NaJohn Scales Avery, May 21, 2019
Musi weMuvhuro, 13 May 2019, New York Times yakatumira nyaya ine musoro unoti "White House Review Military Plans Against Iran. in Echoes of Iraq War ". Kunze kwekutakura ndege uye mamwe mauto ehondo akatotumira kuPersian Gulf, zvirongwa zvinosanganisira kutumira vakawanda sevarwi veS120,000 US kunyika. Pane dambudziko guru rekuti kurwisa kweIranesi kunogona kuparadzaniswa neGulf-of-Tonkin-sechitendero chenhema chiitiko chinosanganisira zvikepe zveSaudi mafuta.
Musi weSvondo, 19 May, Donald Trump vakatumira shoko rokuti: "Kana Iran inoda kurwisana, iyo ichava mugumo wepamusoro weIran. Usambofa utyisidzira United States zvakare! "Haana kureva kuti sei kana kuti Iran yaizotyisidzira sei US.
Nei mukana wekurwisa kwemauto kuIran uchinyanya kunetseka? Hondo yakadaro yaizokanganisa zvachose iyo yatove-isina kugadzikana Middle East. MuPakistan, kusakurumbira kwemubatanidzwa weUS-Israel-Saudi, pamwe nekurangarira hutsinye hwakawanda, zvinogona kutungamira mukuparadzwa kwehurumende yePakistan isina kusimba, ichiisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan mumaoko asiri ehurumende. Russia neChina, vabatsiri venguva refu veIran, vanogonawo kukweverwa mukukonana. Pangave nenjodzi huru yekukwira kuita hondo yenyukireya izere.
Iran ndiyo nyika ine rugare asi yakagara ichirwiswa
Iran ine hupfumi hwekare uye hwakanaka hwakatangira muna 7000 BC, pakatangwa guta reShushani. Kumwe kwekunyora kwekutanga kwatinoziva, kwakatangira kubva kungangoita 3,000 BC, kwakashandiswa neveElamite budiriro padyo neSusa. MaIran anhasi vakangwara uye vane tsika, uye vane mukurumbira wekugamuchira vaeni, rupo uye mutsa kune vausingazive. Kwemazana emakore, maIranani vakaita mipiro yakawanda kusainzi, hunyanzvi uye zvinyorwa, uye kwemazana emakore havana kurwisa chero vavakidzani vavo. Zvakangodaro, kwezana ramakore rapfuura, ivo ndivo vakave varwi vekurwiswa kwekunze uye kupindira, mazhinji acho anga ari hukama hwepedyo nemafuta eIran negasi zviwanikwa. Yekutanga yeiyi yakaitika munguva ya1921-1925, apo mubatanidzwa wakatsigirwa neBritish wakapidigura imba yeQajar ndokuitsiva naReza Shah.
Reza Shah (1878-1944) akatanga basa rake saReza Khan, mukuru weuto. Nemhaka yekuchenjera kwake kwakakurumidza akamuka kuti ave mutungamiriri we Tabriz Brigade wePersian Cossacks. Muna 1921, Gavhuna Edmond Ironside, uyo akarayira hondo yeBrithani yevarume ve6,000 kurwisana neBolshevik iri kuchamhembe kwePezsia, yakagadzira hurumende (yaibhadharwa neBritain) iyo Reza Khan inotungamirira 15,000 Cossacks kumusoro. Akaparadza hurumende, uye akava mushumiri wehondo. Hurumende yeBritain yakatsigira kubata uku nokuti yakadavira kuti mutungamiriri akasimba aidiwa muIran kukunda vaBolshevik. Muna 1923, Reza Khan akakunda Qajar Dynasty, uye mu1925 akave korona saReza Shah, achitora zita rokuti Pahlavi.
Reza Shah akatenda kuti aive nebasa rekuvandudza Iran, nenzira imwecheteyo iyo Kamil Ata Turk yaakavandudza Turkey. Munguva yake yemakore gumi nematanhatu yekutonga muIran, migwagwa yakawanda yakavakwa, iyo Trans-Iranian Railway yakavakwa, maIran mazhinji akatumirwa kunodzidza kuMadokero, Yunivhesiti yeTehran yakavhurwa, uye nhanho dzekutanga dzekuvandudza kwemaindasitiri dzakatorwa. Zvisinei, nzira dzaReza Shah dzimwe nguva dzaive dzakaomarara.
Muna 1941, Germany payakapinda muRussia, Iran yakaramba isina kwayakarerekera, pamwe ichizendamira zvishoma kudivi reGerman. Zvisinei, Reza Shah ainyatsoshora Hitler kuti ape kuchengetedzeka muIran kuvapoteri vanobva kuNazi. Kutya kuti maGerman anowana kutonga kweminda yemafuta yeAbadan, uye ichida kushandisa Trans-Iranian Railway kuunza zvekushandisa kuRussia, Britain yakapinda Iran kubva kumaodzanyemba musi waAugust 25, 1941. Panguva imwecheteyo, mauto eRussia akapinda munyika kubva kuchamhembe. Reza Shah akakumbira Roosevelt kuti abatsirwe, achitsanangura kusarerekera kweIran, asi zvakashaya basa. Musi waGunyana 17, 1941, akamanikidzwa kuenda muhunhapwa, akatsiviwa nemwanakomana wake, Crown Prince Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Vaviri Britain neRussia vakavimbisa kubuda muIran Hondo ichangopera. Munguva yasara yeHondo Yenyika II, kunyangwe Shah nyowani aingove mutongi weIran, nyika yaitongwa nemauto akabatana.
Reza Shah, aive nepfungwa yakasimba yekutumwa, uye akanzwa kuti yaiva basa rake kugadzirisa Iran. Akapfuura nepfungwa iyi yekutumwa kumwanakomana wake, wechidiki Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Dambudziko rinorwadza reurombo raive pose pose richionekwa, uye zvose Reza Shah nemwanakomana wake vakaona kuve kwezuva reIrish senzira chete yekugumisa urombo.
Muna 1951, Mohammad Mosaddegh akazova Prime Minister weIran kuburikidza nesarudzo dzezvematongerwe enyika. Akanga aibva kumhuri yakagadzirirwa zvikuru uye aigona kutevera baba vake kudzokera kumasaha emhuri yeKajar. Pakati pezvakawanda zvekugadzirisa zvakaitwa naMosaddegh kwaive kuve kwekutonga kweAnglo-Iranian Oil Zvinhu zvekambani muIran. Nekuda kweizvi, iyo AIOC (iyo yakazove British Petroleum), yakakurudzira hurumende yeBritain kuti itsigire kubvuta muchivande kwaizopidigura Mosaddegh. VaBritish vakakumbira Mutungamiri weUS Eisenhower neCIA kuti vabatane neM16 mukuita coup, vachiti kuti Mosaddegh yaimiririra kutyisidzira kwechiKomonisiti (nharo inonakidza, tichifunga nezveMosaddegh's aristocracy kumashure). Eisenhower akabvuma kubatsira Britain mukuita coup, uye zvakaitika muna 1953. Saka Shah akawana simba rakazara pamusoro peIran.
Chinangwa chokuvandudza Iran uye kupedza urombo hwakagamuchirwa senheyo inenge iri-yakatsaurwa nehuduku Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, uye ndicho chaiva chinangwa che White White yake yeVulgator mu1963, iyo yakawanda yenyika yaiva yevamani venyika uye korona rakaparidzirwa kune vagari vomunharaunda isina miti. Zvisinei, White Revolution yakatsamwisa zvose zvidzidzo zvekugara kwepasi uye vafundisi, uye zvakashora kupikiswa kwakasimba. Pakubata nekupikisa uku, maitiro eH Shahs aive akaoma zvikuru, sezvakanga zvakaita madzibaba ake. Nemhaka yekuparadzaniswa kunoitwa nemaitiro ake akashata, uye nekuda kwesimba rinokura revashori vake, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi rakakundwa muIrish Revolution ye1979. Kuchinja kwe1979 kwaive kwakakonzerwa nehurumende yeBritish-America ye1953.
Mumwe anogona zvakare kutaura kuti iyo yekumadokero, panguva iyo Shah Reza nemwanakomana wake yainanga, yakaburitsa anti-kumadokero maitiro pakati pezvinhu zvinochengetedza zvevanhu veIran. Iran "yaidonha pakati pezvigaro zviviri", kune rimwe divi tsika dzekumadokero uye nekune rimwe divi tsika yenyika. Yakaratidzika kunge iri pakati nepakati, isiri yavo. Pakupedzisira muna 1979 vafundisi vechiIslam vakakunda uye Iran yakasarudza tsika.
Zvichakadaro, muna 1963 iyo US yakanga yatsigira muchivande kupidigura kwemauto kuIraq kwakaunza Saddam Hussein Ba'ath Party kutonga. Muna 1979, apo Shah yekuIran yekumadokero yakaparadzwa, United States yakatora hutongi hweShi'ite hwakamutsiva sekutyisidzira kugovera kwemafuta kubva kuSaudi Arabia. Washington yakaona Iraq yaSaddam sedziviriro kurwisa hurumende yeShi'ite yeIran iyo yaifungidzirwa kunge iri kutyisidzira kugoverwa kwemafuta kubva kumatunhu eAmerica akadai seKuwait neSaudi Arabia.
Muna 1980, vakakurudzirwa kuita saizvozvo nekuti Iran yakarasikirwa nehurumende yavo yeUnited States, hurumende yaSaddam Hussein yakarwisa Iran. Ichi chakanga chiri kutanga kwehondo yakazara neropa uye inoparadza iyo yakagara kwemakore masere, ichipa vanenge mamiriyoni vakaurayiwa pamarudzi maviri. Irak yakashandisa zvose masayadhi gasi uye magetsi emagetsi Tabun naSarin vachirwisa Iran, mukuputsa Geneva Protocol.
Kurwiswa kuripo kuIran, chaiko uye kutyisidzirwa, kune zvimwe zvakafanana nehondo yakatarwa neIraq iyo yakatangwa neUnited States muna 2003. Muna 2003, kurwiswa uku kwakakurudzirwa nekutyisidzirwa kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaizogadzirwa, asi chaicho Chinangwa chaive nechokuita nechishuwo chekutonga nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvepeturuamu zveIraq, uye nekutya kwakanyanya kweIsrael pakuva nemuvakidzani ane simba uye ane hasha. Saizvozvowo, hegemony pamusoro pemafuta akakura uye gasi akachengetedzwa eIran inogona kuonekwa seimwe yezvikonzero zvikonzero nei United States parizvino ichidhimoni Iran, uye izvi zvinosanganisirwa nekutya kweIsrael kunenge kuri kutya kukuru kweIran hombe uye ine simba. Tichitarisa kumashure "akabudirira" 1953 coup kurwisa Mosaddegh, Israel neUnited States pamwe vanofunga kuti masanctions, kutyisidzira, kuponda uye zvimwe zvinomanikidza zvinogona kukonzera shanduko yehutongi iyo ichaunza hurumende inoteerera kutonga muIran - hurumende ichagamuchira. US hegemony. Asi hukasha hwekutaura, kutyisidzira uye kudenha zvinogona kukwira kuita hondo izere.
Ini handidi kuratidza kubvumidzwa kweiyo Iran hurumende yekutonga. Nekudaro, vanhu vane mutsa, vane tsika uye vane hushamwari vanhu veIran havana kukodzera zvinotyisa zvehondo. Ivo havana kukodzera kutambura uko kwakatounzwa pavari. Uyezve, chero kushandiswa kwechisimba kunoitirwa Iran kunenge kuri kupenga uye mhosva. Sei uchipenga? Nekuti hupfumi hwazvino hweUS nepasi rose haugone kutsigira kumwe kupokana kukuru; nekuti Middle East yatove nharaunda yakanetsekana; uye nekuti hazvigoneke kufanotaura kukura kwehondo iyo, kana ikangotanga, inogona kukura ikava Hondo Yenyika yechitatu, zvichipa chokwadi chekuti Iran yakabatana zvakanyanya neRussia neChina Sei tsotsi? Nekuti mhirizhonga yakadai ingatyora zvese UN Charter neNuremberg Nheyo. Iko hakuna tariro zvachose kune ramangwana kunze kwekunge isu tichishandira nyika ine runyararo, inotongwa nemutemo wepasi rese, pane nyika inotyisa ine masimba ane hutsinye anotonga.
References
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- James Risen, Nhoroondo dzeNhoroondo: CIA muIrish, The New York Times, April 16, (2000).
- Mark Gasiorowski naMalcolm Byrne, Mohammad Mosaddegh uye 1953 Kurambana muIran, National Security Archive, June 22, (2004).
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