiriri wemutungamiri wenyika kashanu pakati pa30 na1894. Akafa muna 1900, ane makore makumi manomwe nematanhatu. Richard Nixon anoonekwa semutengesi. nekuda kwekubudirira kwake kudzikamisa hurukuro dzerunyararo dzeVietnam, dzakasimbiswa neFBI tambo tambo uye manotsi akanyorwa nemaoko. Akatuma Anna Chennault kuti anyengetedze veVietnamese kuti varambe kupokana kwakarongwa naLyndon Johnson uyo aimbova mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika, Hubert Humphrey, aive mumiriri weNixon. Nixon akatyora Logan Mutemo wa1920 uyo unorambidza vanhu vakazvimirira kuti vapinde munhaurirano dzepamutemo nenyika yekune dzimwe nyika. Mumakore mana pakati pekuparadza pamwe nesarudzo inotevera yemutungamiri wenyika, vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni veVietnam vakaurayiwa, pamwe nenhengo zviuru makumi maviri zveuto reUS.

November 6. Iri ndiro Zuva reMarudzi rose rekudzivirira kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza muHondo neArmed Conflict. Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, mukugadzira zuva iri mu2001, rakayedza kuisa pfungwa dzepasi rose pane kukosha kwekudzivirirwa kwenzvimbo isu tese tinogovana kubva pakuparara kwehondo. Hondo mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya akapa nzvimbo dzakakura dzisingagarike uye akaunza makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri. Hondo nekugadzirira kwehondo kunokanganisa nharaunda kuburikidza nekugadzira pamwe nekuedza zvombo zvenyukireya, kubhururuka kwehondo yendege, uye vehondo vehondo, kupararira nekuenderera mberi kwezimbambaira nekuvigwa kwehusungwa, kushandiswa nekuchengetedza zvinodhaka zvehondo, hupfu uye marara, uye hukuru kushandiswa kwemafuta eposiri. Asi zvibvumirano zvikuru zvezvakatipoteredza zvakabatanidza kusabvumidzwa kuhondo. Hondo uye gadziriro yehondo ndicho chakanyanya kukonzera kukuvara kwenzvimbo. Iwo zvakare gomba mune izvo matirioni emadhora angashandiswa kudzivirira kukuvara kwezvakatipusha anokandwa. Sezvo dambudziko renharaunda rakawedzera, kufunga kwehondo senge chinhu chekugadzirisa naro, kubata vapoteri sevavengi vemauto, kutityisidzira nekutenderera kunotyisa. Kuzivisa kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inokonzeresa hondo kunokanganwa chokwadi chekuti vanhu vanokonzeresa hondo, uye kuti kunze kwekunge tadzidzira kugadzirisa matambudziko nekusazvibata tichangoita ivo vatonyanya. Chinhu chikuru chinokurudzira kumashure kweimwe hondo chishuwo chekudzora zviwanikwa zvinozadza nyika, kunyanya mafuta negesi. Asi izvo, kutanga kwehondo nenyika dzakapfuma mune varombo hakuenderana nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kana kushomeka kwegutsaruzhinji kana kutyisidzira kwehugandanga, asi inobatana zvakanyanya nekuvapo kwemafuta.

November 7. Pazuva iri mu1949, Constitutional Costa Rica yakarambidza hondo yenyika. Costa Rica, ikozvino iko kushandisa simba rose rinogona kudzorerwa, iri musha weIntern-American Human Rights Court uye UN University of Peace. Ichitevera rusununguko kubva kuMexico pasi pehutongi hweSpain, Costa Rica yakazivisa rusununguko kubva kuCentral American Federation iyo yakagovana neHonduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, neEl Salvador. Kutevera pfupi hondo yevagari vemo, danho rakaitwa kubvisa mauto aro, nekuisa mari panzvimbo pevanhu vayo. Senyika yekurima inozivikanwa nekofi uye cacao, Costa Rica inozivikanwa zvakare nerunako, tsika, mimhanzi, zvivakwa zvakagadzikana, tekinoroji, uye eco-yekushanya. Mutemo wezvemamiriro ekunze wenyika unokurudzira kushandiswa kwesimba rezuva, kubvisa kabhoni kubva mumhepo, uye kuchengetedza kusvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana yenyika yayo semapaki emunyika. Sangano reUnited Nations University of Peace rakagadzwa "kupa vanhu nzvimbo yepasi rose yedzidzo yepamusoro yerunyararo nechinangwa chekusimudzira pakati pevanhu vese mweya wekunzwisisa, kushivirira uye kugarisana murunyararo, kukurudzira kubatana pakati pevanhu uye kubatsira kudzikisira zvipingamupinyi uye kutyisidzira rugare rwepasi rose nekufambira mberi, zvichienderana nezvinangwa zvakanaka zvakaziviswa muCharter yeUnited Nations. ” Muna 25, Mutungamiri weCosta Rican, Oscar Sanchez akapihwa Nobel Peace Prize nerubatsiro rwake pakupedza hondo yevagari muNicaragua. Costa Rica yakagamuchira vapoteri vazhinji, ichikurudzira kugadzikana muCentral America. Nekupa vagari vayo dzidzo yemahara, hutano hwepasirese uye mabasa ehukama, Costa Rica inonakidzwa neyakajeka hupenyu hwehupenyu hwevanhu. Muna 1987, National Geographic yakazivisawo kuti "Nyika Inofara Kupfuura Nyika!"

November 8. Pazuva rino muna 1897, Dorothy Day akaberekwa. Somunyori, mumiririri, uye pacifist, Zuva rinozivikanwe nekutanga kweKaturike Worker Movement, nekusimudzira kururamisira kwevanhu. Akasiya koreji muItaly kuti aende kuGreenwich Village mu1916 kwaaigara hupenyu hwehuhemi, akaita shamwari dzakawanda dzekunyora, uye akanyora kumapepanhau emagariro evanhu. Muna 1917, akabatana naAlice Paul uye musangano wevakadzikadzi Suffrage seimwe ye "Vasingatendi vatumwa" vachiteterera White House. Izvi zvakaita kuti mumwe wevamwe vasungwa uye vasungwa vatsungirire Zuva, asiwo kuvakadzi kodzero yekuvhota. Mukurumbira wake se "radical" akaenderera mberi mushure mokunge atendeuka kuChechi yeKaturike seZuva rakasundira kereke kuti ritsigire vatsigiri kuhurumende uye kuhondo. Kutungamirirwa kwaro kwakapesana nemitemo yeKaturike, iyo yakaita kuti kereke ikutsigire ve pacifists nevanoshaiwa, kunyanya vashandi vanotambura mari shoma, uye vasingagari vasina pokugara. Paakasangana naPeter Maurin, aimbova hama yechiKristu, mu1932, vakagadzira pepanhau vachikurudzira dzidziso dzeKaturike dzakabatana nehutongi hwevanhu. Aya mabhuku akatungamirira ku "Green Revolution" uye kubatsira kwechechi pakupa dzimba yevarombo. Mazana maviri emiganhu akazogadzwa mhiri kweUnited States, uye 28 mune dzimwe nyika. Zuva raigara mune imwe yezvivakwa izvi zvekugamuchira vaeni apo vachikurudzira rubatsiro nekunyora mabhuku pamusoro pehupenyu hwake nechinangwa chake. VaKaturike Worker Movement vakapikisa WWII, uye Zuva rakasungwa mu1973 mukuratidza kupesana nehondo muVietnam uye vachitsigira United Farm Workers muCalifornia. Upenyu hwake hwakafuridzira vazhinji, kusanganisira Vatican. Zuva rave richionekwa sechinhu chakakosha chekugonesa kubva ku2000.

November 9. Pazuva rino mu 1989 Rusvingo rweBerlin rwakatanga kuparadzwa, richifananidzira kuguma kweCold War. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rekuyeuka kuti kushanduka kunokurumidza kunogona sei uye kuti rugare runovapo sei. Muna 1961, rusvingo rwakaparadzanisa guta reBerlin rwakagadzirirwa kudzivirira maWestern "fascists," nekudzivirira kukanganiswa kwemazana nemamiriyoni evashandi vaduku uye vadzidzisi kubva kuCommist East Germany. Terefoni uye magwagwa akatsemuka, uye vanhu vakaparadzana kubva kumabasa avo, mhuri dzavo, uye vadiwa vavo. Rusvingo rwakave runofananidzirwa neCold War pakati peWestern Allies neSoviet Union inotevera WWII. Sezvo 5,000 vanhu vakakwanisa kupukunyuka pamadziro, paiva nevamwe vakawanda vakundikana kuedza. Rusvingo rwakanga rwakavakwazve pamusoro pemakore gumi, uye rwakasimbiswa nemakwikwi emadziro kusvika ku15 ft. Kureba, kujekesa kukuru, masvingo emagetsi, varindi vakashonga mumasvingo egadziro, imbwa dzinokurudzira, uye minda. East German varindi vakarayirwa kuti vapfure pameso avo chero munhu achipikisa rusvingo, kana kuedza kutiza. ISoviet Union yakatambura nehupfumi, hurumende mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai sePoland neHungary dzakagadziriswa, uye kuedza kwakagadzirisa kupedza Cold War kwakafambira mberi. Kuwedzera kwemhirizhonga yehurumende muGermany uye kwakapoteredza kwakatungamirira kuedza kuputsa rusvingo kubva kurutivi rwamavirazuva. Mutungamiri weEast Germany, Erich Honecker, akazopedzisira asununguka, uye mukuru wehurumende Gunter Schabowski ndokubva ataura "nechisimba" kubva kuEast Germany. Stunned East Germans yakasvika parusvingo sezvo varindi vakamira, vakavhiringidzika sevamwe vose. Zviuru zvekudaro zvakasungirirwa kumadziro, kupemberera rusununguko rwavo nekuyananisa. Vakawanda vakatanga kubvarura pamadziro nemanyundo, chisel,. . . uye tariro yekuti hapanazve masvingo.

November 10. Pazuva iri mu1936 nyika yekutanga yerunyararo, International Voluntary Service for Peace (IVSP), yakasvika muBombay inotungamirwa naPierre Ceresole. Ceresole aive muSwitzerland pacifist uyo aive aramba kubhadhara mitero yaishandiswa pamaoko, uye akange apedza nguva ari mutirongo. Akavamba Service Civil International (SCI) muna 1920 kupa vazvipiri mumisasa yepasi rose munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzega nemakakatanwa. Akakokwa naMohandas Gandhi kuti vauye kuIndia, uye muna 1934, 1935, na1936, sangano rakashanda muIndia mukuvakazve mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika kweNepal-Bihar muna 1934. Sangano rakakura pamusoro pemakore gumi akatevera, uye Ceresole akafa muna 1945. Muna 1948, masangano akati wandei erunyararo akaunzwa pamwechete pasi pehutungamiriri hutsva hweUnited Nations Dzidzo, Sayenzi, neCultural Organisation (UNESCO). SCI yaive pakati pavo. Muma1970's SCI yakazviongorora pachayo nekumisikidza kuchinjanisa kwevazvipiri venyika dzese. Yakawedzerawo kubva pakuve yakamisikidzwa pamisasa yebasa kuratidza zvinoreva zvematongerwo enyika murunyararo rwenyika. Ndichiri kushandisa vazvipiri nhasi, misimboti yeCSI inosanganisira: kusagadzikana, kodzero dzevanhu, kubatana, kuremekedza nharaunda nezvakatipoteredza, kuiswa kwevanhu vese vanogovana zvinangwa zvesangano, kupihwa simba kwevanhu kushandura zvimiro zvinokanganisa hupenyu hwavo, uye kubatana- kushanda nevemunharaunda, venyika, uye vekunze vanobatana. Mapoka anoshanda, semuenzaniso, akagadzwa mumatunhu ebasa repasirese rekuvandudza uye dzidzo inobata nekubva kune dzimwe nyika, vapoteri, kuchinjana kweEast-West, jenda, kushomeka kwevechidiki, uye nharaunda. SCI inoenderera nanhasi, inozivikanwa seInternational Voluntary Service munyika zhinji dzinotaura Chirungu.

November 11. Pazuva iri muna1918, na11 o'clock pazuva regumi nerimwe remwedzi wegumi nemana, Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakapera panguva. Vanhu muEurope vakangoerekana vamira kupfura pfuti. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, ivo vaiuraya nekutora mabara, kudonha nekupopota, kuchema nekufa. Vakabva vamira. Zvaisave kuti ivo vanga vaneta kana kupengenuka. Vese pamberi uye mushure me11 o'clock ivo vaingoteedzera mirairo. Chibvumirano cheArmistice chakapedza Hondo Yenyika I chakamisikidza 11 o'clock seyakasiya nguva, uye varume zviuru gumi nezviviri vakaurayiwa kana kukuvadzwa pakati pekusaina kweArmistice nekutora kwayo. Asi iyo awa mumakore akatevera, iyo nguva yekuguma kwehondo iyo yaifanirwa kupedza hondo dzese, iyo nguva iyo yakanga yatanga kupemberera kwepasirese kwemufaro uye kwekudzoreredzwa kwechimwe chimiro chehutano, yakava nguva kunyarara, kwekuchema kwebhero, kwekurangarira, uye kwekuzvitsaurira pachako kupedza hondo yese. Izvo ndizvo zvaive Zuva reArmistice. Yakanga isiri mhemberero yehondo kana yeavo vanotora chikamu muhondo, asi yenguva iyo hondo yapera. Sangano reUS Congress rakapa chisungo cheZuva reArmistice muna 11,000 ichidaidzira kuti “zviitwa zvakaitirwa kuti pave nerunyararo kuburikidza nekuda kwakanaka uye nekunzwisisana.” Dzimwe nyika dzichiri kuiti Remembrance Day, asi United States yakatumidza zita rekuti Veterans Day muna 1926. Kune vazhinji, zuva iri harichisiri rekufadza kupera kwehondo asi kurumbidza hondo uye nyika. Tinogona kusarudza kudzorera Zuva reArmistice kune zvarinoreva pakutanga. ZVIMWE NEZVE ZUVA REMAHARA.

November 12. Pazuva iri mu1984 United Nations yakapfuurira Dhidziso pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu kune rugare. Sangano reUN General Assembly rakagamuchira Chibvumirano cheUniversal Kodzero dzevanhu musi waZvita 10, 1948. Iri richiri iro dombo repakona rebasa reUN, uye rinozivisa kuti kodzero yehupenyu yakakosha. Asi pakanga pasati pari kusvika 1984 apo Chiziviso cheRudyi rweVanhu kurunyararo chakabuda. Inoti "hupenyu husina hondo hunoshanda sechinhu chikuru chinodiwa. . . kugara zvakanaka kwezvinhu, kusimudzira uye kufambira mberi. . . uye kuzadzikiswa kwakazara kwekodzero uye rusununguko rwakakosha rwevanhu rwakaziviswa neUnited Nations, ”kuti ibasa rinoyera uye" chisungo chakakosha "cheHurumende yega yega kuti" marongero eAmerica atungamirirwe mukubvisa kutyisidzira zvehondo ”uye“ pamusoro pezvose, kudzivirira njodzi yenyika yose. ” UN yakave nekuomerwa kukuru kuvaka pamusoro uye kuita ichi chiziviso. Basa rakawanda rakaitwa mukati memakore, kunyanya neHuman Rights Council, kugadzirisa chirevo ichi, asi dzokororo dzese dzakundikana kupfuudza nehuwandu hwakakwana nekuti nyika dzenyukireya dzakaramba. Musi waZvita 19, 2016, vhezheni yakareruka yaive nevhoti ye131 vachitsigira, 34 vachipesana, uye makumi mapfumbamwe ekubvisa. Muna 19, yakanga ichiri kupikisana. Vakasarudzika veUN Rapporteurs vanoshanyira mamwe mamiriro munyika dzakasiyana kuti vaongorore zviitiko zvekutyorwa kwekodzero zvinowanikwa muUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, uye kune musangano wekugadza Special Rapporteur paRudzi Rwevanhu Runyararo, asi izvo hazvisati zvaitwa.

November 13. Nezuva iri mu1891, International Peace Bureau yakavakwa muRoma naFredrik Bajer. Ichiri kushingaira, chinangwa chayo kushandira kune "nyika isina hondo." Mumakore ayo ekutanga sangano rakazadzisa zvinangwa zvaro semurongi wemafambiro erunyararo pasi rose, uye muna 1910 rakagamuchira Mubayiro weNobel Peace. Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, Chikwata cheMarudzi nemamwe masangano chakadzikisa kukosha kwayo, uye chakamisa mabasa ayo mukati meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Muna 1959, midziyo yayo yakapihwa kuInternational Liaison Committee yeMasangano eRunyararo (ILCOP). ILCOP yakatumidza zita rayo Geneva sekretariati iyo International Peace Bureau. Iyo IPB ine mazana matatu enhengo dzemasangano munyika makumi manomwe, inoshanda sechisungo chemasangano anoshanda pazvirongwa zvakafanana, uye ari kune mamwe makomiti mukati nekunze kweUnited Nations. Nekufamba kwenguva, akati wandei IPB bhodhi nhengo dzakagamuchira iyo Nobel Peace Prize. Kugadzirira kwemauto kune mhedzisiro inokuvadza, kwete kune avo chete vanobatwa muhondo, asi zvakare nehurongwa hwekuvandudza budiriro, uye zvirongwa zveIPB zviripo zvino pakurwisa zvombo zvebudiriro yekusimudzira. Iyo IPB inotarisisa kunyanya kuiswazve kwemashandisirwo emauto kumapurojekiti enharaunda uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo. International Peace Bureau inotarisira kudzikisira rubatsiro rwepasi rese, inotsigira mishandirapamwe yezvombo, kusanganisira zvombo zvenyukireya, uye inopa data pahukuru hwehupfumi hwezvombo nemakakatanwa. IPB yakagadza iyo Zuva reZvekuita paKushandiswa kweMasoja mu300, ichishanda kudzikisira kukanganisa nekutengesa kwemaoko madiki, zvimbambaira, zvimisumbu zvemasumbu, uye uranium yapera, kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira.

November 14. Pazuva iri mu1944 muFrance, Marie-Marthe Dortel-Claudot uye Bhishopi Pierre-Marie Theas vakapa pfungwa yePax Christi. Pax Christi chiLatin che "Rugare rwaKristu." Pope Pius XII muna 1952 akaiziva sesangano repamutemo renyika dzese dzerunyararo. Yakatanga sesangano rekushandira kuyananisa pakati pevanhu veFrance neGerman mushure meHondo Yenyika II nekuronga mafambiro erunyararo, uye ndokuwedzera kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Yakakura se "muhondo yekunamatira rugare pakati pendudzi dzese." Yakatanga kutarisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu, chengetedzo, kutorerwa zvombo, uye kudzikisira masimba. Iko zvino ine makumi maviri nemasangano nhengo pasi rose. Pax Christi International yakavakirwa pakutenda kuti rugare runogoneka, uye rinotarisa izvo zvinokonzeresa uye zvinoparadza mhedzisiro yehondo yechisimba nehondo. Chiono chayo ndechekuti "mhirizhonga ine chisimba nekusaruramisira zvinogona kutyorwa." Yayo International Secretariat iri muBrussels uye kune zvitsauko munyika zhinji. Pax Christi akabatanidzwa mukutsigira varatidziri mubato rekodzero dzevanhu kuMississippi, achibatsira kuronga kurohwa kwemabhizinesi anosarura vatema. Pax Christi anoshanda nekufambisa kubatana nemamwe masangano anobatanidzwa musangano rerunyararo, kukurudzira kufamba pasi rese, uye kuvaka kugona kwemasangano enhengo yebasa rerunyararo risina mhirizhonga. Pax Christi ane chinzvimbo chekubvunzana sesangano risiri rehurumende kuUnited Nations uye rinoti "rinounza izwi revanhu muChechi yeKaturike, uyezve rinotakura tsika dzeChechi yeKaturike kumasangano ehurumende." Muna 120, Pax Christi International akapihwa iyo UNESCO Runyararo Dzidzo Mubayiro.

November 15. Pazuva iri mu1920 pepanendi yekutanga yepasi rose, League of Nations, yakaungana muGeneva. Pfungwa yekuchengetedzwa pamwe chete yaive nyowani, chigadzirwa chekutyisa kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Kuremekedza kutendeseka uye kuzvimiririra kwenhengo dzese, uye maitiro ekubatana mukuzvichengetedza kubva kumhirizhonga, zvakataurwa muchibvumirano chakazotevera. Masangano emubatanidzwa akadai seUniversal Post Union uye zvimwe zvimiro zvehupenyu hwemagariro nezvehupfumi zvakagadzwa, uye nhengo dzakabvumirana pazvinhu zvakaita sekufambisa nekutaurirana, hukama hwekutengeserana, hutano, uye kutarisirwa kwekutengeswa kwemaoko kwenyika. Secretariat yakagadzwa kuGeneva uye Gungano renhengo dzese rakagadzwa, pamwe neDare rakaumbwa nevamiriri veUnited States, Great Britain, France, Italy, neJapan senhengo dzechigarire, nevamwe vana vakasarudzwa neMusangano. Zvisinei, chigaro cheUnited States muKanzuru hachina kumbogarwa. United States haina kujoina Chikwata, mairi ingadai yakave imwe pakati pevakaenzana. Ichi chaive chirevo chakasiyana chose neicho chekujoinha United Nations yakazotevera, umo United States nedzimwe nyika ina dzakapihwa masimba e veto. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika II, hapana kukwidzwa kuLigi kwakaitwa. Hapana misangano yeKanzuru kana Assembly yakaitika panguva yehondo. Basa rehupfumi uye rezvemagariro eLigi rakaenderera mberi padanho, asi iro rezvematongerwo enyika raive rapera. Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, riine zvivakwa zvakawanda seChinzwano, rakavambwa muna 1945. Muna 1946, Chinzwano chaMarudzi chakamiswa zviri pamutemo.

November 16. Pazuva iri muna 1989, vapristi vatanhatu nevamwe vanhu vaviri vakaurayiwa neuto reSalvador. Hondo yevagari vemunyika muEl Salvador, 1980-1992, yakauraya vanhu vanopfuura 75,000, ichisiya zviuru zvisere zvisipo uye miriyoni ichisiya misha. Sangano reUnited Nations Chokwadi rakavambwa muna 8,000 rakaona kuti 1992 muzana yekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwakanyorwa panguva yekukonana kwakaitwa nemauto eSalvadoran kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo vaigara munharaunda dzekumaruwa vaifungidzirwa kutsigira magandanga evasiyano. Musi wa95 Mbudzi 16, varwi veSalvadoran Army vakauraya maJesuit Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Segundo Montes, Amando López, Juan Ramón Moreno, naJoaquín López, pamwe naElba Ramos nemwanasikana wake achiri kuyaruka Celina kwavanogara kukambasi yaJose Simeon Canas Central American University muSan Salvador. Zvikamu zvevane mukurumbira vepamusoro Atlacatl Battalion vakapinda kambasi vachiraira kuuraya mutungamiriri wayo, Ignacio Ellacuría, uye kusasiya zvapupu kumashure. VaJesuit vaifungidzirwa kuti vaidyidzana nemauto evapanduki uye vaive vakurudzira kumisikidzwa kwekutaurirana kukakavadzana kwevanhu neFarabundo Marti National Liberation Front, (FMLN). Mhondi idzi dzakakwezva kutarisisa kwepasi rese kuyedza kwevaJesuit uye nekuwedzera kumanikidza kwenyika dzese kumisa kurwira. Ichi chaive chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekutendeuka zvakatungamira kunharaunda yekutaurirana kuhondo. Chibvumirano cherunyararo chakagumisa hondo muna 1989, asi vanofungidzirwa kuti ndivo vakuru vemhondi havana kumbobvira vatongwa. Vashanu vevatanhatu vatanhatu vakaurawa vaive vagari veSpain. Vachuchisi veSpanish vagara vachitsvaga kudzoserwa kubva kuEl Salvador yenhengo dzakakosha dzemasoja akakwidziridzwa akakonzerwa nerufu.

November 17. Pazuva rino mu1989 Velvet Revolution, runyararo rworugare rweCzechoslovakia, rwakatanga nemudzidzi kufamba. Czechoslovakia yakatorwa nevaSoviet mushure meWWII. Ne 1948, Marxist-Leninist mitemo yaisungirwa muzvikoro zvose, vhidhiyo yakanga yakanyatsorongedzwa, uye mabhizimisi aitungamirirwa nehurumende yeKomonisiti. Chero kushorwa kwakasangana nehutsinye hunopisa hwemapurisa kurwisana nemapurotesitendi nemhuri dzavo kusvikira kutaura kwekusununguka kwakanyarara. Mutungamiri weSoviet, VaMikhail Gorbachev, vakafambisa mamiriro ezvematongerwe enyika munenge pakati pe1980s vachitungamirira vadzidzi kuronga marangaridzo anoyeuchidzirwa achiremekedzwa mudzidzi akanga afa makore 50 akapfuura mukurwisana nekutonga kweNazi. Czechoslovakian, mutevedzeri, uye mutambi wenhabvu Vaclav Havel vakange varongawo Civic Forum kuti vadzorere nyika kuburikidza ne "Velvet Revolution" yekupikisa murugare. Havel inoshandiswa pasi pekubatanidza kwevhu kuburikidza nekubatana ne playwrights nemimhanzi zvichikonzera boka rakapararira revashandi. Sezvo vadzidzi vakabuda musi waNovember 17th, vakadzokidzwazve nekushungurudzwa zvakashata kubva kumapurisa. IC Civic Forum yakaramba ichifamba, ichidudzira vagari vari munzira kuenda kumashure kuvadzidzi mukurwisana kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kutaura kusununguka kunorambidzwa pasi poutongi hweKomonisiti. Nhamba yevashambadziri yakakura kubva ku200,000 kusvika ku500,000, uye yakaramba ichienderera kusvikira pane yakawanda kuti mapurisa ave nazvo. Musi waNovember 27^th, vashandi munyika yose vakaenda kunopinza, vachibatana nevashambadziri vachidanidzira kuti vapedzisire vadzvinyirira kukonisiti. Uku kufamba kwakanaka kwakaita kuti hurumende yose yeCommunist isunungure muna December. Vaclav Havel akasarudzwa mutungamiri weCzechoslovakia mu1990, sarudzo yekutanga yehurumende kubva ku1946.

November 18. Pazuva iri mu1916 Hondo yeSomme yapera. Iyi yaive Hondo yeHondo Yenyika I pakati peGerman, kune rimwe divi, neFrance neBritain Humambo (kusanganisira mauto kubva kuCanada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, uye Newfoundland) kune rimwe. Hondo iyi yakaitika kumahombekombe eRwizi Somme muFrance, uye yaive yatanga musi waChikunguru. Nhengo imwe neimwe yaive nezvikonzero zvine hungwaru zvehondo, asi hapana hunhu hwekuzvidzivirira. Mamirioni matatu evarume vakarwa mumwe kubva kumatangi ane pfuti, uye gasi rine chepfu, uye - kwenguva yekutanga - matangi. Vamwe varume mazana gumi nematanhatu vakaurayiwa, uye mumwe angangoita mazana mana ezviuru akakuvara. Hapana chimwe chazvo chaiidaidzwa kunzi zvibayiro zvechimwe chikonzero chine mbiri. Hapana chakanaka chakabuda muhondo kana kuhondo kuyera pamusoro pekukuvara. Matangi akasvika pakumhanya kwavo kwepamusoro mamaira mana paawa uye kazhinji akafa. Matangi akakurumidza kupfuura vanhu, avo vanga vachironga kurwa kubva 1. Mazana enendege nevatyairi vazvo vakaparadzwawo muhondo, panguva iyo rimwe divi rakafambira mamaira matanhatu chete asi risina kuwana mukana wakakosha. Hondo yakagara mune zvese zvisina basa. Tichifunga hunhu hwevanhu hwekufunga zvishuwo, uye izvo zvinokurumidza kukudziridza maturusi ekuparadzira, kutyisa kukuru uye kukura kwehondo kwakatungamira vazhinji kuyedza kutenda kuti nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero hondo iyi yaizopedza sosi yehondo. Asi, ehe, ivo vagadziri vehondo (maindasitiri ezvombo, vezvematongerwo enyika vanopenga simba, vanodisa zvemhirizhonga, uye vezvemabasa nevamiririri vanoenda pamwe sekurairwa) vese vakasara.

November 19. Pazuva rino mu1915 Joe Hill akaurayiwa, asi haana kumbofa. Joe Hill akanga ari musangano weVashandi veWorld of the World (IWW), chibvumirano chakakura chakazivikanwa seWobblies chakakumbirana neAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) nekusigirwa kwayo kwehupfumi. Chikomo chaivewo muchengeti wemagetsi uye munyori wemunyori akakurudzira uyo akakurudzira vashandi vasina simba uye vakaneta kubva kumabhizimisi ose, kusanganisira vakadzi nevakabva kune dzimwe nyika, kuti vabatane pamwe chete. Akanyorawo zvizhinji zvenziyo dzakashandiswa panguva dzekuratidzira kweWWW dzinosanganisira "Muparidzi uye Muranda," uye "Kune Simba muUnited." Kurwisana neIWW kwakanga kune utsinye munyika yose yakatarisa kumavirira munguva yekutanga ye1900s, uye nhengo dzezvemagariro evanhu vanoona vavengi nemapurisa uye vezvematongerwo enyika. Apo muridzi wezvokudya muzvitoro akaurayiwa munguva yekubata muSalt Lake City, Joe Hill akanga ashanyira chipatara chiri pedyo neusiku humwe nehupfuti ronda. Apo Gomo rakaramba kuburitsa kuti akanga adzirwa sei, mapurisa akamupomera mhosva yekuponda kweimba yezvitoro. Yakazove yakadzidza kuti Gomo rakanga rafuridzirwa nemurume akanga achikomberedza mukadzi mumwechete seGomo. Pasinei nokushayikwa kweuchapupu, uye kutsigirwa kweruzhinji rweIWW, Gomo rakatongerwa uye rinotongerwa rufu. Mune teregiramu kuna IWW nheyo Big Bill Hayward, Hill akanyora kuti: "Usatora chero nguva mukuchema. Ronga! "Mashoko aya akazova kubatana. Alfred Hayes akanyora nhetembo "Joe Hill," iyo yakaiswa kumimhanzi mu1936 naElly Robinson. Mashoko okuti "Ndarota ndakaona Joe Hill manheru manheru" achiri kukurudzira vashandi.

November 20. Pazuva rino mu1815 Peace Treaty yeParis yakagumisa hondo dzeNapoleonic. Basa rechibvumirano ichi rakatanga mushure memwedzi mishanu Napoleon I abdication yekutanga uye Napoleon Bonaparte wechipiri abdication muna 1814. Muna February, 1815, Napoleon akapunyuka kubva kuhutapwa hwake pachitsuwa cheElba. Akapinda muParis musi wa20 Kurume uye akatanga Mazuva Mazana ekutonga kwake kwakadzoreredzwa. Mazuva mana mushure mekukundwa kwake muHondo yeWallloo, Napoleon akanyengetedzwa kuti abvise chigaro zvakare, musi wa22 Chikumi. King Louis XVIII, uyo aive atiza nyika pakauya Napoleon muParis, akatora chigaro chechipiri musi waChikunguru 8. Kugadziriswa kwerunyararo ndiko kwakazara kwazvo kwakamboonekwa neEuropean. Yakanga iine mazwi ekuranga kupfuura chibvumirano chegore rapfuura icho chakange chatauriranwa naMaurice de Talleyrand. France yakanzi ibhadhare mazana manomwe emamirioni ezviba muhurombo. Miganhu yeFrance yakaderedzwa kusvika pairi 700 chinzvimbo. Uye zvakare, France yaifanira kubhadhara mari kubhadhara mari yekupa yakadzivirirwa masvingo kuti ivakwe nenyika dzakavakidzana nomwe dzeMubatanidzwa. Pasi pemitemo yechibvumirano cherunyararo, zvikamu zveFrance zvaizotorwa nemasoja anosvika zana nemakumi mashanu emakore mashanu, France ichiripira mutengo; zvisinei, iko kubatana kweCoalition kwakangoonekwa sekukosha kwemakore matatu. Pamusoro pechibvumirano cherunyararo pakati peFrance neGreat Britain, Austria, Prussia neRussia, kwaive nemisangano mina yekuwedzera uye chiito chinosimbisa kusarerekera kweSwitzerland kwakasainwa musi iwoyo.

November 21. Pazuva iri mu 1990 Hondo yeCold War yakaguma nemauto neParis Charter yeNew Europe. Sangano reParis raiva mugumisiro wemusangano wehurumende dzakawanda dzeEurope uye Canada, United States, uye USSR, muParis, kubva munaNovember 19-21, 1990. Mikhail Gorbachev, aifarira zvikuru kuchinja, akanga asvika muhurumende muSoviet Union uye akaunza mitemo ye glasnost (kuvhura) uye perestroika (kugadzirisa zvakare). Kubva munaJune wa1989 kusvika Zvita 1991, kubva kuPoland kuenda kuRussia, hudzvanyiriri hwechikomonisiti hwakadonha mumwe nemumwe. Pakazosvika mwaka wa1989, maEast nemaWest Germany maGerman aive achiputsa Rusvingo rweBerlin. Mumwedzi mishoma, Boris Yeltsin, chidhakwa cheUS-yakatsigira mutungamiriri weRussia Soviet Republic, akatora chinzvimbo ichi. Soviet Union ne Iron Curtain zvakaparadzwa. Vanhu vekuAmerican vaive vagara kuburikidza neCold War tsika iyo yaisanganisira kuvhima varoyi kwaMcCarthyist, dzimba dzekugara dzebhomba kumashure, nhangemutange yemuchadenga, nedambudziko remissile. Zviuru zveUS uye mamirioni ehupenyu husiri hweUS vakanga varasika muhondo dzakaruramiswa nekusangana necommunism. Paive nemweya wekutarisira uye mufaro pamusoro peCharter, kunyangwe zviroto zvekudzikisira uye nerunyararo mugove. Mamiriro acho haana kuramba. IUS nevabatsiri vayo vakaramba vachivimba nemasangano akadai seNATO uye nzira dzekare dzehupfumi pachinzvimbo chechiono chitsva chine masisitimu anosanganisira. United States yakavimbisa vatungamiriri veRussia kuti varege kuwedzera NATO kumabvazuva, asi kubvira ipapo vakaita chaizvo izvozvo. Mukuda kwe new raison d'etre, NATO yakaenda kuhondo muYugoslavia, ichiisa muenzaniso wehondo dzeramangwana dzakakunda muAfghanistan neLibhiya, uye kuenderera kwehondo inotonhora inobatsira zvikuru kune vanotengesa zvombo.

November 22. Pazuva rino mu1963, Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy akaurayiwa. Hurumende yeUnited States yakasarudza basa rinokosha rokuongorora, asi mhedziso dzayo dzaive dzakawanda dzinonzi dzakavhiringidzika kana dzisingatauriki. Kushumira paWarren Commission yakange iri Allen Dulles, aimbova mutungamiriri weCIA uyo akanga abviswa naKennedy, uye avo vazhinji vanoona sevamwe vevanhu vakakurumbira. Boka iro rinosanganisira E. Howard Hunt uyo akabvuma kubatanidzwa kwake uye akatumidza vamwe zita rake pamubhedha wake wekufa. Muna 2017 Mutungamiri Donald Trump, pakukumbira kweCIA, zvisiri pamutemo uye pasina tsanangudzo, yakachengetedza zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zveJFK zvakavanzika izvo zvakarongerwa kuti zvigone kusunungurwa. Mamwe mabhuku anozivikanwa uye anonyengetedza panyaya iyi ndeye Jim Douglass ' JFK uye the Unpepeable, uye David Talbot's Dhiyabhorosi Chessboard. Kennedy anga asiri pacifist, asi anga asiri iye murwi aidiwa nevamwe. Iye aisazorwa Cuba kana Soviet Union kana Vietnam kana East Germany kana rusununguko mafambiro mu Africa. Akatsigira kutorerwa zvombo nerunyararo. Akanga achitaura pamwe chete naKhrushchev, seMutungamiri Dwight Eisenhower akange aedza pamberi peU2-kupfura. Kennedy aivewo mhando yemupikisi weWall Street iyo iyo CIA yaive netsika yekupidigura misoro yekunze. Kennedy aishanda kudzikisira purofiti yemafuta nekuvhara mitero yemitero. Aive achibvumidza vezvematongerwo enyika vakasara muItari kutora chikamu musimba. Akadzivirira kukwira kwemitengo yemakambani esimbi. Hazvina mhosva kuti ndiani akauraya Kennedy, kwemakumi makumi emakore akatevera, vazhinji vakataura zviito zvisingaverengeki zvekuzvidza kuCIA nemauto nevezvematongerwo enyika muWashington sechiratidzo chekufungirana nekutya.

November 23. Nezuva iri mu1936, Carl von Ossietzky, mutori wenhau anozivikanwa wechiGermany uye pacifist, akapiwa mubayiro weNobel Peace Prize zvakare negore 1935. Ossietzky akange akazvarwa muna 1889 muHamburg, uye aive akanyanya pacifist ane hunyanzvi hwekunyora. Aive - pamwechete naKurt Tucholsky - mubatanidzwa weFriedensbundes der Kriegsteilnehmer (mubatanidzwa werunyararo wevatori vechikamu muhondo), musangano weNie Wieder Krieg (Hapasisina Hondo), uye mupepeti mukuru wevhiki nevhiki Die Weltbühne (Iyo nyika danho) . Mushure mekuburitsa zvakarambidzwa kudzidziswa kwemauto kweReichswehr, Ossietzky akamhan'arirwa kutanga kwa1931 kupandukira uye hupombwe. Kunyangwe apo vazhinji pavakaedza kumunyengetedza kuti atize, akaramba, achitaura kuti aizoenda kujeri uye aizove kuratidzira kunogumbura zvikuru kupokana nemutongo une chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika. Pa 28th yaFebruary 1933 Ossietzky akasungwa zvakare, ino nguva nevaNazi. Akaendeswa kumusasa wevasungwa uko akabatwa noutsinye. Kutambura kwakaramba kuchiwedzera tibhii, akaburitswa muna 1936 asi haana kubvumidzwa kuenda kuOslo kunogamuchira mubairo wake. Magazini yeTime yakanyora, kuti: “Kana munhu akamboshanda, akarwira uye akatambura murunyararo, iye murwere wechiGerman, Carl von Ossietzky. Kwerinoda kusvika gore iro Nobel Peace Prize Committee yakazadzwa nezvikumbiro kubva kumumvuri wese weSocialists, maRibharari uye vanhu vezvinyorwa kazhinji, vachidoma Carl von Ossietzky weiyo 1935 Peace Prize. Chirevo chavo: 'Tumira Mubayiro Werunyararo Mumusasa wevasungwa.' ”Ossietzky akafa musi waMay 4, 1936 muchipatara cheWestend muBerlin-Charlottenburg.

November 24. Pazuva iri mu2016, mushure memazana emakore e50 ehondo nemakore 4 ekukurukurirana, hurumende yeColombia yakasaina chibvumirano chekuita rugare neRevolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Hondo yakanga yatora hupenyu hweC200,000 Colombian uye yakasiya vanhu vanomwe mamiriyoni manomwe kubva munyika yavo. Mutungamiri weK Columbia akapiwa mubayiro weNobel Peace Prize, asi zvisingadikanwi shamwari dzake murugare dzakanga dzisiri. Zvisinei, vapanduki vakaita mamwe matanho anokosha kuti vateverere pachibvumirano kupfuura hurumende. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa urongwa, kupa hutachiona, kudzokerazve mujeri, kutengesa musungwa, kukanganwirwa, kutumirwa kwechokwadi, kugadziriswa kwenyika, nekubhadharira varimi kukura zvirimwa kunze kwezvinodhaka zvinodhaka. Hurumende yaisakundikana kutevera, uye yakatyora chibvumirano ichi kuburikidza kusunungura vasungwa, uye nekudzingisa vasungwa kuUnited States. FARC yakasununguka, asi kuvhara kwakagadzirwa kwakazadzwa nechisimba chitsva, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvisingaenderani nemitemo, uye kushandiswa kwemigodhi yepamutemo yegoridhe. Hurumende haisati yasimuka kuti ivadzivirire vanhu vese, vadzokororazve vekare varwi, vanovimbisa kuchengeteka kwevaimbova varwi, kana kuti kukurudzira hupfumi mune zvemaruwa. Hurumende yakasimbiswa pakusimbisa mutemo wechokwadi uye nedare redzimhosva kuedza vanhu nekuda kwemhosva dzehondo. Kuita runyararo haisi chiitiko chekanguva, kunyange imwe nguva inogona kuva yakakosha. Nyika isina hondo ine danho guru, asi kukundikana kugumisa chisimba uye kusaruramisira kunobvumira mukana wehondo zvakare. Colombia, kufanana nenyika dzose, inoda zvipikirwa zvechokwadi kune nzira yekuchengetedza runyararo, kwete kungova zviziviso zvemavara uye zvikwereti.

November 25. Iri zuva ndiro Zuva reMarudzi rose rekudzingwa kwechisimba kuvadzimai. Uyewo musi uyu muC1910, Andrew Carnegie akatanga musangano weNyika Yose. Chirevo pamusoro pekuparadzaniswa kwechisimba kuvadzimai chakabudiswa neUnited General Assembly mu1993. Inotsanangura chisimba pamusoro pevakadzi se "chero chiito chekuita zvechisimba chinokonzerwa nevakadzi kana chinokonzera, kana kuti zvinogona kukonzera, kukuvadza kwepanyama, zvepabonde kana kwepfungwa kana kutambura kuvakadzi, kusanganisira kutyisidzira kwezviito zvakadaro, kumanikidzwa kana kusarura rusununguko rwekusununguka, kana zvichiitika pachena kana muhupenyu hwehuga. "Chetatu chevakadzi nevanasikana munyika muno vakave nechisimba chepanyama, zvepabonde, kana zvepfungwa muupenyu hwavo. Chimwe chinokonzera iyi chisimba ndechehondo, umo kubata dzimwe nguva chiri nhumbi, uye umo vazhinji varo vanobatwa vagari vemuvanhu vanosanganisira vakadzi nevana. Iko Carnegie Endowment yeKunyange Runyararo Rwenyika ndechekubatanidza kwemagariro ekutsvakurudza nzvimbo. Yakasimbiswa mu1910 nechinangwa chokugumisa hondo, mushure mekunge ichisarudzwa chechipiri chinhu chakaipisisa chinowanikwa nevanhu uye kushanda kuti iparadze izvo zvakare. Mumakore makumi emakore ekutanga ekuvapo kwayo, iyo Endowment yakarongedza kupomera mhirizhonga, kusimbisa ushamwari hwepasi pose, nekuenderera mberi kwezvombo zvehondo. Yakashanda, sezvinodiwa nemusiki wayo, kune chinangwa chekupedzisira chekugumisa zvachose. Asi sezvo tsika dzekuMadokero dzakagara dzichirwisana hondo, Simba risati rapfuurira mberi richiita kushanda pamarudzi ose ezvimwe zvikonzero zvakanaka, kuregerera zvachose, kwete kwehondo, asi yebasa rayo rokutanga rekurwisa varwi.

November 26. Pazuva iri muna 1832, Dr. Mary Edwards Walker akaberekwa in Oswego, NY. Zvipfeko zvevarume zvainyanya kushanda papurazi remhuri, uye imwe yeakadzikadzika aifanira kugara achipfeka zvipfeko zvevarume. Muna 1855 akapedza kudzidza kubva kuSirakuse Medical College, iye ega mukadzi mudzidzi mukirasi. Akaroora kuna Albert Miller, chiremba, haana kutora zita rake. Mushure mekukundikana kwemajoini ekurapa (chinetso chaive chechikadzi chake), vakarambana. Munguva yeUS Civil War, muna 1861, Walker akabvumidzwa kuve mukoti anozvipira pamwe neUnited Army. Semuvhiyi asina kubhadharwa, ndiye ega mukadzi chiremba muHondo Yenyika. Akazvipa semusori kuDhipatimendi reHondo asi akarambwa. Kazhinji achiyambuka mitsetse yevavengi kuenda kune vanhu vakakuvara, akabatwa uye akapedza mwedzi mina semusungwa wehondo. Nguva refu vakadzi vasati vapihwa vhoti zviri pamutemo, akavhota, kunyangwe hazvo akaramba sangano re suffragette kusvika gare gare muhupenyu. Mushure mehondo, Mutungamiri Andrew Johnson akapa Mary Edwards Walker menduru yeRukudzo. Shanduko mumitemo yemubairo muna 1917 yaireva kuti yaifanira kudzoserwa, asi akaramba kuirega ndokuipfeka kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake. Akagamuchira mudiki pension pension pane iya yakapihwa chirikadzi dzehondo. Akashanda mujeri revakadzi muKentucky uye mumusha wenherera muTennessee. Walker akaburitsa mabhuku maviri uye akazviratidza mumashure. Dr. Walker vakafa muna Kukadzi 21, 1919. Vakamboti, "Zvinonyadzisa kuti vanhu vanotungamira shanduko munyika ino havasi kukosheswa kusvika vafa."

November 27. Pazuva rino muC1945 CARE yakagadzirirwa kuponesa vakapona muHondo Yenyika II muEurope. CARE yakamirira "Mushandirapamwe wekutumira mari kuAmerica kuEurope." Iye zvino ndiyo "Mushandirapamwe weRubatsiro uye Ruyamuro Kwose Kwose." CARE rubatsiro rwechikafu pakutanga rwakatora fomu yemapakeji aive akawandisa zvigadzirwa zvehondo. Mapakeji ekupedzisira eEuropean chikafu akatumirwa muna 1967. Muma1980 maCARE International akaumbwa. Inozivisa ichishanda munyika makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu, ichitsigira mapurojekiti mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe uye ichisvika pamusoro pevanhu vanosvika mamirioni makumi masere. Dzimbahwe rayo riri muAtlanta, Georgia. Yakawedzera basa rayo pamusoro pemakore, zvichinyanya kuita zvirongwa "kugadzira zvigadziriswe zvehurombo." Inotsigira shanduko yemitemo inotaurirana nehurombo uye inopindura kune zvinokurumidza, sezvinoita Red Cross neRed Crescent Societies. CARE inoti "yakazvipira kuita zvinopfuura kusangana nezvinodiwa nekukasira" nekukunda zvimisikidzo zvebudiriro sekusarura uye kusiiwa, masangano ehurumende ane huwori kana asingakwanise, kuwana mabasa akakosha eruzhinji, kupokana uye kusagadzikana munharaunda, uye kutyisidzira kukuru kweveruzhinji. CARE haishande mukati meUnited States. Yakanga iri piyona NGO mukudyara mune diki-mari yezvemabhizinesi madiki nechengetedzo yeboka uye zvikwereti. CARE haibhadhare mari, haitsigire, kana kubvisa nhumbu. Panzvimbo pezvo, inoedza kudzikisa kufa kwevabereki uye vachangozvarwa ne "kuwedzera hutano, kudavirira, uye kuenzana kwehutano mabasa." CARE inoti zvirongwa zvayo zvinotarisa madzimai nevasikana nekuti kupa masimba kwevakadzi ndiko kwakakosha mukufambisa kwebudiriro. CARE inobhadharwa nezvipo kubva kuvanhu uye makambani uye kubva kumasangano ehurumende, kusanganisira European Union neUnited Nations.

China wechina munaNovember ndiyo holide yekutenda muUnited States, ichiputsa kupatsanurwa kwechechi nehurumende kuitira kuti vadzorere kuparadzwa kwevanhu sechipo.

November 28. Pazuva iri mu1950, Colombo Plan yeKubatanidzwa Kwemari uye Utano Hwevanhu muSouth uye South-East Asia yakasimbiswa. Iyo Arongwa yakabva kumusangano we Commonwealth pamusoro pezvematongerwe enyika akaitwa muColombo, Ceylon (zvino yava kuSri Lanka) uye boka rekutanga raiva neAustralia, Britain, Canada, Ceylon, India, New Zealand, uye Pakistan. Muna 1977, zita rayo rakashandurwa kuva "Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development muAsia nePacific." Iye zvino iri sangano rehurumende iri pakati pehurumende ye27, kusanganisira India, Afghanistan, Iran, Japan, Korea, New Zealand , Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, uye United States. Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zveChinyorwa chayo ndezvekubhadharwa nenyika dzinhengo kuburikidza nemari yehutano hwegore. Pakutanga, mapurisa emigwagwa, migwagwa, motokari, madhesheni, zvipatara, maseroji, samamunivesiti, uye mashizha ematare akavakwa munyika dzine nhengo dzine rubatsiro ruzhinji uye teknolojia kubvira pane zvakagadzirirwa kusvika kune dzichiri kusimukira, ine unyanzvi hwokudzidzisa. Zvinangwa zvaro zvinosanganisira kusimbiswa kune pfungwa yekushandira pamwe nechezasi-kumaodzanyemba, kufanana, nekushandiswa kwemari yakawanda kwazvo, nekubatsirana kwekambani uye rubatsiro mukugoverana nekutsvaga teknolojia. Kumagumo iwayo, mapurogiramu epanguva pfupi akave achida kupa hutano hwakanaka uye ruzivo mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvematongerwe enyika nemabasa evanhu se "nzira yekuita zvakanaka mitemo uye hurumende mukati mekugadziriswa kwemagariro ehurumende munzvimbo yekudyidzana kwenyika pamwe nehupfumi hwemari." Zvirongwa rinotarisa kumusangano wega wega wekusimudzira hupfumi uye kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kushandiswa munyika dzenhengo. Purogiramu dzaro dzisingagumi dziri Drug Advisory, Capacity Building, Gender Affairs, uye Environment.

November 29. Iri ndiro Zuva reMarudzi reSolidarity nevanhu vePalestina. Zuva iri rakagadzwa neUN General Assembly muna 1978, mukupindura Nakba, kana njodzi yekuurayiwa nekubviswa kwevaPalestine kubva munyika yavo uye kuparadzwa kwemataundi nemisha panguva yekusikwa kwerudzi rweIsrael muna 1948. UN Resolution 181 (II) pachikamu chePalestine, yakanga yatambirwa musi iwoyo muna 1947 kuti vagadzire matunhu eArabhu nemaJuda munyika yePalestine. Palestine yakanga yaumbwa neBritain, uye vanhu vePalestine havana kubvunzwa pamusoro pekugovaniswa kwenyika yavo. Maitiro aya akapesana neChibvumirano cheUN, uye nekudaro kushaya mvumo yepamutemo. Chisarudzo cha1947 chakakurudzira Palestine kutora 42 muzana yenharaunda yayo, nyika yechiJuda 55 muzana, uye Jerusarema neBheterehema 0.6 muzana. Pakazosvika 2015, Israeri yakanga yawedzera nechisimba kusvika kwayo kusvika 85 muzana yePalestine yenhoroondo. Pakazosvika Ndira 2015, huwandu hwevapoteri vePalestine hwaive mamirioni mashanu nematanhatu. VaPalestine vachiri kutarisana nekuchengetwa kwemauto, kuenderera mberi kwekutonga kwevanhu nechisimba, mhirizhonga nekubhomba, kuenderera mberi kwekuvaka dzimba dzekuIsrael nekuwedzera, uye kudzikira kwemamiriro ehupfumi nehupfumi. Vanhu vePalestine havana kugamuchira kodzero dzavo dzisingaenzaniswi yekuzvitonga pasina kupindira kwekunze, sekutsanangurwa neUN Chirevo cheKodzero dzevanhu - hutongi hwenyika, uye kodzero yekudzokera kune yavo midziyo. Asiri-nhengo yeUN anoona chinzvimbo chePalestine chakapihwa mu5.6, uye muna2012, mureza wePalestine wakasimudzwa pamberi peUnited office. Asi iyo International Day inoonekwa zvakanyanya sekuyedza kweUN kudzikisira dambudziko ravakakonzera uye kururamisa resolution yakave nemhedzisiro ine njodzi kune vanhu vePalestine.

November 30. Pazuva iri mu1999, sangano rakawanda revashandi vasingaregereri rakavhara Sangano reWorld Trade Organisation Conference muSeattle, Washington. Ndiine varatidziri makumi mana, mubatanidzwa weSeattle wakafukidza chero kuratidzira muUnited States kusvika panguva iyoyo kunopesana nemasangano ane masimba ekudyidzana kwepasi rose. IWTO inobata nemitemo yepasi rose yekutengeserana uye inotaurirana zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana pakati penhengo dzayo. Iine nhengo zana nemakumi masere dzinomiririra 40,000% yekutengeserana kwenyika. Kuti ubatane neWTO, hurumende dzinobvumirana kutevedzera zviga zvekutengeserana zvakamisikidzwa neWTO. Musangano wevashumiri, semuSeattle, unosangana makore maviri ega ega, uye unoita sarudzo hombe dzehutano. Webhusaiti yeWTO inoti chinangwa chayo "kuvhura kutengeserana kuti vabatsire vese," uye inoti inobatsira nyika dzichiri kusimukira. Chinyorwa chayo mune izvo chinhu kutadza kukuru uye kuri kuita sekune chinangwa. IWTO yakawedzera musiyano uripo pakati pevapfumi nevarombo ichidzikisa basa nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. Mumitemo yayo, iyo WTO inofarira nyika dzakapfuma nemakambani epasi rese, zvichikuvadza nyika diki nemari yepamusoro yekubhadhara kunze kwenyika uye makota. Kuratidzira muSeattle kwaive kwakakura, kwekugadzira, kwakanyanya kusaita zvechisimba, uye nhoroondo mukubatana pamwe kwezvido zvakasiyana, kubva kumubatanidzwa wevashandi kuenda kune vezvemamiriro ekunze kusvika kumapoka anopesana nehurombo. Nepo nhepfenyuro yemakambani inofungidzira ichiratidza zvishoma vanhu vashoma vari kuita kuparadzwa kwepfuma, saizi uye kuraira uye simba rezviratidziro zvakabudirira mukukanganisa zvese zvisarudzo zveWTO uye neruzhinji kunzwisisa kwayo. Kunyanya kukosha, kuratidzira kweSeattle kwakazvara kuyedza kwakafanana kuWTO pamwe nekuungana kwakafanana pasi rese kwemakore anotevera.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

Tenga chinyorwa chakadhindwa, Kana PDF.

Enda kumafaira ekuteerera.

Enda chinyorwa.

Enda kumifananidzo.

Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.