NeLawrence Wittner, April 29, 2019
From Hondo Ndiyo Mhosva
Vieques inzvimbo duku yePuerto Rican ine vamwe 9,000 vagari. Yakagadzirwa nemichindwe uye rakanaka mabhishi, ine nyika yakajeka zvikuru yebioluminescent bay uye mabhiza emhuka ari kufamba kwose kwose, inokwezva akawanda nhamba yevashanyi. Asi, kweanoda kusvika makumi matanhatu emakore, Vieques akashanda senzvimbo yekubhomba, nzvimbo yekudzidzira zvechiuto, uye nzvimbo yekuchengetera yeU.S. Navy, kudzamara vagari vayo vakatsamwa, vachityauswa, vakanunura nyika yavo kubva mukubata kwemauto.
Kufanana nechitsuwa chikuru chePuerto Rico, Vieques-chiri makiromita masere kumabvazuva-yakanga yatongwa kwemazana emakore sekoloni neSpain, kudzamara Hondo yeSpain-America ye1898 yashandura Puerto Rico kuva koloni isina kurongwa ("nharaunda isina mukurumbira") yeUnited States. Muna 1917, Puerto Ricans (kusanganisira maViquense) vakava vagari vemuUS, kunyangwe ivo vasina kodzero yekuvhotera gavhuna wavo kusvika 1947 uye nanhasi vachiramba vasina kodzero yekumiririrwa muUS Congress kana kuvhotera mutungamiri weUS.
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, hurumende yeUS, ichinetsekana nezve kuchengetedzeka kwedunhu reCaribbean nePanama Canal, yakatora nzvimbo hombe dzekumabvazuva kwePuerto Rico neViqueque kuvaka mammoth Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. Izvi zvaisanganisira zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvepasi paViqueque. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zviuru zveViquense zvakadzingwa mudzimba dzazvo ndokuiswa muminda yenzimbe dzakaparadzwa izvo navy yakazivisa "maturakiti ekugarisa vanhu zvekare."
Kutorwa kweUS Navy kweViqueque kwakakurumidza mu1947, payakasarudza Roosevelt Roads senzvimbo yekudzidzira kugungwa uye yekuchengetera matangi uye ndokutanga kushandisa chiwi ichi kupfura uye kudzika kwemamphibious nemakumi ezviuru zvevafambisi vengarava uye marine. Ikuwedzera kubvutwa kwayo kumakota matatu eViqueque, iyo navy yakashandisa chikamu chekumadokero kuchengetedza zvombo uye chikamu chekumabvazuva kubhomba nemitambo yehondo, ichisunga vanhu vemo muchikamu chidiki chenyika ichivaparadzanisa.
Pamakumi emakore akatevera, navy yakabhomba Vieques kubva mumhepo, pasi, uye gungwa. Munguva ye1980s uye ma1990, yakaburitsa avhareji yematani 1,464 emabhomba gore rega rega pachitsuwa ichi uye yaiitisa zvidzidzo zvemauto zvine mazuva anosvika zana nemakumi masere pagore. Muna 180 chete, navy yakadonhedza 1998 mabhomba kuViqueque. Yakashandisawo chitsuwa ichi kuyedzwa kwe zvombo zvoutachiona.
Sezvingatarisirwa, kune iyo Viequenses, uku kutonga kwemauto kwakagadzira hupenyu husiku husiku. Vanodzingwa kubva kudzimba dzavo uye nehupfumi hwavo hwechinyakare mumatata, vakasangana nezvinotyisa zve bombardment iri pedyo. "Mhepo payakauya ichibva kumabvazuva, yakaunza hutsi nemurwi wevhu kubva munzvimbo dzadzo dzemabhomba," mumwe mugari akayeuka. “Vairova bhomba mazuva ese, kubva na5 mangwanani kusvika na6 manheru. Zvaiita senge nzvimbo yehondo. Iwe unonzwa. . . mabhomba masere kana mapfumbamwe, uye imba yako yaizodedera. Zvese zviri pamadziro ako, mapikicha ako emifananidzo, zvishongedzo zvako, magirazi, zvaizowira pasi ndokutyoka, "uye" imba yako yesimende yaitanga kutsemuka. " Uye zvakare, nekuburitswa kwemakemikari ane chepfu muvhu, mvura nemweya, huwandu hwevanhu hwakatanga kutambura nemitengo yakakwira kwazvo yekenza uye zvimwe zvirwere.
Pakupedzisira, US Navy vakatsunga kuguma kwechitsuwa chose, kusanganisira nzira dzezvikepe, nzira dzekubhururuka, mvura yemumvura, uye mitemo yekukamura munharaunda yakasara yevagari vemo, uko vagari vaigara vachityisidzirwa kudzingwa. Muna 1961, navy yakanyora chirongwa chakavanzika chekubvisa vanhu vese kubva kuViqueque, kunyangwe nevakafa vakatemerwa kucherwa kubva kumakuva avo. Asi Gavhuna wePuerto Rican Luis Munoz Marin akapindira, uye Mutungamiri weUS John F. Kennedy akavharidzira Navy kubva mukuita chirongwa ichi.
Kukakavadzana kwenguva refu pakati peViequenses nemauto engarava kwakapisa kubva muna 1978 kusvika 1983. Pakati pekukwirisa kwakakwira mabhomba eU.S. uye kukwirisa kufambisa kwemauto, kwakasimba kufamba kwekurwisa kwenzvimbo, kwakatungamirwa nevabati vehove vepachitsuwa ichi. Varatidziri vakapinda mukugunun'una, kuratidzira, uye kusateerera kwevanhu - zvakanyanyisa, nekuzviisa ivo pachavo mumutsara wemissile fire, nokudaro vachikanganisa kurovedza kwemauto. Sezvo kurapwa kwevagari vepachiwi ichi kwakava chiseko chenyika dzese, iyo US Congress yakabata misangano nezvenyaya iyi mu1980 ndokukurudzira kuti navy ibve kuVieques.
Asi iyi yekutanga yekuratidzira kwakakurumbira, inosanganisira zviuru zveViquense nevatsigiri vavo muPuerto Rico neUnited States, vakatadza kudzinga navy kubva pachitsuwa. Pakati peCold War, mauto eUS akanamira zvine mutsindo kumabasa awo kuViqueque. Zvakare, mukurumbira mumushandirapamwe wekupokana wevaPuerto Rican nyika, pamwe chete nesekete, zvakatadzisa kukwikwidza kwesangano.
Mune ma1990s, zvakadaro, yakawedzera-yakavakirwa kuramba kuramba kwakaitika. Kutanga muna 1993 ne Komiti yeKununura uye Kuvandudza Vieques, yakakurumidza kupesana ne navy zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa radhiar intrusive uye akabvisa mushure maApril 19, 1999, apo mutyairi wengarava weUS paakakanda netsaona mabhomba maviri-makirogiramu mazana mashanu panzvimbo inofungidzirwa kuti yakachengeteka, achiuraya munhu weViequenses. "Izvo zvakazunungusa kuziva kwevanhu veViqueque nePuerto Ricans zvakanyanya pasina chimwe chiitiko," akayeuka Robert Rabin, mutungamiri anokosha wekumukira. "Pakarepo takanga tave nekubatana tichifunga pfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero, uye nzvimbo."
Rallying shure kwekudiwa kwe Runyararo rweVique, nyonganyonga huru iyi yemagariro yakabata zvakanyanya machechi eKaturike nePurotesitendi, pamwe nesangano revashandi, vakakurumbira, vakadzi, vadzidzi veyunivhesiti, vakwegura, uye varwi vekare. Mazana ezviuru zvevaPuerto Ricans muPuerto Rico uye nevekunze vakatora chikamu, paine vamwe chiuru nemazana mashanu vakasungwa nekugara munzvimbo yemabhomba kana zvimwe zviito zvekusateerera kwevanhu. Vatungamiriri vezvitendero pavakadaidzira Kurwira Runyararo muViqueque, vamwe varatidziri zana nemakumi mashanu vakafashukira mumigwagwa yeSan Juan mune zvainzi kuratidzwa kukuru kwazvo munhoroondo yePuerto Rico.
Tatarisana nedutu remoto rekuratidzira, hurumende yeUS yakazotora musoro. Muna 2003, US Navy haina kungomisa kubhomba, asi yakavhara Roosevelt Roads base naval base ndokubuda zvachose kubva kuVique.
Pasinei nekukunda uku kukuru kwevanhu, Vieques anoenderera mberi kutarisana matambudziko makuru nhasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira odnance isina kusimba uye kusvibiswa kukuru kubva kune simbi inorema nemakemikari ane chepfu akaburitswa kuburikidza nekudonha kweinofungidzirwa trillion tani yemamunitions, kusanganisira uranium yapera, pachitsuwa chidiki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Vieques ikozvino yakakurisa Superfund Saiti, ine gomarara uye zvimwe zvehurwere zviyero zvakanyanya kupfuura kupfuura kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzePuerto Rico. Zvakare, nehupfumi hwayo hwetsika hwakaparadzwa, chitsuwa chinotambura nehurombo hwakapararira.
Kunyange zvakadaro, vagari vepachivako, vasisina kudzivirirwa nevakuru vehondo, vari kurwisana nenhau idzi kuburikidza nekufungidzirwa kwekuvandudza nekuvandudza zvirongwa, kusanganisira ecotourism. Rabin, uyo akashanda mitemo mitatu yejeri (kusanganisira imwe mwedzi mitanhatu yakasimba) nokuda kwekupemberera kwake, ikozvino inotungamirira Verenga Mirasol Fort-Nzvimbo yakamboshanda sejeri yevasungwa vasingateereri uye vashandi vanopisa shuga, asi zvino inopa makamuri eViqueque Museum, misangano yemagariro nemhemberero, nhoroondo dzezvinyorwa zvekare, neRadio Vieques.
Ehezve, kurwira kwakabudirira nemaViquense ekusunungura chitsuwa chavo kubva pamitoro yehondo kunopawo sosi yetariro kuvanhu kutenderera pasirese. Izvi zvinosanganisira vanhu mune dzimwe nyika dzeUnited States, avo vanoramba vachibhadhara mutengo unorema wehupfumi uye wevanhu nekuda kwehurumende yavo gadziriro huru yehondo uye hondo dzisingaperi.
Lawrence Wittner (https://www.lawrenceswittner.com/ ) ndiye Purofesa weZvirevo Emeritus paSUNY / Albany uye munyori we Kutarisana neBhomba (Stanford University Press).
