Gumiguru

October 1
October 2
October 3
October 4
October 5
October 6
October 7
October 8
October 9
October 10
October 11
October 12
October 13
October 14
October 15
October 16
October 17
October 18
October 19
October 20
October 21
October 22
October 23
October 24
October 25
October 26
October 27
October 28
October 29
October 30
October 31

October 1. Pazuva rino mu1990, United States yakatsigira kuitika kweRwanda neuto reUganda rinotungamirirwa nevaurayi veUnited States. IUS yakatsigira kurwisa kwavo kweRwanda kwemakore matatu nehafu. Iri izuva rakanaka rekurangarira kuti nepo hondo dzisingakwanise kudzivirira kuuraya vanhu, dzinogona kuvakonzera. Paunopesana nehondo mazuva ano uchakurumidza kunzwa mazwi maviri: "Hitler" uye "Rwanda." Nekuti Rwanda yakatarisana nedambudziko rekuda mapurisa, nharo dzinoenda, Libya kana Siria kana Iraq dzinofanirwa kubhombwa. Asi Rwanda yakatarisana nedambudziko rakagadzirwa nemauto, kwete dambudziko rekuda zvemauto. Munyori Mukuru weUN Boutros Boutros-Ghali akaramba achiti "kuuraya vanhu muRwanda chikamu zana muzana mutoro wevaAmerica!" Sei? Eya, United States yakatsigira kupinda muRwanda muna Gumiguru 1, 1990. Africa Watch (yakazonzi Human Rights Watch / Africa) yakawedzeredza uye yakashora kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu neRwanda, kwete hondo. Vanhu vasina kuurawa vakatiza vapambi, vachigadzira dambudziko revapoteri, kuparadza kurima, uye hupfumi hwenyika. IUS neWest vakabata zvidziviriro uye vakashandisa kumanikidza kuburikidza neWorld Bank, IMF, uye USAID. Ruvengo rwakawedzera pakati pevaHutu nevaTutsi. Muna Kubvumbi 1994, mapurezidhendi eRwanda neBurundi vakaurayiwa, vangangoita nevagadziri vehondo vanotsigirwa neUS uye mutungamiri weRwanda-kuva Paul Kagame. Iyo nyonganyonga uye kwete kungori imwechete-mativi kuuraya kwakatevera kuuraya ikoko. Panguva iyoyo, vanoshanda nerunyararo, rubatsiro, dhipatimendi, kukumbira ruregerero, kana kumhan'arira zviri pamutemo vanogona kunge vakabatsira. Mabhomba angadai asina. IUS yakagara kumashure kudzamara Kagame yatora masimba. Aizoendesa hondo kuCongo, uko mamirioni matanhatu aizofa.

October 2. Pazuva rino gore roga roga UN International Day yeZvisingare Chisimba inoonekwa pasi rose. Yakasimbiswa muC2007 nekugadzirisa kweUnited General Assembly, Zuva reHasina Uchisimba rakabatanidzwa nemaune zuva rokuzvarwa raMahatma Gandhi, iro guru rekuratidza kusavimbika kwevanhu vasingateereri avo vakatungamirira India kuzvimiririra kubva kubhurumende yeBritain muna 1947. Gandhi akafunga kuti kwete chisimba "simba guru rinogona kupiwa vanhu ... rakasimba kudarika ndiro rakasimba kwazvo rokuparadza rakagadzirirwa neuchenjeri hwevanhu." Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kubata kwake kwemasimba iwayo kwaive kwakapfuura kupfuura kushandisa kwake rubatsiro rwekukunda rusununguko rwemunyika yake. Gandhi akacherechedza zvakare kuti kusava nechisimba kwakakosha pakuvaka hukama hwakanaka pakati pevanhu vezvitendero zvakasiyana siyana uye madzinza, kuwedzera kodzero dzevakadzi, uye kuderedza urombo. Kubva pakufa kwake muna 1948, mapoka mazhinji munyika yose, akadai sekurwisana nehondo uye vachengeti vemagariro ehurumende muUnited States, vakabudirira kushandisa nzira dzisiri dzechisimba yekusimudzira shanduko yezvematongerwe enyika kana yehupfumi. Zviito zvakatorwa zvinosanganisira mhirizhonga uye kunyengetedza, kusanganisira marichi uye maziso; kusina kubatana nehurumende inodzora; uye kupindira kusina kuchena, kwakadai sekugara-ins uye blockades, kudzivirira zviito zvisina kururama. Mukugadzirisa kwayo kugadzira Zuva reHasina Uchidzvinyiriri, UN yakasimbisa zvose zvakasikwa zvepasi rose rekusava nechisimba uye kubudirira kwayo pakuwana tsika yorugare, kushivirira, uye kunzwisisa. Kukubatsira mberi izvo zvinokonzera musi weZvisingaiti Chisimba, vanhu, hurumende, uye masangano asiri ehurumende pasi rose anopa hurukuro, hurukuro dzehurukuro, nezvimwe zviitiko zvinotarisirwa kudzidzisa vanhu kuti nzira dzisiri dzechisimba dzinogona kushandiswa sei kukurudzira rugare mukati uye pakati pemarudzi.

October 3. Pazuva iri mu1967, varume vanopfuura 1,500 muUnited States vakadzorera mabhadhiro avo kuhurumende yeUnited States munyika yekutanga "kuratidzira" mukurwisana neHondo yeVietnam. Kupikisa kwakarongeka neboka rinopesana nehurumende rinonzi "The Resistance," iro, pamwe chete nemamwe mapoka evanhu vanorwisana nehondo, aizotanga mamwe mashomanana e "turn-ins" vasati vatsvaga. Zvisinei, imwe mhando yekunyora-kadhi yekupikisa yakatanga mu 1964 iyo yaizoratidza kuti yakasimba uye yakakosha. Ichi chaiva kupisa kwemakadhi emakadhi, kunyanya muzviratidzo zvakarongedzwa nevadzidzi vesunivhesiti. Nechiito ichi chekuzvidza, vadzidzi vakatsvaga kuratidza kodzero yavo yekuenderera mberi neupenyu hwavo pachavo mushure mokunge vapedza kudzidza, panzvimbo pokumanikidzwa kuvaisa pangozi mune izvo vakawanda vakaona hondo inonyadzisa. Icho chiito chakaratidza zvose ushingi uye chivimbo, sezvo US Congress yakanga yapfuura mutemo munaAugust 1965, gare gare yakatsigirwa neDare Repamusoro, iyo yakaita kuti kuparadzwa kwemakadhi aive mhosva. Muzvokwadi, zvisinei, varume vashomanana vaitongerwa mhosva, sezvo kupora-kadhi yekupisa kwakasvika pakuonekwa kwose kwete sezviito zvekuvhara, asi yekurwisana kwehondo. Muchirevo ichocho, zvifananidzo zvekare zvekupisa mukudhindwa uye kuterevhizheni zvakabatsira kubatsira vanhu kurwisana nehondo kuburikidza nekuenzanisira kuti yakange iri kuparadzanisa kuvimbika kwevanhu. Kupisa kwacho kwakabatanidzwawo pakuvhiringidza kukwanisa kweU.S. Selective Service System kuchengetedza mazinga evanhu vatsva vanodiwa kuti vashandise zvakanaka mauto eUnited States muVietnam uye Southeast Asia. Nenzira iyo, zvakare, vakabatsira kuuya nehondo isina kururama kusvikira pakupedzisira.

October 4. Pazuva iri gore negore, Mutambo weSt. Francis weAsisi unoratidzwa neRoma Katurike munyika yose. Akazvarwa mu1181, Francis ndeimwe yemifananidzo yakawanda yeChechi yeKaturike, uyo akatanga nheyo yechitendero chayo chikuru, uye mutsvene anozivikanwa makore maviri mushure mekufa kwake mu1226. Asi, ndiko kunzwisiswa kwaFrancis murume-kubva pazvokwadi uye kunyorwa kwezvakaitika-izvo zvinoramba zvichikurudzira mamiriyoni evanhu vezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, kana kuti hapana, kutevera kutungamira kwake pakukoshesa uye kutsvaka kumutsa hupenyu hwevamwe vanhu uye mhuka. Francis akatungamirira hupenyu hwekuzvipira zvakanyanya kuvarombo nevarwere. Asi, nokuti akawana kufema kwake mune zvakasikwa, nyama, uye zvinhu zvakajeka, akanga ane tsitsi zvikuru uye akakwanisa kutaura maererano nekugona kwakakwana kune vana, vateresi, vatorwa, uye vaFarisi. Muhupenyu hwake, Francis akafuridzira avo vakatsvaga hupenyu hwechinangwa uye basa. Zvaanoreva kwatiri nhasi, zvisinei, hazvisi sechiratidzo, asi mukuratidza nzira yekuzarura, kuremekedzwa kwezvisikwa, rudo rwemhuka, nekuremekedza uye ukama hukama nevamwe vanhu vose. Kukosha kwepasi rose kwekuremekedzwa kwaFrancis kweupenyu kunosimbiswa nekuti UNESCO, sangano reUnited Nations rakazvipira pakuvaka rugare kuburikidza nekubatana kwepasi rose muEducation, Sciences, uye Culture, yakasarudza Basilica yaSt. Francis muAssisi nzvimbo yenyika yenhaka. Sangano reUN rekunyika rakawana mweya werudo muFrancis, uye rinotsvaka naye kuvaka nyika nyika kubva kune nheyo inokosha mumoyo yevarume nevakadzi.

October 5. Pazuva iri muna 1923, mutori wenyika yeAmerica Philip Firigan akazvarwa mu Two Harbors, Minnesota. MunaOctober 1967, Berrigan, uyo aiva muprista weKaturike Katurike, akabatana nevamwe varume vatatu mukutanga kwezviitiko zviviri zvisingakanganwiki zvekusateerera kweHondo yeVietnam. I "Baltimore Four," seboka racho raidanwa, rakafananidzirira ivo pachavo uye nenyuchi ropa paSelective Service zvinyorwa zvakaiswa kuBaltimore Customs House. Mwedzi minomwe gare gare, Berrigan akabatana nevamwe varume navasere vasere, kusanganisira munun'una wake Daniel, pachake muprista uye mushori-mumiririri wehondo, kuti atakure-kutakura mazana e1-A mafaira ekugadzira madhikiti kubva kuCathonsville, Maryland kuendesa bhodhi kuti its parking lot. Ikoko, iyo inonzi "Catonsville Nine" yakagadzirisa mafaira acho, achishandisa, zvakare zvakare nenzira yekufananidzira, napalm yakagadzirwa kumba. Chiito ichi chakaita kuti hama dzose dzeBerrigan dzikurudzire uye dzakakonzera kukakavadzana pamusoro pehondo mumhuri dziri munyika yose. Nekuda kwake, Firipi Berrigan akazvidza hondo yose se "kutuka kuna Mwari, mhuri yevanhu, uye pasi pacharo." Pamabasa ake akawanda ekusagadzikana kwehondo, asingabatsiri kurwisana nehondo, akabhadhara mutengo, munguva yeupenyu hwake, kwemakore gumi nemana ari mujeri . Makore iwayo akarasika, zvakadaro, akamupa ruzivo runonzwisisika, urwo rwaakatsanangura mu 1996 autobiography yake, Kurwisa Hondo yeGwayana"Ndinoona musiyano mudiki pakati penyika mukati memagedhi ejeri nenyika yepanze," Berrigan akanyora. "Mamiriyoni ejeri-mamirioni emadziro haakwanise kutidzivirira, nekuti njodzi chaidzo - zvehondo, makaro, kusaenzana mune zveupfumi, fascism, hutsinye hwemapurisa - zviri panze, kwete mukati, pamadziro ejeri." Iri gamba shasha ye world beyond war akafa muna Zvita 6, 2002, aine makore makumi manomwe nemapfumbamwe.

October 6. Pazuva iri muna 1683, mhuri gumi nemitatu dzeQuaker dzinobva kuRhineland kumadokero kweGermany dzakasvika muhombe yeFiladelphia mushure mekunge 75-day transatlantic rwendo rwakazopinda mu500-ton schooner yokuwirirana. Mhuri idzi dzakange dzichitambudzwa zvechitendero munyika mavo zvichitevera mhirizhonga, uye, zvichibva pamishumo, vaitenda kuti nyowani nyowani yePennsylvania yaizovapa vese munda wekurima uye rusununguko rwechitendero rwavaitsvaga. Gavhuna wayo, William Penn, aiteedzera kumitemo yeQuaker yerusununguko rwehana uye rugare, uye anga anyora bumbiro rerusununguko runovimbisa rusununguko rwechitendero. Kuenda kune dzimwe nyika kwemhuri dzeGerman kwaive kwakarongedzwa neshamwari yaPenn Francis Pastorius, mumiriri weGerman wekambani inotenga ivhu muFrankfurt. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1683, Pastorius akataurirana naPenn kutengwa kwenzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwePhiladelphia. Mushure mekunge vafambi 'vasvika muna Gumiguru, akavabatsira kumisikidza ipapo kwaizonzi nzvimbo yeku "Germantown". Iyo yekugara yakabudirira, sezvo vagari vayo vakavaka machira emachira padivi penzizi uye vairima maruva nemiriwo munzvimbo dzavo dzemaeka matatu. Pastorius akazoshanda sa meya weguta, achiumba hurongwa hwechikoro uye achinyora chisarudzo chekutanga muUnited States kupokana nehuranda hwechattel. Kunyangwe chisarudzo chisina kuteverwa nezviito zvekongiri, zvakadzika midzi munharaunda yeGermantown pfungwa yekuti huranda hunopesana nekutenda kwechiKristu. Anenge mazana maviri emakore gare gare, uranda hwakagumiswa zviri pamutemo muUnited States. Asi, humbowo hunoramba huchienderera kuratidza kuti hunhu hwaive hwakavakirwa pahuri hahugoni kudzimwa zvachose kudzamara chirevo cheQuaker chekuti zviito zvese zvinosungirwa kuhana yetsika zvinogamuchirwa pasi rese.

October 7. Pazuva iri mu2001, United States yakarwisa Afghanistan ndokutanga imwe yehondo yakareba kupfuura dzose muAmerica. Vana vakaberekerwa mushure mokunge vatanga kurwisana pamusoro peUnited States uye vakafa paAfghan. Iri ndiro zuva rakanaka rekuyeuka kuti hondo dzinorambidzwa nyore nyore kupfuura dzakapera. Icho chai chokwadi chaigona kudziviswa. Mushure mokunge 9 / 11 yakatambudza, United States yakakumbira kuti maTaliban vazvipe pasi vafungidzire kuti vaimbova mutungamiriri weAsama Bin Laden. Ichitenderana nemaitiro eAfghan, vaTaliban vakakumbira uchapupu. IUnited States yakapindura nechokupedzisira. VaTaliban vakakanda chikumbiro cheuchapupu uye vakarayira kubvunzurudza kubudiswa kweBin Laden kune imwe nyika, zvichida mumwe angatotonga kumutumira kuUnited States US yakapindura kuti ichitanga kuparadza bhomba uye kupinda munyika yakanga isina kurwisa iyo, kuuraya yekutanga yemakumi ezviuru zvevanhu vanozofa mu 9 / 11 kutsiva hondo. Tichifunga nezvekudururwa kwepasi rose kwekunzwira tsitsi pashure pe 9 / 11, United States ingave yakagamuchira UN kubvumirwa kune mamwe marudzi ehondo, kunyange zvazvo pazviri chaiyo hapana kutenderwa kwepamutemo. IUnited States haina kunetseka kuedza. IUnited States yakazopedzisira yasvika muUnited Nations uye kunyange NATO, asi yakachengetedza kushandiswa kwayo kusina simba, iyo yakanzi "Operation Enduring Freedom." Pakupedzisira, veU.S. vakasara vari voga kuti varambe vachiedza kushandura vatongi vehondo vainge vasarudza pane dzimwe vabati vehondo hondo inoramba ichinge yave yakarasikirwa nechinhu chipi nechipi chinoreva chirevo kana chikonzero. Zvechokwadi izuva rakanaka rokuyeuka kuti hondo dzinorambidzwa nyore nyore kupfuura dzakapera.

October 8. Pazuva iri muna 1917, munyori wezvinyorwa wechiChirungu Wilfred Owen akatuma mai vake yekutanga yezvinyorwa zvehondo zveimwe yezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvehondo mumutauro weChirungu. Zvichipiwa zita rechiLatini rinoshandura ku "Sweet and Fitting It Is," nhetembo yakasiyana inoratidza kusiyana kwaOwen's own bleak and experiencing experience as a soldier muHondo Yenyika I pamwe nekuremekedzwa kwehondo yakafananidzirwa mumutambo wakanyorwa nemunyori weRoma anonzi Horace. Mukushandura, mutsara wokutanga wehurukuro yaHorace inoti: "Zvakanaka uye zvakafanirwa kufa nekuda kwenyika yako." Kuparadzanisa kwaOwen kwekufunga kwakadaro kwave kwakarongedzwa mumashoko akatumira amai vake nekunyora kwepakutanga kweshoko rake pachake: "Pano iri nhetembo yegesi, "akadaro sardonically. Mune nhetembo, umo Horace inotsanangurwa se "shamwari yangu," Owen anovhiringidza kutyisa kwehondo yegesi sezvinoratidzwa munyaya yemumwe musoja asingakwanisi kuwana masikisi ake munguva. Anonyora kuti:
Kana iwe waigona kunzwa, pajolt yose, ropa
Uyai muchigunzva kubva kumapapu e-froth-akaora,
Inonyangadza sekenza, inorwadza seyeya
Pakaipa, maronda asingagoneki pamitauro isina mhosva, -
Shamwari yangu, iwe haugoni kutaura nezvakawanda zvakadai
Kuvana vane simba nokuda kwekubwinya kwakashata,
Yakare Mhema: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.
Horace manzwiro enhema, nokuti chokwadi chehondo chinoratidza kuti, kune musoja, chiito chokufira nyika yake hachisi "kutapira uye kukodzera." Asi, mumwe angabvunzazve, Ko zvakadini nehondo pachayo? Ko kuuraya nekuremara kwevanhu vazhinji zvingave zvakakosha here?

October 9. Pazuva iri mu1944, zvigadziriswa zvekugadzira hondo mushure mekugadzirisa League of Nations zvakaendeswa kunyika dzose dzepasi kuti dzidzidze nekukurukurirana. Zvinyorwa zvacho zvaive chibereko chevatumi vekuChina, Great Britain, USSR neUnited States, avo vakanga vaungana mavhiki manomwe pamberi peDumbarton Oaks, imba yega yega kuWashington, DC Basa ravo raiva rokugadzira hurongwa hwekusangana kwechimwe chitsva nyika yepasi rose, kuzivikanwa seUnited Nations, iyo inogona kuwana kugamuchirwa kwakakwana uye inobudirira kuchengeta rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka. Kuti izvi zviitike, sarudzo yakaratidza kuti nhengo yezvematongerwo enyika inoisa mauto akazvigadzirisa kupiwa kweHarare Council yakarongeka, iyo inotora matanho ekubatanidza nekudziviswa kwekutyisidzira kuve nerunyararo kana kuitika kwechisimba chehondo. Iyi nzira yakaramba iri chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chekupedzisira kweUnited Nations, yakatangwa muna Gumiguru 1945, asi nhoroondo yayo yekubudirira mukudzivirira kana kupedza hondo yave ichiodza mwoyo. Dambudziko guru raive simba rekuvhota kwevashanu nhengo dzese dzekuchengetedzwa kweHarare Council-iU.S., Russia, Britain, China, neFrance-izvo zvinoita kuti varambe kusarudzo chero kupi zvayo kunopisa zvavanoda. Zvechokwadi, UN inenge isingagumi mukuedza kwayo kuchengetedza runyararo nenzira iyo inopa kutanga kune zvido zvemasimba panzvimbo yeavo vanhu uye kururamisira. Zvichida kuti hondo ichapera chete apo nyika huru dzenyika dzichibvumirana kuti zvayo zvachose kuparadzwa uye zvivako zvinoshandiswa izvo chibvumirano ichocho chinogona kugadziriswa.

October 10. Pazuva iri mu1990, musikana weChinaiti wemakore gumi nemana anonzi 15 akapupura pamberi payo Congressional Human Rights Caucus kuti, mumabasa ake sezvipiri pachipatara che Kuwait's al-Adan, akanga aona mauto eIraq achibvambura vana vakawanda kubva mumasasa, achivarega "kuti vafe panzvimbo inotonhora." Akaundi yemusikana yaive bhomba. Izvo zvakadzokororwa kakawanda neMutungamiri George HW Bush kubatsira kuwana rutsigiro rweveruzhinji kune yakakura US-inotungamirwa nendege inorwisa yakarongerwa muna Ndira 1991 kudzinga mauto eIraq kubva muKuwait. Gare gare, zvakadaro, zvakaziviswa kuti wechidiki DRM chapupu aive mwanasikana weKuwaiti mumiriri kuUS Hupupuriro hwake hwaive chigadzirwa chakagadzirwa cheUS PR femu iyo tsvakiridzo yakamirira hurumende yeKuwaiti yakaratidza kuti kuchaja "muvengi" hutsinye ndiyo yaive nzira yakanakisa yekuwana rutsigiro rweveruzhinji rwehondo yaive ichiratidza kutengeswa kwakaomarara. Mushure mekunge mauto eIraq adzingwa muKuwait, kuferefetwa kweABC-network ipapo kwakagadza kuti vacheche vasati vazvarwa vakafa mukufa. Chikonzero, zvakadaro, ndechekuti vanachiremba vazhinji veKuwaiti nevakoti vaive vatiza nzvimbo - kwete kuti mauto eIraq akabvarura vacheche veKuwaiti kubva kune avo ma incubator ndokuvasiya vachifira pasi pechipatara. Zvisinei nekuzarurirwa uku, sarudzo dzakaratidza kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerican vanofunga kurwisa kwakaitika muIraq muna 1991 kunopa "hondo yakanaka." Panguva imwecheteyo, vanoona kupinda nechisimba kweIraq muna 2003, nekuti chirevo chayo, "zvombo zvekuparadza vanhu," zvakaratidza kuva manyepo. Muchokwadi, kukakavara kwese kunoratidza zvakare kuti hondo dzese manyepo.

Muvhuro wechipiri munaOctober ndiyo Columbus Day, zuva iro vanhu vomunyika yeAmerica vakawana kuurayiwa kweEuropean. Iri izuva rakanaka pane chidzidzo chekudzidza.

October 11. Pazuva iri muna 1884, Eleanor Roosevelt akaberekwa. Sekutsvaga Mukadzikadzi wekutanga weUnited States kubva ku1933 kusvika ku1945, uye kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1962, akashandisa simba rake nesimba rake pachikonzero chekusimudzira kururamisira kwevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu uye zvevanhu. Muna 1946, Mutungamiri Harry Truman vakagadza Eleanor Roosevelt semumiriri wekutanga weUnited States kuUnited Nations, kwaakashanda sachigaro wekutanga weUN Commission on Human Rights. Pachinzvimbo ichocho, akashanda mukuumba nekutarisira kunyorwa kweUN muna 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, gwaro raakapihwa iye nehunyanzvi muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvedzidzo. Pfungwa mbiri dzakakosha dzetsika dzinosimbisa zvakakosha gwaro racho: hunhu hwevanhu vese, uye kusasarura. Kusimudzira misimboti iyi, Chiziviso chine zvinyorwa makumi matatu zvine runyorwa rwakakwana rwehukama hwehukama, hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwehupfumi, hwemagariro, pamwe netsika. Kunyangwe gwaro racho risingasunge, vazhinji vanofunga vanonzwisisa vanoona uku kusava nesimba sekuwedzera. Inobvumidza Chirevo kuti chishande senzira yekuvandudza zvirongwa zvitsva zvemitemo mumutemo wepasi rose wekodzero dzevanhu, uye zvinobatsira kusimudzira kugamuchirwa kwepasi rose kwechirevo chekodzero dzevanhu. Eleanor Roosevelt akashanda kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake kuti awane kugamuchirwa nekuzadzikiswa kwekodzero dzakatarwa muDeclaration, uye ikozvino ndiyo nhaka yake inogara. Mipiro yaro mukuumbwa kwayo inoonekwa mumitemo yenyika zhinji uye neboka rinoshanduka remitemo yenyika. Pabasa rake, Mutungamiri Truman muna 30 vakazivisa Eleanor Roosevelt "Mudzimai wekutanga weNyika."

October 12. Pazuva iri mu1921, League of Nations yakawana rusununguko rwayo rwekutanga runyararo, rweUpper Silesia kukakavadzana. Iri raive zuva remureza rehungwaru kukunda masimba masimba. Hunhu hwehukama hwakatonga kwechinguva. Sangano rakagadzirwa kuvaka mabhiriji erunyararo runyararo rakaita kupinda kwayo kwekutanga kubudirira padanho repasi The League of Nations raive sangano rezvematongerwo enyika iro rakavambwa nekuda kweParis Peace Conference. Chikwata ichi chakatanga kuvambwa sesangano repasi rese rekuchengetedza runyararo. Zvinangwa zvekutanga zveLigi zvaisanganisira kudzivirira kwehondo kuburikidza nekuchengetedzeka pamwe nekuzvidzivirira, nekugadzirisa kupokana kwenyika dzese kuburikidza nekutaurirana nekutonga. Yakagadzirwa muna Ndira 10, 1920 uye ine mahofisi makuru kuGeneva, Switzerland, danho rayo rekutanga raive rekusimbisa Chibvumirano cheVersailles, ichigumisa zviri pamutemo Hondo Yenyika I, muna 1919. Kunyangwe gakava richienderera mberi nezvekubudirira kweLeague, zvirokwazvo yaive nevakawanda. budiriro diki muma1920, ndokumisa kusawirirana, kuponesa hupenyu nekugadzira hwaro hwezopedzisira zvatevera muna 1945, United Nations. Kana iri Silesia Gakava yakamuka mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga uye yaive hondo yepasi pakati pePoland neGerman. Pakasava nekubvumirana kwakaratidzika kunge kuri kushanda, sarudzo yakapihwa kuLigi reMarudzi rakanga richangotanga. Sarudzo yeLigi yakatambirwa nemapato ese muna Gumiguru wa1921. Sarudzo uye kutambirwa kwayo kwakaisa pfungwa pamusoro pehutsinye uye zvakapa tariro yekuti rimwe zuva nyika dzinogona kuvimba nehurukuro nekunzwisisa zvinopesana nemhirizhonga nekuparadza.

October 13. Pazuva iri muna 1812, mauto kubva kuNew York mauto ehurumende akaramba kuzambuka Rwizi rweNiagara kuenda kuCanada kuzosimudzira mauto uye mauto ehondo nguva dzose mukurwisana neBritish anozivikanwa seHondo yeE Queenston Heights. Mwedzi mina muHondo ye1812, hondo yakarwiwa kuti iwane imwe yezvikamu zvitatu zvakarongwa zvekuAmerica zveCanada zvaida kuronga hwaro hwekutora Montreal neQuebec. Zvinangwa zvehondo zvaisanganisira kuguma kwezvigaro zvekutengeserana kweUnited States neFrance uye kupedza kugadzirisa muBritish Navy yevafambisi vezvikepe pamakungwa eSouth, asiwo kukunda kweKanada uye kuwedzera kwayo kuUnited States. Hondo ye Queen Queen Heights yakatanga zvakanaka kune veAmerica. Pamberi pemauto akayambuka Rwizi rweNiagara kubva mumusha weNew York weL Lewiston ndokuzvisimbisa pabasa rakakwirira pamusoro peguta reE Queenston. Pakutanga mauto akabudirira kunodzivirira nzvimbo yavo, asi, nekufamba kwenguva, vakanga vasingachagoni kubvisa vaBrithani nevanhurume vavo vekuIndia vasingasimbiswi. Asi, vashomanana muNew York mauto, boka guru remauto ekusimbisa muLookiston, vaida kuyambuka rwizi ndokuuya kuzovabatsira. Pane kudaro, vakatsanangura zvikamu mubumbiro reMitemo vaidavira kuti vaida chete kudzivirira nyika yavo, kwete kubatsira United States kupinda mune imwe nyika. Pasina kutsigirwa, vakasara vanoenda mberi kuE Queenston Heights munguva pfupi vakakomba neBritish, avo vakavamanikidza kuzvipira. Icho chaiva mugumisiro zvichida chiratidzo chehondo yose. Pamutengo wevanhu vazhinji, yakakundikana kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kunogona kunge kwakagadziriswa kuburikidza nedhigiridziro.

October 14. Pazuva iri muna 1644, William Penn akaberekerwa muLondon, England. Kunyangwe mwanakomana wemukurumbira weAnglican yeBritish navy admire, Penn akazova Quaker pazera ramakore makumi maviri nemaviri, achitora tsika dzakasanganisira kushivirira zvitendero zvese nemadzinza uye kuramba kubata zvombo. Muna 22, King Charles II weEngland akagadzirisa chikwereti chikuru kubva kuna baba vaPenn vakafa nekupa William nzvimbo inopararira kumadokero nekumaodzanyemba kweNew Jersey, kunzi Pennsylvania. Kuva gavhuna wayo wekoloni muna 1681, Penn akashandisa hurongwa hwedemokrasi hwaipa rusununguko rwakazara rwechitendero, ichikwezva maQuaker nevapoteri vekuEurope veboka rega-rega. Kubva 1683 kusvika 1683, zvakapesana chaizvo nemamwe maBritish makoroni, vagari vePennsylvania vaidzivisa ruvengo uye vakachengetedza hukama hwenyika nenyika dzekuzvarwa nekusatora nyika yavo vasina muripo wakaringana uye vasingavamanikidze nedoro. Kushivirira kwechitendero uye kwemadzinza kwaive kwakabatana zvikuru nekoloni zvekuti kunyangwe vaNative Tuscaroras vekuNorth Carolina vakatumirwa kutumira nhume ikoko vachikumbira mvumo yekumisa misha. Kudzivirirwa kwePennsylvania kwehondo zvairevawo kuti mari yese ingangodaro yakashandiswa kumauto, nhare, uye zvombo zvaivepo panzvimbo yekukudziridza koloni nekuvaka guta rePhiladelphia, iro rakazopfuura 1755 kupfuura saizi yeBoston neNew York. Nepo masimba makuru ezuva racho airwira kutonga kondinendi, Pennsylvania yakabudirira nekukurumidza kupfuura chero vavakidzani vayo vaitenda kuti hondo yaidikanwa kuti ikure. Munzvimbo yaro, ivo vaikohwa zvibereko zvekushivirira nerunyararo zvakasimwa naWilliam Penn makore angangoita zana apfuura.

October 15. Pazuva iri mu1969, inofungidzirwa kuti mamiriyoni maviri eAmerica akabatanidzwa mukurwisana kwenyika yose pamusoro peHondo yeVietnam. Yakarongedzwa zvakapoteredzwa zuva rimwe chete rezuva rekudzima basa munyika yose, uye rakataridzwa se "Peace Moratorium," chiito chacho chinotendwa kuti ndicho chiratidziro chikuru pane zvakaitika muUnited States. Pakazosvika 1969, vanhu vanopikisana nehondo vakanga vachikura nokukurumidza. Mamiriyoni eVietnam uye vamwe veS45,000 veSouth mauto vakanga vatourayiwa. Uye, kunyange zvakadaro-Mutungamiri Nixon akanga atanga kuronga hurongwa hwakavimbiswa hwokugumisa hondo, uye akanga atotanga kuregererwa kwemauto eUnited States, hafu yemamiriyoni yakaramba ichiendeswa kuVietnam muhondo yakawanda yakaonekwa isina chairo kana younzenza. Mukutsvaga Moratorium, nhamba huru dzevanhu vekumatongerwo emakore uye vepakati pevanhu vekuAmerica munyika yose yekutanga kokutanga vakaenda kune vejijiji yevadzidzi uye vechidiki mukuratidza kushorwa nehondo mumasemina, misangano yechitendero, rallies, uye misangano. Kunyange zvazvo mapoka mashomanana evatsigiri vehondo akaratidzawo maonero avo, Moratorium yainyanya kukosha pakuratidza kukanganiswa kwehurumende yehurumende nemamiriyoni eAmerica Mutungamiri ainge aona sechinyatsotenderwa "Silent Majority." Nenzira iyi, kupesana kwakaita basa rinokosha pakuchengetedza hutungamiri pane zvakananga kune izvo zvakaratidza kusunungurwa kwenguva refu kubva muhondo. Kutevera mamwe makore matatu ekufa uye kuparadzwa, US yakagumisa kushanda kwayo kwechiuto muSouth-East Asia nekusayina zvibvumirano zveParis Puremu munaJanuary 1973. Kurwisana pakati peVietnam pachavo, zvisinei, zvakapfuurira kusvika munaApril 1975. Saigon akabva awira kuNorth Vietnam neView Cong mauto, uye nyika yakabatana pasi pehurumende yeKomonisiti muHanoi seDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.

October 16. Zuva iri mu1934 rinoratidza mavambo eSangano Rorugare Pledge Union, sangano rekare rezvematongerwo enyika muBritain. Zvisikwa zvaro zvakasvibiswa netsamba mu Manchester Guardian yakanyorwa nemukurumbira pacifist, mupristi weAnglican, uye mufundisi weHondo Yenyika I anonzi Dick Sheppard. Tsamba yacho yaikoka varume vese vezera rekurwa kuti vatumire Sheppard kadhi rekuposita rinotaura kuzvipira kwavo "kurega hondo uye kusazombotsigira imwe." Mukati memazuva maviri, varume mazana maviri nemazana mashanu vakapindura, uye, mumwedzi mishoma yakatevera, sangano idzva rinopesana nehondo rine nhengo zviuru zana dzakaumbwa. Yakave ichizivikanwa se "Iyo Peace Pledge Union," nekuti nhengo dzayo dzese dzakatora mhiko inotevera: "Hondo imhosva kurwisa vanhu. Ini ndinosiya hondo, uye saka ndakatsunga kusatsigira chero mhando yehondo. Iniwo ndakatsunga kushandira kubvisa zvikonzero zvese zvehondo. ” Kubva payakatanga, iyo Peace Pledge Union yakashanda yakazvimiririra, kana nemamwe marunyararo nemasangano ekodzero dzevanhu, kupokana nehondo uye nehondo inoitisa. Pamusoro pezviito zvisina mhirizhonga zvinopesana nehondo, iyo Union inoteedzera nhepfenyuro dzekudzidzisa munzvimbo dzekushandira, mayunivhesiti, uye munharaunda nharaunda. Chinangwa chavo ndechekupokana nehurongwa hwehurumende, maitiro, uye marongero akagadzirirwa kugonesa veruzhinji kuti kushandiswa kwemauto kunogona kubatsira zvinangwa zvevanhu uye kubatsira kuchengetedzeka kwenyika. Mukuramba, Iyo Peace Pledge Union inoita iyo nyaya yekuti chengetedzo inogara inogona kuwanikwa chete kana kodzero dzevanhu dzichisimudzirwa nemuenzaniso, kwete nekumanikidza; apo kudyidzana kunoenderana nekukanganisa; uye kana mabhajeti akagadziriswazve kugadzirisa zvinokonzeresa zvehondo uye kuvaka-rugare-kwenguva refu.

October 17. Nezuva iri mu1905, Czar Nicholas II weRussia, pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune vanokudzwa vanotya uye vadzidzisi vepamusoro-soro, vakabudisa "October Manifesto" iyo yakavimbisa kushandurwa kwekugadzirisa kwehupenyu mukusarudzwa kwevashandi vasingaoneki munyika yose yevashandi veA1.7 miriyoni kubva kumabhizimisi ose uye professions. Chikwata chacho chakanga chave muna December 1904, apo vashandi veSt. Petersburg vakaparadzira chikumbiro chaida kuti mazuva mashoma apedze, mashoma ekubhadhara, nyika yose yakakwana, uye sangano rehurumende rakasarudzwa. Chiito ichocho chakakurumidza kuita kuti vashandi vese vese vese vese muRussia guta raitora 135,000 zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Musi waJanuary 9, 1905, boka revashandi, pamwe chete navashambadziri ve100,000 vakaramba vakavimbika kuMambo, vakatsvaka kuendesa chikumbiro ku Winter Palace yake muSt. Petersburg. Pane kudaro, vaisangana nepfuti pamapurisa akatya, uye mazana ezana akaurayiwa. Mukuyanana, Nicholas II akazivisa kubvumirwa kwake kwemazano emakurukota enyika. Asi chiito chake chakakundikana, zvikuru chikamu nokuti vashandi vekufekitari vaizobviswa muhutano. Izvo zvakagadzirisa danho re "Great October Strike," iro rakaremara nyika. Kunyange zvazvo yakanyatsogadziriswa neCzar yaOctober Manifesto, iyo yakavimbisa musangano mukuru wakasarudzwa uye mamiriro ekushanda ari nani, vashandi vakawanda, vakasununguka, varimi, uye mapoka mashoma vakaramba vasina kunyatsogutsikana. Mumakore anouya, kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika muRussia hakuchazozivikanwa nekusava nehanya. Icho chaizotungamirira, pane kudaro, kuRussia Revolution ye1917, iyo yakabvisa mutongi weCzarist uye yakaisa Bolshevik madhimoni nesimba. Pashure pemakore maviri ehondo yevagari vemo, yaizoguma nekudzvinyirira kweCommunist Party uye kuponda kweCzar nemhuri yake.

October 18. Pazuva iri mu1907, sangano rechipiri reHague Conventions rinotaura nezvekufambisa kwehondo rakasayirwa pamusangano wenyika yose wekutenda wakaitirwa kuHague muNetherlands. Kuteerera pane imwe nyika yapfuura yezvinobvumirana kwenyika dzakawanda uye kuziviswa kwakataurirana kuThe Hague mu1899, Kokorodzano dzeHague dze 1907 dziri pakati pezvinyorwa zvekutanga zvakarongeka nezvehondo nemhosva dzehondo mumutemo wepasi rose wenyika. Kuedza kukuru mumisangano miviri ndiko kusikwa kwedare renyika dzakawanda nekuda kwekumanikidzirwa kusungurudza kwemakakatanwa enyika-basa rinotarisirwa kudiwa kuti ishandise nzvimbo yehondo. Kuedza ikoko kwakakundikana, zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo sangano rekuzvidira rakagadziriswa rakagadzwa. Pachiitiko cheChipiri cheHague, kuedza kweBritish kuchengetedza miganhu yezvombo zvakakundikana, asi miganhu yehondo yehondo yakasimudzirwa. Pakazara, 1907 Hague Kokorodzano yakawedzera zvishoma kune ye1899, asi musangano wemasimba makuru enyika wakabatsira kukurudzira gare gare 20th-zana kuedza kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda. Pakati peizvi, chinonyanya kukosha chaiva Kellogg-Briand Pact ye1928, umo 62 inoparidza inopikirwa kuti isashandise hondo kuti igadzirise "nharo kana kukakavadzana kwezvisikwa chero chipi zvacho kana zvezvakabva ..." Chibvumirano chinoda kupedza zvachose hondo chinoramba chiri chakakosha , kwete nokuti hondo inouraya, asi nokuti sangano rinoda kushandisa hondo kune pfuma rinofanira kuramba richigadzirira kubuda mberi. Izvo zvakakosha zvinokurudzira mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika anoshandura mararamiro ekutanga zvakaderera-pasi. Panzvimbo yekupedza kusangana nezvinhu zvinodiwa nevanhu uye kubatsira kuporesa nharaunda yakasikwa, sangano rinotengesa mari yakawanda kwazvo mukudzidzira uye kuedza zvombo zvinoshanda, izvo pachazvo zvinokonzera kukuvadza kwakatipoteredza.

October 19. Pazuva iri muna 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. akasungwa pamwe nevaridzi vevadzidzi ve51 panguva yekurwisana kwekuparadzanisa vanogara mu "The Magnolia Room," chic tei tekiti mu Rich Rich Department Store muAtlanta, Georgia. Iko-iyo yaiva imwe yevakawanda muAtlanta iyo yakanga yakafuridzirwa ne-black-college Atlanta Student Movement, asi iyo yakanakisa Magnolia Room yakabatsira kuratidzira kubatanidza kwechikonzero. Yaiva yeAtlanta, asiwo chikamu cheSouth Jim Crow tsika. VaAfrica veAmerica vaigona kutenga paRich, asi vakanga vasingagoni kuedza zvipfeko kana kutora tafura muMagnolia Room. Apo vatongi vacho vakaita izvozvi, vakanzi vakaputsa mutemo wakanga uripo waida kuti vanhu vose vabve pfuma yega pavakabvunzwa. Vaya vakasungwa vose vakasunungurwa pazvisungo kana kuti mhosva yavo yakadzingwa, kunze kweMartin Luther King. Akatarisana nemutongo wemwedzi mitanhatu mumusasa webasa revanhu weGeorgia yekufambisa muhurumende nekuputsa mutemo we "anti-trespass" wakanyatsogadziriswa kuvhara masikati-counter-ins-ins. Kupindira kwehutungamiri hwehutungamiri John Kennedy akatungamira nokukurumidza kuenda kuna King kusunungurwa, asi zvinotora anenge gore rimwe rekugara-ins uye Ku Klux Klan kupesana-kupikisa muAtlanta musati mabhizimisi ekurasikirwa akamanikidza guta kuti ribatanidze. Kuenzana kwemadzinza kwakakwana muUnited States kwaive kuchiri kuwanikwa kunyange nehafu yezana remakore gare gare. Asi, achitaura panguva yekuyeuka kweAtlanta Student Movement, Lonnie King, mubatsiri wekufambisa uye iye pachake muMuenzaniso weMagnolia Room, akaratidza tariro. Akaramba achiwana tariro yekusvika pakuenzana kwemadzinza mumusasa miidzi yeboka revadzidzi. "Dzidzo," akadaro, "yakagara iine arteri yekufambira mberi, zvirokwazvo muSouth."

Gumiguru 20. Pazuva rino muna 1917, Alice Paul akatanga mutongo wejeri kwemwedzi minomwe nekuda kwekusavhiringidza kwekutsamwira kwe suffrage. Akazvarwa muna 1885 mumusha weQuaker, Paul akapinda muSwththmore muna 1901. Akaenderera kuYunivhesiti yePennsylvania achidzidza nezvehupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika nesainzi. Rwendo rwekuenda kuEngland rwakasimbisa kutenda kwake kuti sangano re suffrage kumba nekune dzimwe nyika ndiko kusarongeka kwevanhu kwakanyanya kusingataurwe. Ndichiri kuwana mamwe madhigirii matatu mumutemo, Pauro akazvipira hupenyu hwake kuona kuti vakadzi vakabvumidzwa izwi uye vanobatwa sevagari vakaenzana. Kufamba kwake kwekutanga kwakarongeka muWashington, DC, kwakaitika manheru ekugadzwa kwaWoodrow Wilson muna 1913. Sangano re suffrage rakatanga kufuratirwa, asi rakatungamira kumakore mana ekumanikidza, kukumbira, kuratidzira, uye kuwedzera mafambiro. Sezvo WWI yakasununguka, Paul akakumbira kuti isati yafungidzirwa kuparadzira democracy kunze kwenyika, hurumende yeUS yaifanira kuzvitaura kumba. Iye nevateveri gumi nevaviri, "Silent Sentinels," vakatanga kugunun'una kuWhite House Gates muna Ndira wa1917. Vakadzi vaigara vachirwiswa nevarume, kunyanya vatsigiri vehondo, pakupedzisira vakasungwa, nekuiswa mutirongo. Kunyangwe hazvo hondo yaive ichitora misoro, mamwe mazwi ekurapwa kwakakomba kwakaratidzirwa nesangano re suffrage kwakakwezva kutsigirwa kwechikonzero chavo. Vazhinji avo vairamwa nzara mutirongo vaipihwa simba pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ane hutsinye uye Paul anga akavharirwa muwadhi revanorwara nepfungwa. Wilson akazobvuma kutsigira vakadzi suffrage, uye mhosva dzese dzakadonhedzwa. Paul akaramba achirwira Civil Rights Act, uyezve neEqual Rights Amendment, achiisa zvinotungamira muhupenyu hwake hwese nekuratidzira murunyararo.

October 21. Pazuva iri muna 1837, iyo US Army yakashandura marwadzo muhondo dzayo neIndia dzeSininole nokushandisa kudhinda. Chiitiko chacho chakakonzerwa nekurwisana kweSeminoles kusvika kuIndia Removal Act ye1830, iyo yakapa hurumende yeUnited States simba rekuzarura nyika kune vatongi vachena nokubvisa madzinza mashanu eIndia kumabvazuva kwe Mississippi kuenda kuIndia Territory muA Arkansas neK Oklahoma. Apo Seminoles vakaramba, US Army yakaenda kundorwa kuedza kuvabvisa zvakasimba. Zvisinei, muhondo yakaoma muna December 1835, varwi ve250 Seminole chete, vachitungamirirwa nemurwi anozivikanwa weAsceola, vakakunda chikamu chevarwi ve750 US. Izvozvo zvakakunda uye kubudirira kwaAsceola kupfuurira kwakakonzera chimwe chezviito zvinonyadzisa zvikuru munhoroondo yehondo yeUnited States. MunaOctober 1837, mauto eUnited States akatora Osceola uye 81 yevateveri vake, uye, achivimbisa hurukuro dzorugare, akavatungamirira pasi pemuvara mutsvuku wekutema kunhare pedyo neSt. Augustine. Paakasvika ikoko, zvakadaro, Osceola akaendeswa kujeri. Pasina mutungamiri wavo, vazhinji veSiminole Nation vakanga vatamiswa kuWest Indian Territory hondo isati yapera muna 1842. Yakanga isiri iyo kusvika ku1934, nekutangwa kweIndia Reorganization Act, iyo hurumende yeUnited States yakadzoka kubva pakuratidzira kushandira zvinodiwa nevatambi vachena vemunyika yeIndia. Reorganization Act, iyo inoramba ichishanda, inogadzirisa kuti, pameso avo, inogona kubatsira vanhu vekuAmerica kuvaka hupenyu hwakachengeteka pavanenge vachichengeta tsika dzavo dzemadzinza. Icho chichiri kuonekwa, zvisinei, kana hurumende ichapa rubatsiro runodikanwa kubatsira kubatsira kuti chiratidzo ichocho chiitike.

October 22. Pazuva iri mu1962, Mutungamiri John Kennedy akazivisa muterevhizheni kuvanhu veUnited States kuti hurumende yeUnited States yakatsigira kuvapo kweSoviet nuclear missile bases muCuba. Soviet Gurukota Nikita Khrushchev akapa kuenda-mberi kuisa zvombo zvenyukireya muCuba muzhizha ra1962, zvese kuchengetedza mubatsiri wezvekuita kubva mukukwira kweUS nekupokana nekukura kweUS mune zvombo zvenyukireya zvenguva refu nepakati. . Nesimbiso yemabhesi emasaile, Kennedy akange adaidzira kuti maSoviet avabvise uye vatumire zvombo zvavo zvese zvinokuvadza kuCuba kumusha. Akange arairawo kuvharirwa kwemahombekombe kwakakomberedza Cuba kudzivirira kuunzwa kwechero zvombo zvemauto zvinokuvadza. Musi waGumiguru 26, iyo US yakatora imwe nhanho yekusimudzira kugadzirira kwemauto kusvika padanho rinokwanisa kutsigira hondo yenyukireya. Neraki, gadziriso ine runyararo yakakurumidza kuwanikwa- kunyanya nekuti kuyedza kutsvaga nzira yekubuda kwaive kwakanangana neWhite House neKremlin. Gweta General Robert Kennedy akakurudzira Mutungamiri kuti apindure tsamba mbiri dzakatotumirwa kuWhite House kuWhite House. Yekutanga yakapihwa kubvisa mabheseni mabheseni mukutsinhana nevimbiso nevatungamiriri veUS kuti vasapinda Cuba. Yechipiri yakapa kuita zvakafanana kana US yakabvumawo kubvisa zvombo zvayo muTurkey. Pamutemo, iyo US yakatambira mazwi eshoko rekutanga ikangorega kechipiri. Pachivande, zvakadaro, Kennedy akabvuma kuzobvisa mabhureki eUS kubva kuTurkey, danho rakanyatso gumisa Cuban Missile Crisis muna Gumiguru 28.

October 23. Pazuva iri mu2001, danho guru rakatorwa kuti rigadzirise chimwe chezvinhu zvinopesana zvikuru zvekukakavadzana mune zvemazuva ano. Kutanga mu1968, kunyanya vaRoma Katurike nyika uye zvikurukuru vePurotesitendi vanobatana muNorthern Ireland vakapinda mumakore anopfuura makumi matatu emhirizhonga isingagadzirwi inozivikanwa se "The Troubles." Vahedheni vaida hurumende yeBritish kuti ive chikamu cheRepublic of Ireland, apo vanyori aida kuramba ari muUnited Kingdom. Muna 1998, Chikamu cheChishanu cheChishanu chakapa urongwa hwekugadzirisa zvematongerwe enyika zvichienderana nekugoverana kwemasimba pakati pezvikamu zvakabatana nemativi maviri. Izvozvi zvaisanganisira chirongwa che "devolution" -kuendesa mapurisa, kutonga, uye mamwe masimba kubva kuLondon kuenda kuBelfast-uye chirevo chokuti mapoka emagariro anowirirana nemativi ose maviri anobva atanga matanho ekudzivirira kusagadzikana zvachose. Pakutanga, boka rakakura reIrish Republican Army (IRA) rakanga risingadi kuparadzanisa pfuma yezvakakonzera kukonzera nyika. Asi, pakurudzirwa kwebazi rezvematongerwe enyika, Sinn Fein, nekuziva kusakosha kwekuwedzera kwayo, sangano rakaparidzwa musi waOctober 23, 2001 kuti rinotanga kukanganisa kusingagadziriswi kwezvombo zvose zvayo. Yakanga isiri kusvika munaSeptember 2005 kuti IRA yakanga yatora zvekupedzisira zvezvombo zvayo, uye, kubva ku2002 kusvika ku2007, kupfuurira kwematongerwe enyika kwakamanikidzwa London kuti ipezve mutemo wakananga kuNorthern Ireland. Asi, ne2010 mapoka akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika muNorthern Ireland akanga achitonga murugare pamwe chete. Pasina mubvunzo, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mumugumisiro iwoyo ndechokuti sarudzo yeIRA yokuramba zvayo kuedza kukonzera chikonzero chekubatana kweIrish Republic kuburikidza nechisimba.

October 24. Pazuva rino, United Nations Day inoratidzirwa gore rose pasi rose, ichicherechedza chiitiko chepamutemo chekusungirirwa kweUnited in 1945. Zuva rinopa mukana wokupemberera kubatsirana kweUnited Nations rugare, kodzero dzevanhu, kubudirira kwehupfumi, uye demokarasi. Tinogonawo kukumbira maitiro ake akawanda, anosanganisira kuchengetedza upenyu hwemamiriyoni evana, kudzivirira pasi re ozone, nekugadzirisa dutu rekusimba, nekuisa danho reZNNX Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvisinei, vazhinji vanoona nezveUnited States vakaratidza kuti sangano reUnited States riripo, rakanyanya kunyanya nevamiririri vebazi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende, harina kukodzera kugadzirisa zvinetso kune zvinetso zvinosangana nechinetso chekurumidza kune vanhu pasi pose. Saka vari kushevedza kusikwa kwesangano reparamende reUnited States rakasununguka, rakanyanyogadzirwa nevamiririri vanobva kumagungano emunyika kana mahedheni aripo. Mutumbi mutsva unogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko akadaro ekubudirira semamiriro ekushandurwa kwemamiriro ekunze, kusachengeteka kwezvokudya, uye hugandanga, pamwe chete nekufambisa kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi nekusimudzirwa kwehurumende, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kutonga kwemutemo. Kubvira munaAugust 1968, kukumbira kwenyika kumusangano weparamende yeUnited Nations kwakasayirwa ne 2015 vakagara uye vakange vari nhengo dzeparamende kubva munyika dze1,400. Kuburikidza nekereke yakadaro, vamiririri vanozvidavirira kune avo vanovakwa, pamwe chete nevamwe kunze kwehurumende, vaizopa kutarisa kwekugadzirisa kusarudzwa kwepasi rose; vanoshumira sekubatana pakati pevanhu venyika, masangano ehurumende, uye UN; uye kupa izwi guru kune vaduku, vechidiki, uye vagari vomunharaunda. Chigumisiro chacho chaive chichibatanidza humwe UN, pamwe nekukwanisa kukwanisa kusangana nematambudziko enyika.

October 25. Pazuva iri mu1983, simba revarwi ve2,000 US rakapinda Grenada, nyika duku yeCaribbean nyika iri kuchamhembe kweVenezuela ine vanhu vashoma kupfuura 100,000. Mukudzivirira pachena chiitiko ichi, Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan vakataura nezvekutyisidzira kwakaitwa nehutongi hutsva hwaMarxist hwaGrenada mukuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vangasvika chiuru vekuAmerica vanogara pachitsuwa ichi- vazhinji vacho vadzidzi pachikoro chayo chekurapa. Kusvikira isingasviki vhiki pamberi pezvi, Grenada yanga ichitongwa nana left Maurice Bishop, uyo akange atora simba muna 1979 ndokutanga kuita hukama hwepedyo neCuba. Musi waGumiguru 19, zvakadaro, mumwe Marxist, Bernard Coard, akaraira kuurayiwa kwaBishop ndokutora hutongi. Mauto anopinda paakatarisana nekushorwa kusingatarisirwe nemauto eGrenadian nemainjiniya emauto eCuba, Reagan akaraira mune mamwe zviuru zvina zvemauto eUS. Pasina kupfuura vhiki, hurumende yeCoard yakaparadzwa ndokutsiviwa neimwe inogamuchirwa kuUnited States. Kune vazhinji maAmerican, zvakadaro, mhedzisiro iyi yaisakwanisa kururamisa mutengo mumadhora nehupenyu hweimwe hondo yeUS kuti uwane chinangwa chezvematongerwo enyika. Vamwe zvakare vaiziva kuti, mazuva maviri pamberi pekupinda, US State department yanga yatove kuziva kuti vadzidzi vekurapa muGranada vaive vasiri munjodzi. Vabereki vevadzidzi mazana mashanu vaive vatoridzira nhare Mutungamiriri Reagan kuti vasarwisane, mushure mekuziva kuti vana vavo vakasununguka kubva kuGranada pese pavaida. Asi, senge hurumende dzeUS zvisati zvaitika uye kubvira, hutongi hweReagan hwakasarudza hondo. Hondo payakapera, Reagan akatora mbiri yekutanga "kufungidzirwa" kwesimba remakomunisiti kubvira kutanga kweCold War.

October 26. Pazuva iri mu1905, Norway yakakunda rusununguko kubva kuSweden pasina kushandiswa kwehondo. Kubva 1814, Norway yakange yakamanikidzwa kupinda "mubatanidzwa wega" neSweden, mhedzisiro yekukunda kwevaSweden. Izvi zvaireva kuti nyika yaive pasi pechiremera chamambo weSweden, asi ichichengeta bumbiro rayo uye chinzvimbo chepamutemo senyika yakazvimiririra. Kwemakumi emakore akatevera, zvisinei, zvido zveNorway neSweden zvakaramba zvichisiyana zvakanyanya, kunyanya sezvo vaisanganisira kutengeserana kwekunze uye nharaunda dzakasununguka dzeNorway Hunhu hwakasimba hwenyika hwakasimukira, uye, muna 1905, nyika yose yakasununguka referendamu yakatsigirwa nevanopfuura 99% vevaNorway. Musi waChikumi 7, 1905, paramende yeNorway yakati kubatana kweNorway neSweden kwakaparara, zvichikonzera kutya kwakapararira kuti hondo pakati penyika mbiri idzi yaizotanga zvakare. Panzvimbo iyoyo, zvakadaro, vamiriri veNorway neSweden vakasangana muna Nyamavhuvhu 31 kuti vataurirane nezvenzira dzinogamuchirwa dzekuparadzanisa. Kunyangwe vezvematongerwo enyika veSweden vane mukurumbira vaifarira nzira yakaoma, mambo weSweden akaramba zvakasimba kuisa imwe hondo kuNorway. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti mhedzisiro yereferendamu yeNorway yakagonesa masimba makuru eEuropean kuti kufamba kweNorway kuzvimiririra kwaive kwechokwadi. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti mambo atye kuti Sweden inogona kusarudzika nekudzvinyirira. Uye zvakare, hapana nyika yaida kuwedzera kusagadzikana mune imwe. Musi waGumiguru 26, 1905, mambo weSweden akasiya zvaakataura kune vamwe vevazukuru vake pachigaro cheNorway. Kunyangwe Norway yakaramba iri humambo hweparamende nekugadza muchinda weDenmark kuti azadzise chinzvimbo, zvakave, kuburikidza neboka revanhu vasina ropa, nyika ine hutongi hwakazara kekutanga kubvira muzana ramakore rechi14.

October 27. Nezuva iri mu1941, mavhiki masere vasati vambudzwa neJapan paPearl Harbor, Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akapa nyika yose "Navy Day" hurukuro yeredhiyo iyo yakanyengera kuti mauto eGermany akanga asina kushungurudza akatanga torpedoes pazvikepe zveAmerica zvine rugare mumadokero kweAtlantic. Muchokwadi, ngarava dzeUS dzave kubatsira ndege dzeBritain kuteedzera ngarava dzepasi pegungwa, nekudaro vachishora mutemo wepasi rese. Nezvikonzero zvekuzvida kwemunhu uye nyika, chinangwa cheMutungamiriri chechokwadi mukusimbisa zvido zvake kwaive kukurudzira ruvengo kuruzhinji kuGerman izvo zvaizomanikidza Hitler kuti ataure nezvehondo kuUS Roosevelt iye aizeza kuzivisa hondo kuGerman, sevanhu veUS kuita kunge kwaive kushaiwa kwairi. Mutungamiri, zvakadaro, aive neAce kumusoro ruoko rwake. IUS inogona kuenda kuhondo nemubatsiri weGerman, Japan, zvobva zvadzika hwaro hwekupindawo muhondo muEurope. Icho hunyengeri hwaizove kumanikidza Japan kuti itange hondo iyo veruzhinji veUS vaisagona kuregeredza. Nekudaro, kutanga muna Gumiguru 1940, US yakatora matanho aisanganisira kuchengetedza ngarava dzeUS muHawaii, ichisimbirira kuti maDutch arambe kutora oiri yeJapan, uye kujoina Great Britain mukumisa kutengeserana kwese neJapan. Zvisingadzivisiki, mune rinopfuura gore, muna Zvita 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor yakabhombwa. Kufanana nehondo dzese, Hondo Yenyika II yaive yakavakirwa pamanyepo. Asi, makumi emakore gare gare, yakazozivikanwa se "Hondo Yakanaka" - umo kuda kwakanaka kweUS kwakakunda kunaka kwemasimba eAxis. Ngano iyoyo yakatonga pfungwa dzeveruzhinji dzeUS kubva ipapo uye inosimbiswazve yega Zvita 7 mumhemberero munyika yese.

October 28. Zuva iri mu1466 rinoratidza kuberekwa kwaDesiderius Erasmus, a ChiDutch chiKristu chevanhu chinowanzoonekwa semudzidzi mukuru wekumusoro kwe Renaissance. Muna 1517, Erasmus akanyora bhuku pamusoro pezvakaipa zvehondo zvinoramba zvichikosha nhasi. Inonzi Chikumbiro Cherugare, bhuku rinotaura mumunhu wekutanga wekuti "Rugare," chimiro chinozivikanwa semukadzi. Runyararo runoita nyaya iyo, kunyange zvazvo ichipa "chitubu chezvikomborero zvose zvevanhu," inosekwa nevanhu "vanoenda mukutsvaga kwezvakaipa zvisingaverengeki nhamba." Mapoka sevanhu vakasiyana sevakuru, vadzidzisi, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, uye kunyange vanhuwo zvavo vanoita sevasingaoni kukuvadza hondo kunogona kuunza pavari. Vanhu vane simba vakakonzera mamiriro ezvinhu umo kutaura kwechikanganwira chechiKristu kunonzi kunopandukira, asi kukurudzira hondo kunoratidza kuvimbika kunyika uye kuzvipira kune mufaro waro. Vanhu vanofanirwa kuchengeta kutsiva kwaMwari weTesitamente yekare, Rugare runotaura, uye kufarira Mwari ane rugare waJesu. Ndiko Mwari uyo anonyatsoziva zvikonzero zvehondo mukutsvaka simba, kubwinya, uye kutsiva, uye chikonzero cherugare murudo uye kukanganwirwa. "Runyararo" pakupedzisira rinotaura kuti madzimambo anounza matambudziko avo kune avo vakachenjera uye vasina rusarura. Kunyange kana rumwe rutivi rwunofunga kutonga kwavo kusina kururama, rucharegererwa kutambura kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nehondo. Iyo inofanira kuchengetwa mupfungwa kuti hondo dzakarwa munguva yaErasmus dzakangodaro dzichirema uye dzinouraya chete avo vakarwa mavari. Kururamiswa kwake kwehondo saka kunotakura hukuru hukuru mune imwe yemazuva enyukireya, apo hondo chero ipi zvayo ingaisa njodzi yekupedzisa upenyu panyika yedu.

October 29. Pazuva iri mu1983, pamusoro peCNUMX vakadzi veBrithani vakagura zvikamu zvefambo yakakomberedza Greenham Common airfield kunze kweNewbury, England. Vakapfekedzwa sevaroyi, vakazara ne "makadhi madema" (code for bolt cutters), vakadzi vacho vakagadzira "Halloween Party" kuratidzira kurwisana neNATO chirongwa chokushandura ndege yepamhepo ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo yehondo 96 Tomahawk pasi-yatanga zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvombo izvi zvakarongerwa kusvika mwedzi unotevera. Nokucheka zvikamu zvefurati yemhepo, vakadzi vaireva kuratidza kuda kwavo kuputsa "Rusvingo rweBerlin" rwakavadzivirira kuti vasati vataure zvavanetseka pamusoro pezvombo zvenyukireya kuvakuru veuto nevevashandi mukati maro. I "Halloween Party," zvisinei, yaiva imwe chete yezviitiko zvekupikisa nyukireya yakaitwa nevakadzi veBritain kuGreenham Common. Vakanga vatanga kufamba kwavo muna August 1981, apo boka revakadzi ve44 rakafamba 100 maira kusvika kuGreenham kubva kuCardiff City Hall muWales. Pavanosvika, vana vavo vakazvisungiririra kune kunze kwenhandare yemhepo. Mushure mokunge mutungamiri wepasi reUnited States akagamuchira tsamba yavo inopesana neyo yakarongwa missile deployment, akakoka vakadzi kuti vagadzike musasa kunze kwechitsime. Vakatenda saizvozvo, pakuwanda kwenhamba, kwemakore anotevera 12, zviitiko zvekupemberera zvakasangana nevatsigiri ve 70,000. Kutevera zvibvumirano zvekutanga zveUnited-Soviet zvakasayirwa muna 1987, vakadzi vacho zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kubuda. Mushandirapamwe wavo wakazoguma wakagadziriswa mu1993, mushure mokubviswa kwezvombo zvekupedzisira kubva kuGreenham mu1991, uye kupemberera kwemakore maviri kurwisana nezvimwe zvombo zvenyukireya. Gwaro reGreenham pacharo rakabviswa mugore re2000.

October 30. Pazuva iri mu1943, iyo inonzi Four Power Declaration yakasayirwa neUnited States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, uye China pamusangano weMoscow. Chirevo chakasimbisa hurongwa hwemasimba mana hwaizokanganisa hurongwa hwepasi rose hwepashure pehondo. Yakapa nyika ina dzakabatana muHondo Yenyika II kuti dzirambe dzichirwisa masimba eAxis kudzamara mauto ese evavengi agamuchira kuzvipira kusingabvumirwe. Chirevo chakakurudzirawo kutanga kwekutanga kwesangano repasi rose renyika dzinoda rugare dzinoshanda pamwe chete seyakaenzana kuchengetedza runyararo nepasi rese. Kunyangwe hazvo chiratidzo ichi chakakurudzira kuvambwa kweUnited Nations makore maviri gare gare, Chine Simba Chirevo chakaratidzawo kushushikana pamusoro pekuzvida kwenyika kunogona kukanganisa kubatana kwepasi rose uye kukanganisa hutongo hwekugadzirisa kusawirirana pasina hondo. Semuenzaniso, Mutungamiriri weUS Roosevelt akaudza Mutungamiriri weBritain Churchill pachivande kuti Gwaro iri "harizokanganisa zvisarudzo zvekupedzisira pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika." Chirevochi chakasiyawo chero hurukuro pamusoro pesimba rezvekuchengetedzwa kwerunyararo mushure mehondo, ndoda basa rekuchengetedza runyararo rusina zvombo. Uye United Nations yakanyatsogadzirwa nemasimba akasarudzika, kusanganisira veto, kune mashoma nyika. Chiziviso Chemasimba Chechina chakamiririra kusimuka kune tariro kubva kune kwechokwadi kwehondo inotyisa nekusimudzira chiono chenharaunda yepasi rese inotongwa nekuremekedzana pamwe nekubatana. Asi zvakaburitsawo pachena kuti pfungwa dzemasimba enyika dzichiri kudikanwa sei kushanduka kuunza nharaunda yakadaro uye a world beyond war.

October 31. Nezuva iri mu2014, United Nations Munyori mukuru-General Ban Ki-moon wakagadzira boka guru rezvidziviriro rakasununguka kuti ribudise mushumo unoongorora hurumende yeUnited Nations uye huri kurudzira kudiwa kunofanirwa kubatsira kubatsira zvinodiwa zvinoitika zvevanhu venyika. Muna June 2015, boka re16-nhengo rakapa mharidzo yaro kune Munyori Mukuru, uyo, achitevera zvakanyatsodzidzwa, akazviparidzira kuGeneral Assembly uye Security Council nokuda kwekufungisisa nekugamuchirwa. Kutaura zvakanyanya, gwaro racho rinopa mazano pamusoro pokuti mararamiro anoita sei "anotsigira zviri nani basa re [UN] kudzivirira kukakavara, kugadzirisa kugara kwezvematongerwo enyika, kuchengetedza vanhu, nekuchengetedza runyararo." Muchitsauko chakanzi "Essential Shifts for Peace Operations," mushumo unoti "Basa reUnited Nations nedzimwe vateereri vemarudzi ose nderokucherechedza kutarisa kwenyika dzose, kuwedzera uye zvigadziro pakutsigira vatevedzeri venyika kuti vaite sarudzo dzakashinga dzinoda kudzorera rugare, kukonzera zvinetso zvevanokonzera kukanganisa, uye kusangana nechinangwa chakanaka chepakati huwandu, kwete kungova vashoma chete. "Nyaya dzakabatana dzinonyevera, zvisinei, kuti basa iri rinogona kungobudirira kubudirira kana richicherechedza kuti rugare rusingaperi harungagoneki kana rutsigirwa nehondo nehutano hwekuita. Pane kudaro, "hukuru hwematongerwe enyika" inofanira kunge iri chiratidzo chemararamiro ose ekugadzirisa kusawirirana, kuita kupindirana, kutarisa kupera, kubatsira kushanda kwekugadzirisa rugare, kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwechisimba, nekutsvaga nguva yakareba yekuedza kuchengeta rugare. Kana rakanyatsocherechedza munyika chaiyo, mazano anopiwa munyaya ye2015 UN pamusoro peHurumende yeMabasa angaita kuti nyika dzepasi pose dzive pedyo nekugamuchira kupindirana kwenyika dzakawanda, pane nzvimbo yehondo ine simba, sechinhu chitsva chekugadzirisa kukakavara.

Runyararo Almanac urwu runokuzivisa iwe matanho akakosha, kufambira mberi, uye zvipingaidzo mukufambiswa kwerunyararo rwakaitika pazuva rega rega regore.

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Izvi Peace Almanac vanofanira kuramba zvakanaka nerimwe gore kusvikira hondo yose aparadza uye inogona kuenderera runyararo kusimbiswa. Pundutso kubva pakutengesa kweye anodhinda uye ePDP maishu anobatsira basa ra World BEYOND War.

Mavara akagadzirwa uye akarongwa na David Swanson.

Audio akanyorwa Tim Pluta.

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa na Robert Anschuetz, David Swanson, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Erin McElfresh, Alexander Shaia, John Wilkinson, William Geimer, Peter Goldsmith, Gar Smith, Thierry Blanc, naTom Schott.

Pfungwa dzenyaya dzakatumirwa na David Swanson, Robert Anschuetz, Alan Knight, Marilyn Olenick, Eleanor Millard, Darlene Coffman, David McReynolds, Richard Kane, Phil Runkel, Jill Greer, Jim Gould, Bob Stuart, Alaina Huxtable, Thierry Blanc.

mumhanzi inoshandiswa nemvumo kubva “Kupera Kwehondo,” naEric Colville.

Mumhanzi unoridzwa uye kusanganisa kubudikidza Sergio Diaz.

Graphics na Parisa Saremi.

World BEYOND War ibato risiri renyika rose kupedzisa hondo nekutanga runyararo uye runyararo runyararo. Isu tinovavarira kuumba ziviso yeruzhinji rutsigiro rwekupedza hondo uye kuwedzera humwe hutsigiro. Isu tinoshanda kusimudzira zano rekuti kwete kungodzivirira chero humwe hwehondo asi kudzima iyo yese institution. Isu tinoedza kutsiva tsika yehondo neye yerunyararo umo nzira dzisiri dzekupokana dzekugadzirisa makakatanwa dzinotora nzvimbo yeropa.