Kubvira paHondo Yenyika II kuenda kuVietnam neSiriya, zvinodhaka zvinowanzova chikamu chekukakavara semabhomba uye mabhomba.
NaBarbara McCarthy, Al Jazeera
Adolf Hitler aive junkie uye kudya kwemaNazi 'narcotic kunopa chirevo chitsva kune izwi rekuti' kurwisa zvinodhaka '. Asi vaisave ivo vega. Zvazvino zvinyorwa zvakaburitsa kuti narcotic yakanyanya chikamu chekupokana semabara; kazhinji kutsanangura hondo pane kugara anecdotally padivi pavo.
Mubhuku rake Blitzed, Munyori weGermany Norman Ohler anorondedzera kuti Reit Reich yakazara sei nemishonga, kusanganisira cocaine, heroin uye zvikurukuru crystal meth, iyo yakashandiswa nemunhu wese kubva kumasoja kusvika kune veimba uye vashandi vekufekitari.
Yakatanga kuparidzirwa muchiGermany se Der totalle Rausch (Zvose Zvakasimuka), bhuku racho rinotaura nezvekushungurudzwa kwakaitwa naAdolf Hitler nevarume vake uye vanobudisa zvinyorwa zvisati zvabudiswa zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nezveDr. Theodore Morell, chiremba chaiye aishandira zvinodhaka kumutungamiriri weGerman uyewo mutongi weItaly Benito Mussolini.
"Hitler aive Fuhrer mukutora kwake zvinodhaka. Zvinonzwisisika, nekuda kwehunhu hwake hwakanyanya, "anodaro Ohler, achitaura ari kumba kwake kuBerlin.
Mushure mekunge bhuku raOhler raburitswa kuGerman gore rapfuura, chinyorwa mupepanhau reFrankfurter Allgemeine chakaburitsa iyo mubvunzo: "Kupenga kwaHitler kunonzwisisika iwe paunomuona semutambi?"
"Hongu uye kwete," Ohler anopindura.
Hitler, ane hutano hwepfungwa uye hwepanyama anga ari manyuko ekufungidzira kukuru, aivimba nemajekiseni ezuva nezuva e "chishamiso chemushonga" Eukodol, iyo inoisa mushandisi muchimiro chemufaro - uye kazhinji ichivapa kusagona kuita kutonga kwakanaka - uye cocaine, iyo yaakatanga kutora nguva zhinji kubva muna 1941 zvichienda mberi kuti arwise zvirwere zvinosanganisira kusingaperi kwemudumbu kutsemuka, kuwedzerwa kweropa uye kuputika kwengoma yenzeve.
"Asi isu tese tinoziva kuti akaita zvinhu zvakawanda zvisina chokwadi zvisati zvaitika, saka haugone kupa mhosva zvinodhaka pazvose," Ohler anoratidza. "Izvi zvataura, zvechokwadi vakaita basa mukufa kwake."
Mubhuku rake, Ohler anotsanangura kuti, kusvika kumagumo ehondo, "mushonga wakachengeta mutungamiri mukuru akatsiga mukunyengera kwake".
"Nyika yaigona kunyura mumarara nemadota akamukomberedza, uye zviito zvake zvakarasikirwa nemamiriyoni evanhu hupenyu hwavo, asi iye Fuhrer akanzwa kururamiswa apo rufaro rwake rwekugadzirira rwakapinda," akanyora kudaro.
Asi izvo zvinoenda zvichikwira zvinofanira kusvika uye apo zvinhu zvakapera kusvika kumagumo ehondo, Hitler akatsungirira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, serotonin yakaoma uye dopamine kurega, paranoia, psychosis, mazino anoora, kuputika kukuru, kushaya kwepvo uye kudengenyeka, Ohler anotsanangura.
Kuora kwepfungwa uye kwepanyama mumavhiki ake ekupedzisira mu Fuhrerbunker, a subterr nyanja pokugara kunhengo dzebato reNazi, Ohler anodaro, anogona kunzi abude muEukodol kwete kuParkinson sezvaitendwa kare.
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Hondo Yenyika II
Icho chisingaiti, hongu, ndechokuti apo vaNazi vachisimudzira chakanaka chekugara kweAryan kwakachena, vakanga vasina chinhu kunze kwekuti vazvichenese ivo pachavo.
Munguva yeWeimar Republic, zvinodhaka zvaive zviri nyore nyore muGerman guta guru, Berlin. Asi, mushure mokunge vatora simba mu1933, vaNazi vakavadzinga.
Zvadaro, muC1937, ivo vakapa patamende mishonga inonzi methamphetamine Pervitin- chinokurudzira chinogona kuita kuti vanhu vamuke uye kusimudzira mashandiro avo, uku chichivaita kuti vanzwe kufara. Ivo vakatogadzira mhando yechokoreti, Hildebrand, iyo yaive ne13mg yemushonga - zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakajairwa 3mg piritsi.
Muna July 1940, kupfuura mamiriyoni 35 3mg doses yePervitin kubva kuTemmer factory muBerlin yakatumirwa kuGermany hondo neLuftwaffe munguva yekupinda muFrance.
"Varwi vakamuka kwemazuva, vachifamba vasina kumira, izvo zvingadai zvisina kuitika dai zvisiri zvekriststal meth saka hongu, mune iyi kesi, zvinodhaka zvakakanganisa nhoroondo," Ohler anodaro.
Anoti kukunda kweNazi muHondo yeFrance kune chinodhaka. “Hitler anga asina kugadzirira zvehondo uye musana wake wakanangana nemadziro. Wehrmacht yakanga isina simba senge maAllies, michina yavo yaive murombo uye vaingova nemasoja emamirioni matatu kana zvichienzaniswa nemamirioni mana eAllies. ”
Asi akadzivirirwa nePervitin, maGermany akapfuura nomunharaunda yakaoma, achienda asina kurara kwe36 kumaawa 50.
Kusvikira kumagumo ehondo, apo maGermany vakanga vachirasikirwa, mhizimisi Gerhard Orzechowski yakagadzira cocaine chewing gum yaizobvumira vatyairi vengarava yeU-murume kuti varambe vakamuka kwamazuva ekupedzisira. Vakawanda vakatambura nekuputsika kwepfungwa semugumisiro wekutora chirwere ichi pavanenge vari voga munzvimbo yakapoteredzwa kwenguva refu.
Asi apo iyo Temmler fekitori inogadzira Pervitin uye Eukodol yaive bhomba nevatsigiri mu1945, yakaratidza kupera kwevaNazi - uye naHitler - kushandisa zvinodhaka.
Ehe, maNazi havazi ivo chete vaishandisa zvinodhaka. Vabatsiri vevabhomba vatyairi vakapihwawo amphetamines yekuvachengeta vakasvinura uye vakatarisa panguva dzendege refu, uye maAllies aive nemushonga wavo wekusarudza - Benzedrine.
Iyo Laurier Mauto Nhoroondo Archives mu Ontario, Canada, ine zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti masoja anofanirwa kuisa 5mg kusvika ku20mg yaBenzedrine sulphate maawa mashanu kusvika matanhatu, uye anofungidzirwa kuti mahwendefa e72 emamphetamine akadyiwa neAllies munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. VaParatroopers vanoti vanoshandisa iyo panguva yeD-Day landings, apo mauto eUnited States vakavimba nayo nokuda kwekupinda kweTarawa mu1943.
Saka nei vaongorori vezvakaitika kare vakanyora bedzi nezvezvinodhaka anecdotally kusvikira zvino?
"Ndinofunga vanhu vazhinji havanzwisise kuti zvinodhaka zvine simba sei," Ohler anoratidza. “Izvo zvinogona kuchinja izvozvi. Handisi munhu wekutanga kunyora nezvavo, asi ndinofunga kubudirira kwebhuku kunoreva… [izvo] mabhuku emangwana nemamuvhi akafanana Downfall vangangoteerera kushungurudzwa kwakapararira kwaHitler. ”
Munyori wezvekurapa wechiGerman Dr Peter Steinkamp, anodzidzisa kuyunivhesiti yeUlm, kuGerman, anotenda kuti iri kuuya pamberi izvozvi nekuti "mapato mazhinji akabatanidzwa afa".
"Pakaburitswa Das Boot, bhaisikopo reGerman reU-chikepe kubva muna 1981 rakaburitswa, rairatidza zvimiro zvevatungamiriri veU-chikepe vakapwanyika vakadhakwa chose. Zvakakonzera kutsamwa pakati pavakarwa muhondo vazhinji vaida kuratidzwa sevanhu vakachena, ”anodaro. "Asi zvino sezvo vazhinji vevanhu vakarwa muHondo Yenyika II vasisipo, tinogona kuona nyaya dzakawanda dzekushandisa zvinodhaka, kwete kubva muHondo Yenyika II, asi Iraq neVietnam zvakare."
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Zvechokwadi, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kwakaenderera mberi zvakanyanya mberi kupfuura Hondo Yenyika II.
Muna 1200BC, vapirisita vekare vaPreca Inca muPeru vakapa avo vanotonga zvinodhaka zvepfungwa kuti vawanesimba pamusoro pavo, apo vaRoma vairima opium, kuna Emperor Marcus Aurelius aive nemukurumbira addicted.
Viking "berserkers", avo vakatumidzwa zita re "berekai majasi”MuOld Norse, yakarwiwa zvine mutsindo senge trance mamiriro, pamwe semhedzisiro yekutora agaric" mashiripiti "howa uye bog myrtle. Munyori wezvakaitika kare muIceland uye mudetembi Snorri Stuluson (AD1179 kusvika 1241) akavatsanangura "sevanopenga sembwa kana mapere, vakaruma nhoo dzavo, uye vakasimba semapere kana mombe dzesango".
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, bhuku rinonzi Dr Feelgood: Nyaya yechiremba uyo akakurudzira nhoroondo kuburikidza nekurapa uye kudhakwa mifananidzo yakakurumbira Kusanganisira Mutungamiri Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, naElvis Presley, naRichard Lertzman naWilliam Birnes, vanoti US Mutungamiri John F Kennedy kushandisa zvinodhaka inenge yakatadzisa Hondo Yenyika III panguva musangano wemazuva maviripamwe nemutungamiriri weSoviet Nikita Krushcher mu1961.
Hondo yeVietnam
Mubhuku rake, Shooting up, munyori wePoland Lukasz Kamienski anotsanangura masoja eU.S. aibata sei mauto avo nekumhanyisa, steroid, uye mapiritsi ekurwadza "kuvabatsira kubata kurwisa kwakawandisa" munguva yeVietnam Hondo.
Mushumo weHarare Select Committee weCriminal mu1971 yakawana kuti pakati pe1966 ne1969, mauto akashandiswa 225 mamirioni zvinokonzera mapiritsi.
“Kurovedzwa kwezvinokurudzira nemauto kwakabatsira mukupararira kwetsika dzemushonga uye dzimwe nguva zvaive nemhedzisiro inosiririsa, nekuti amphetamine, sekutaura kwakaita varwi vazhinji, yakawedzera hukasha pamwe nekungwarira. Vamwe vakayeuka kuti pakapera simba rekumhanya, vakatsamwa zvekuti vakanzwa kuda kupfura 'vana mumigwagwa', "Kamienski akanyora muThe Atlantic muna Kubvumbi 2016.
Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura nei nei vazhinji veterans vehondo iyoyo vakatambura nechekare-kunetseka mupfungwa kunetseka. I National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment kudzidza rakabudiswa mu1990 rinoratidza kuti 15.2 muzana yevarume vevarume uye 8.5 muzana yevakadzi vakarwa muSouth-Asia vane chirwere chePTSD.
Maererano nechidzidzo che JAMA Psychiatry, nhau yepamusoro-soro yepamusoro-soro yevanakiriniki, nyanzvi, nekutsvakurudza masayendisiti mune zvepfungwa, utano hwepfungwa, shanduro yesayenzi, uye masangano mashoma, 200,000 vanhu vachiri kutambura nePTSD makore anenge 50 mushure meHondo yeVietnam.
Imwe yeiyi ndiJohn Danielski. Akange ari mu Marine Corp uye akapedza mwedzi 13 muVietnam pakati pe1968 ne1970. Muna Gumiguru, akasunungura bhuku rezvinyorwa zvebhuku ravarwere vanonzi Johnny Come Crumbling Home: nePTSD.
“Ndakadzoka kumba ndichibva kuVietnam muna1970, asi ndichine PTSD sevamwe vanhu vazhinji - haimbopera. Pandakanga ndiri muVietnam muna 1968 musango, vazhinji vevakomana vandakasangana navo vakaputa masora uye vakatora maopiates. Takanwa zvakare kumhanya kukuru kubva mumabhodhoro ane brown, ”anodaro, achitaura nhare ari kumba kwake kuWest Virginia.
“Vakomana vemauto vaiwana zvinokurudzira uye nemhando dzose dzemapiritsi muSaigon neHanoi, asi kwataive, taingonwa speed. Yakauya iri muhombodo yebrown. Ndinoziva zvakaita kuti vanhu vanetseke uye vangangogara mazuva akawanda. ”
“Ehe, vamwe vevarume vacho vakaita zvekupenga kunze uko. Ichokwadi kuti yaive nechokuita nemishonga. Sipidhi yacho yaive yakaoma zvekuti vakomana pavakange vodzoka kubva kuVietnam vaive vachirwara nemoyo mundege uye vachifa. Vangave vari mukutora kwakadaro - kumhanya kwaizoita kunge maawa gumi nematanhatu vasina mishonga. Fungidzira uchirwa muVietnam uye wozoenda kumba uye kufira munzira, ”anodaro Danielski.
"Amphetamine inowedzera kurova kwemwoyo wako uye moyo wako unoputika," anotsanangura kudaro.
Munyaya yake yeAtlantic, Kamienski akanyora, kuti: "Vietnam yaizivikanwa sehondo yekutanga yemishonga, yakadaidzwa nekuti mwero wekushandisa kwezvinhu zvinopa pfungwa nevarwi vemauto zvaive zvisina kumboitika munhoroondo yeAmerica."
"Patakadzoka pakanga pasina rutsigiro kwatiri," Danielski anotsanangura. “Munhu wese akativenga. Vanhu vakatipomera kuva mhondi dzevana. Iwo mavetera masevhisi aive akapenga. Pakanga pasina kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa. Ndosaka vanhu vazhinji vakazviuraya pavakadzoka. Pamusoro pe70,000 veterani vakazviuraya ivo kubva kuVietnam, uye 58,000 Akafira muhondo. Hakuna rusvingo rwechirangaridzo kwavari. ”
"Pane here kubatana pakati pezvinodhaka nePTSD?" anobvunza kudaro. “Chokwadi, asi kwandiri chikamu chakaomarara ndiko kusurukirwa kwandainzwa pandakadzoka zvakare. Hapana aive nehanya nazvo. Ini ndakangova chidhakwa cheheroin uye chidhakwa, uye ndakazotanga kupora muna 1998. Mabasa akavandudzika izvozvi, asi vekare vemauto avo vakashanda muIraq neAfghanistan vachiri kuzviuraya - vane mwero wakanyanya kuzviuraya. ”
Hondo muSiria
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kupokana kweMiddle East kwakaona kuwedzera kwekukwira kwaCaptagon, amphetamine iyo inonzi iri kukonzera hondo yevagari vemuSyria. Kwekupedzisira Mbudzi, mapiritsi mamirioni gumi nemaviri akabatwa nevakuru veTurkey pamuganhu weSyria neTurkey, ukuwo Kubvumbi mamiriyoni 1.5 dzakatorwa muKuwait. Mune zvinyorwa zveBBC zvinodaidzwa kuti Hondo yeSyria Zvinodhaka kubva munaGunyana 2015, mumwe mushandisi anotaurwa achiti: "Kwakange kusisina chekutya pandakatora Captagon. Haugone kurara kana kuvhara maziso ako, kanganwa nezvazvo. ”
Ramzi Haddad chiremba wezvechiremba weLebanese uye muvambi weiyo nzvimbo yekupindwa muropa inonzi Skoun. Anotsanangura kuti Captagon, "iyo inogadzirwa muSyria", yanga iriko "kwenguva yakareba - pamusoro pemakumi mana emakore".
“Ndakaona zvinoitwa nemushonga kuvanhu. Pano iri kuwedzera kuve inozivikanwa mumisasa yevapoteri izere nevapoteri veSyria. Vanhu vanogona kuitenga kubva kuvatengesi vezvinodhaka nemadhora akati kuti, saka zvakachipa zvikuru kudarika cocaine kana mufaro, ”anodaro Haddad. "Munguva pfupi inoita kuti vanhu vanzwe kufara uye kusatya uye kuvaita kuti vasarara zvishoma - vakakwana pakurwira munguva yehondo, asi mukufamba kwenguva inounza psychosis, paranoia uye nemhedzisiro yemhedzisiro."
Calvin James, mumwe weIrishman uyo akashanda semishonga muSiria nokuda kwetiye Kurdish Red Crescent, anoti kunyangwe asina kusangana nemushonga, akanzwa kuti inozivikanwa pakati pevarwi neIslamic State yeIraq neveLevant boka varwi, vanozivikanwa se ISIL kana ISIS.
“Unogona kuziva nehunhu hwevanhu. Pane imwe nguva takasangana nenhengo yeISIS yaive mune inotakura vanhu ine vana vashanu uye yakakuvara zvakaipisisa. Akaita kunge asina kana kucherechedza ndokundikumbira mvura, aive akagwinya zvakanyanya, ”anodaro James. “Mumwe mukomana akamboedza kuzvibhowa, asi zvakaramba uye aive achiri mupenyu. Zvekare, aiita kunge asiri kuchema marwadzo zvakanyanya. Akarapwa muchipatara pamwe nevamwe vese. ”
Gerry Hickey, weIreland-akapindwa muropa kanzura uye psychotherapist, haashamisike nezvakawanikwa zvichangoburwa.
“Kufungidzira chikamu chedzidzo uye maopiates anodhakwa zvakanyanya nekuti anoita kuti vanhu vanzwe kudzikama uye nekuvapa pfungwa yekunyepa yekuchengetedzeka. Saka, chokwadi, vanonyatsokodzera mauto anofamba netsoka, kaputeni wemauto uye nemagandanga achangopfuura, ”anodaro.
"Makabati anofarira kudzora mauto avo munguva yehondo kuitira kuti bhizinesi rekuuraya vanhu rive nyore, nepo ivo pachavo vachishandisa zvinodhaka kuti vachengetedze hunyengeri hwavo, megalomania uye kunyengera."
"Hazvingandishamise kana vanhu vanozviuraya vachinwiswa zvinodhaka kusvika kuzvirwere," anowedzera.
"Chinhu nezvezvinodhaka ndechekuti, vanhu havangorasikirwe nepfungwa mushure mechinguva, asi hutano hwavo hunodzikira mushure mekushandisa kwenguva yakareba, kunyanya pavanongopindwa muropa nemakumi mana."
Dai Hitler anga ari mumamiriro ekuregeredza mukati memavhiki ekupedzisira ehondo, zvaisazove zvakajairika kuti iye azununguke uye kutonhora, anotsanangura. "Vanhu vanorega kupinda mukukatyamadzwa kukuru uye vanowanzofa. Ivo vanofanirwa kuve nemimwe mishonga munguva iyoyo. Zvinotora vhiki nhatu kugadziridzwa. ”
"Ini ndinogaro gunun'una kana vanhu vakabvunza, 'Hameno kuti simba racho vanoriwana kupi," anodaro. "Usatarise kumberi."
Aritcle yakatanga kuwanikwa paAl Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/10/history-war-drugs-vikings-nazis-161005101505317.html
