NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 16, 2020
Nicholson Baker's bhuku idzva, Pasina nheyo: Kutsvaga Kwangu Kwezvakavanzika muRatins dzeRusununguko rweRuzivo Mutemo, inoshamisa. Kana ini ndikaratidza chero zvichemo zvidiki nazvo, nepo ndichiregeredza, semuenzaniso, iyo izere yemusangano wevatori venhau vaTrump, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zvikanganiso zvinomira pachena mune hunyanzvi apo inogadzira yunifomu yakazara yeTrumpandemic Talk.
Baker anotanga sekunge ane mhinduro isina kupindurwa uye pamwe isingapindurwe: Ko hurumende yeUS yakashandisa zvombo zvoutachiona muma1950s? Zvakanaka, hongu, hongu zvakaitika, ndinoda kupindura. Izvo zvakavashandisa muNorth Korea uye (gare gare) muCuba; kwakavaedza mumaguta eUS. Isu tinoziva kuti kupararira kwechirwere cheLyme kwakabuda mune izvi. Tinogona kuve nekuvimba kwakasimba kuti Frank Olson akaurayirwa izvo zvaanoziva nezvehondo yekuzvarwa yeUS.
Hazvina kujeka pakutanga, sezvazvinoratidzika kunge zvichapfuura, kuti Baker ari kuratidza zvakawanda kusava nechokwadi kupfuura zvaari chaizvo - pamwe nekuti ndizvo zvaunoita kutanga kwebhuku kuti usatyisidzira vaverengi vasina kusimba.
Baker anoenderera mberi nekukurukura kusagadzikana kusingaperi kwekuyedza kuburitsa kunyange ruzivo rwekare kwazvo kubva kuhurumende yeUS kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweRusununguko rweRuzivo Mutemo (FOIA), iyo yakati hurumende inowanzo kutyora. Baker anoratidza kuti bhuku iri rinonyanya kutaura nezve kutsvaga ruzivo, uye chechipiri nezve hondo yehupenyu (BW). Neraki, BW nemimwe misoro yakabatana inogara iripo mubhuku, nepo hurukuro yekuwana ruzivo ichiramba ichifadza. Baker anotirongera izvo zvaanogona kunyora uye zvaanofunga kuti zvinoreva - muenzaniso wekuratidza tsvagiridzo pamusoro penyaya yakaoma uye yekuratidzira kuvanzwa kweruzivo nevaya vanaro.
Iri bhuku rinotipa chiratidzo chisingadzoreki chekuti hurumende yeUS yaive nechirongwa chakakura, chinogumbura, uye chezvombo (kana chisiri chikuru chirongwa sezvavaishuvira kuva nacho), icho chakaedza pamusoro pevanhu panguva uye shure kweHondo Yenyika II, uye kuti nguva nenguva kunyepa nezvezvanga zvichiita. Rugwaro rweBheka runoedza kushandisa zvisiri-zvisina njodzi kutsiva zvombo zvoutachiona izvo zvakaitiswa nehurumende yeUS mumaguta akawanda eUS.
Iri bhuku rinonyora kupfuura chero kukahadzika kuedza kukuru uye zviwanikwa zvakapihwa pamusoro pemakore mazhinji mukufungidzira, kutsvagisa, kusimudzira, kuyedza, kutyisidzira, kunyepedzera, nekunyepa nezveBW. Izvi zvaisanganisira kuparadzwa nemaune kwezvizhinji zvezvipuka uye zvipuka, uye chepfu yezvakatipoteredza, mvura, uye zvirimwa. Masayendisiti akadzidza kubviswa kwezvisikwa, kubviswa kwehuwandu hwehove, uye kushandiswa kweshiri dzese dzakasiyana, arachnids, zvipembenene, tsikidzi, voles, zviremwaremwa, uye zvechokwadi minhenga kuparadzira zvirwere zvinotapukira. Mukuita uku, vakauraya huwandu hwakawanda hwezvidzidzo zvekuyedzwa, zvinosanganisira tsoko, nguruve, makwai, imbwa, katsi, makonzo, mbeva, nevanhu. Vakagadzira zvimbambaira uye ma torpedoes ekuisa chepfu mumakungwa. Iyo aquifer iri pasi peFort Dietrich iri pakati peiyo yakasvibiswa kwazvo muUnited States, sekureva kweEPA - yakasvibiswa nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemaune sekusvibisa.
Yese njodzi inokanganisa yezvakatipinda yekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri-yakanyanya kushandiswa yakadzidzwa seinopedza nechomukati nemauto eUS / CIA.
Iri bhuku rinopa humbowo hwakakwana hwekuti, hongu, United States yakashandisa BW kuKorea, kunyangwe kana kureurura kana kukumbira ruregerero kwanga kuri kuuya. Kana maChinese ataura zvakadzama pasina chinangwa chakangoitwa neCIA kushanda uye kuronga kuti zviite, uye kana pasina wekureva nhema kana chokwadi kutaurwa kubva kunhivi imwe inogona kuumba tsananguro ipi neipi kunze kwekunge zvanyatsoitika, kumirira kureurura chiito chekusanzwisisika servility, kwete yekuomesa musoro. Uye apo iyo CIA inopa isina kururamisa, uye hapana inoita seinogoneka, yekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvinopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, mutoro weuchapupu unofanirwa kuzorora nevaya vanoti magwaro haana chero chinhu chinonyadzisa kana kufungidzira.
Iri bhuku rinopa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti United States haina kungodonhedza minhenga ine zvipembenene kuKorea kubva mundege, asi zvakare yakashandisa kudzosera mauto eUS kuendesa vatakuri vezvirwere mudzimba dzaizodzokera vanhu - pamwe neuchapupu hwekuti vakakuvadzwa kupenga uku kwaisanganisira mauto eUS pachavo. Hurumende yeUS muma1950 yakapa China mhosva yekupararira kwechirwere, ndokuburitsa mishumo inofungidzirwa kuratidza nesainzi kuti chirwere chingadai chisina kubva kune bioweapon - ese ari maviri zviito zvinoshungurudza zvinozivikanwa mu2020.
Asina nheyo inosanganisira humbowo hwakasimba hwematsotsi andaisaziva nezvayo kare, mamwe acho zvingave zvakanaka kuve nehumwe humbowo. Nepo kudiwa kwehumwe humbowo kazhinji kuri kunzvenga mune zvematongerwo enyika zveUS, chikonzero chekusapomera mhosva kana kupomera kana kupa mhosva kana kuita zvimwe, mune izvi zvakafanira kuti Baker arikuda humwe humbowo. Baker, zvisinei, akaunganidza humbowo hunogutsa hwekuti United States yakaparadzira hog korera muEast Germany, yakapa zvirwere kuzvirimwa muCzechoslovakia, Romania, neHungary, yakaparadza chirimwa chekofi kuGuatemala, yakaparadzira chirwere chinotyisa kuchirimwa chemupunga muJapan mu 1945 - pamwe inosanganisira nendege dzakaitika mazuva mashanu nematanhatu mushure mekubhombwa kweNagasaki, ndokuuraya goho repamusoro pegorosi muUnited States nezvirwere mu1950 - nenjodzi ichikonzera zvombo zveUnited States zvakagadzirirwa gorosi reSoviet.
Baker anopomera paBW mahebhu, kwete chete Lyme, asiwo kubuda kweRabha fever, Q fever, bird flu, ngura stem rust, African swine fever, uye hog cholera. Kuzvikuvadza-uye kukuvara uye kufa, sekunge nekuedzwa kwenyukireya uye kumwe kugadzirira kwehondo, zvave zvakajairika nemasayendisiti uye vashandi uye vanhu vakangogara munzvimbo isiri iyo panguva isiriyo.
Zvakare munzira, Baker anotipa kufunga kwake uye manzwiro uye maitiro ezuva nezuva. Iye anototipa hunhu hweanonyanya kutsoropodza uye kushungurudzika uye hukama hwevanhu vezvinhu zvipenyu vanodzivira. Asi izvo izvo vanhu mavara zvavanotipa ivo vamene zvakanyanya hunyengeri uye kufungidzira pane muvengi waanoda, kunyepedzera kuti mhosva ndeyekudzivirira, iyo inofanirwa kuve nekugadzira nzira nyowani dzakaipisisa dzekuuraya nekurwadzisa marwadzo nekuti theoretically mumwe munhu anogona kutanga azviita. Chokwadi ichi hachishanduke chokwadi chekuti mamwe hurumende kunze kweyeUnited States akaitawo zvakaipa. Asina nheyo zvinyorwa zvehurumende yeUS kukwereta kwezvakasiyana zvinotyisa kubva kuhurumende dzeNazi neJapan. Asi kwete chete isu hatigone kuwana humboo hwehurumende yeUS ichitsvaga kupenga uku nekuti maSoviet vakatanga kuita izvi, asi isu tinowana humbowo hwehurumende yeUS ichigadzira izvi zvombo zvakaipa uye kutsvaga kuita kuti vaSoviet vazvizive, kunyangwe kunyengedza vaSoviet kutenda kuti United States yaive nehunyanzvi haina kuzviitira kukurudzira, uye pamwe zvakashata, Soviet Investment muBW.
Imwe yemafaro andinofarira ekubhadhara mutero kuUS yandakadzidza nezvayo mubhuku iri - imwe sekuziva kwangu haina kunge yamboshandiswa - yaive yekuisa teeny madiki napalm vheti pamabhuru, ndovatumira kunogara pasi pemakamuri edzimba. , kwavaizopfuta moto. Changamire ini ndinofarira mabara aya nekuti ndinofunga anogona kuita yakanaka kutsiva mascot eWashington Redskins.
Baker anoratidza, zvisiri nyore, kuti kupokana nekushandiswa kwezvombo zvehupenyu uye zvemakemikari muhondo yeVietnam zvinogumisa zvirongwa zvakadaro muUnited States, kana zvirinani zvakadzora zvakanyanya. Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kunge ichokwadi. Asi vaenda here? Baker anotiudza kuti Fort Dietrich aka "dzokororwazve" pakutsvagirwa gomarara - zvichireva ongororo yekudzivirira gomarara, kwete kupararira kwegomarara. Asi ndizvo here? Chirwere chechigwadara chinobatsira pakutsvagisa gomarara Hurumende yeUS yakagadziridzwa here? Kuita America Yakakura Zvekare haisi dhiraivha yekumutsiridza ese akashata mamiriro ema1950?
Baker akajeka kwazvo mubhuku iri pane izvo zvaanoziva uye kuti anozviziva sei, uye ndedzipi mhedziso dzinogona kudhonzwa neiyo degree rechokwadi. Saka, zvakaoma kutaura kuti anowana chero chakaipa. Asi panogona kunge paine zvinhu zvishoma. Anoti chirongwa chikuru chekuuraya chakambofungidzirwa kuti yaive zano reNazi kuuraya maJuda, uye chechipiri yaive chirongwa cheUS chakavanzika chekuparadza maguta eJapan. Asi hurongwa hwaHitler hwekurwa hwakakura kupfuura zvaitarisirwa uye akazadzisa rufu zvirongwa zvake zvevaJudha. Kunyangwe Kuurayiwa chaiko kwakasanganisira mamirioni evabatwa vasiri vaJudha. Uye, kutora muenzaniso mumwe wechirongwa chakakura kwazvo chekuuraya, Daniel Ellsberg anotiudza kuti US yenyukireya hurongwa hwekupindura kune chero kurwiswa kweSoviet kwaitarisirwa kuuraya chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu vese.
Ini ndinofunga Baker akakanganisawo paakatsanangura hondo seyinosanganisira kuuraya kwevanhu vangadai vaine mamwe mabasa ehurumende - kunze kwemauto nevatyairi nevatyairi. Ndinovenga kuunza izvi, nekuti chirevo chaBaker chine simba, kunyangwe nhetembo, asi vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa muhondo vanhuwo zvavo vasina mabasa ehurumende zvachose, uye ruzhinji rwevanhu veUS vanotenda manyepo kuti vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa muhondo varwi. Uye zvakare, vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa muhondo dzeUS vari kune rimwe divi rehondo, uye vanhu vazhinji muUnited States vanotenda manyepo kuti vakaurawa veUS vanoumba huwandu hwevakauraiwa muhondo dzeUS. Kunyangwe mamamenari eUS anofa muhondo dzeUS pamitengo yakakwira kupfuura nhengo dzechiuto dzeUS, asi iwo maviri akasanganiswa anoita chikamu chidiki chevakafa. Saka, ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti isu tirege kuwana izvi zvisirizvo.
Asina nheyo inosanganisira akawanda ma tangents, ese iwo akakosha. Pane rimwe razvo tinodzidza kuti US Library yeCongress microfilmed ndokukanda huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakadhindwa kuti zviitire nzvimbo yekutsvagisa kweUS Air Force - kutsvagisa zvinangwa zvekubhomba pasi rese - zvese kuitira kubatsira Mhepo Kumanikidza kubiridzira mutemo wekuti vangani vagari vangangoshandisa. Raibhurari yeCongress yaive nemauto kuita basa izvozvi zvashandisirwa neGoogle Mepu, uye iro basa roga rinofanirwa kutiita kuti tifungisise zvakakosha hurumende yeUS. Kugona kwemauto eUS kutenga mamwe mamishinari ehurumende pazvinenge zvichidikanwa ndechimwe chikonzero chekufambisa marori akakura emari kubva mairi kuenda kuzvinhu zvinehunhu.
