Sezvo US Inotumira Vatorwa Vakatenderedza, Ken Burns Anoti Ari Kuzotaura Chokwadi nezve Holocaust.

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2022

Inguva ino here, apo United States iri kutumira vatorwa senge marara enyukireya, inguva yakakodzera yekuti Ken Burns nePBS vataure chokwadi nezveUS uye Holocaust? Vakataura izvozvo nezveVietnam zvakare. (Heino wongororo yangu yakasanganiswa.)

Hongu, ndinotarisira kudzidza zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva kubva kuBurns nekambani, uye ndisingazviti ndinoziva zvose, asi pane zvandinoziva, izvi ndizvo zvandingaita kuti firimu rake rekupedzisira ribatanidze kana ndine simba (asi ndichashamiswa kana zvinoita):

(Yakatorwa kubva Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure.)

 Dai iwe waizoteerera kune vanhu vachiruramisa WWII nhasi, uye kushandisa WWII kururamisa inotevera 75 makore ehondo uye gadziriro yehondo, chinhu chekutanga chaungatarisira kuwana mukuverenga pamusoro peiyo WWII chaicho chaizove hondo inokurudzirwa nekudiwa kwe ponesa maJuda kubva kuhuwandu hwekuuraya. Pachave nemifananidzo yakare yezvikwangwani naSekuru Sam vachinongedzera munwe wavo, vachiti "Ndinoda kuti mununure maJuda!"

Muchokwadi, hurumende yeUS neBritain vakaita makore mumisangano mikuru yekuparadzira kuvaka rutsigiro rwehondo asi havana kana kumbotaura nezvekuponesa maJuda.[I] Uye isu tinoziva zvakakwana nezve zvemukati mehurumende hurukuro kuti tizive kuti kuponesa maJuda (kana chero munhu upi zvake) kwaisave kurudziro yakavanzika yakachengetwa yakavanzwa kubva kune veruzhinji vema antisemite (uye dai zvaive, demokrasi ingadai yakave muhondo huru yedemokrasi?). Saka, ipapo ipapo takatarisana nedambudziko rekuti kururamisa kwakakurumbira kweWWII hakuna kugadzirwa kutozosvikira WWII.

Sangano reUnited States rekubuda kwevanhu munyika, rakagadzirwa zvakanyanya nemaantisemitic eugenicists vakaita saHarry Laughlin - ivo pachavo masosi ekurudziro kumaNazi eugenicists - zvakanyanyisa kudzora kubvumirwa kwemaJuda kuUnited States Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga uye mukati.[Ii]

Bumbiro reNazi Germany kwemakore yaive yekutevera kudzingwa kwemaJuda, kwete kuuraya kwavo. Hurumende dzepasi rese dzakaitisa misangano yeruzhinji kuti dzikurukure kuti ndiyani achagamuchira maJuda, uye hurumende idzodzo - nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakavhurika uye zvisinganyadzise vanopokana - vakaramba kuramba vanotambudzwa nevaNazi. Hitler akaridza pachena kuramba uku sechibvumirano nehukuru hwake uye sekurudziro yekuwedzera.

Mu Évian-les-Baines, France, muna Chikunguru 1938, kuedza kwekutanga kwenyika dzese kwakaitwa, kana kuti kunyepedzera, kudzikisira chimwe chinhu chakajairika mumakumi emakore apfuura: dambudziko revapoteri. Dambudziko raive kubata kwevaNazi kwemaJuda. Vamiriri vemarudzi makumi matatu nemaviri nemasangano makumi matanhatu nenomwe, pamwe nevatori venhau mazana maviri vaitaura nezvechiitiko ichi, vainyatsoziva nezvechishuwo chevaNazi chekudzinga maJuda ese kuGerman neAustria, uye vachiziva kuti dambudziko rakavamirira kana vasina kudzingwa raizoenda ave rufu. Sarudzo yemusangano yaive yekusiira maJuda kumhedzisiro yavo. (Costa Rica chete neDominican Republic yakawedzera huwandu hwavo hwekupinda

Mutumwa weAustralia TW White akati, pasina kubvunza vanhu vekuAustralia: "Sezvo tisina dambudziko rezvemadzinza, hatidi kutumira imwe."[Iii]

Mutongi weDominican Republic akaona vaJudha senzvimbo dzakanaka, sekuunza kuchena kune nyika ine vanhu vakawanda veAfrica. Nyika yakagadzirirwa kurutivi rweva100,000 vaJudha, asi vashoma kupfuura 1,000 vakambosvika.[Iv]

Hitler akange ataura apo musangano weÉvian wainge wakumbirwa: "Ini ndinogona kungotarisira uye kutarisira kuti imwe nyika, iyo inonzwira tsitsi zvikuru matsotsi aya [maJuda], ichave nerupo zvakakwana kuti ishandure tsitsi idzi dziite rubatsiro runoshanda. Isu, kudivi redu, takagadzirira kuisa matsotsi aya pasi penyika idzi, kune zvese zvandinotarisira, kunyangwe pazvikepe zvepamusoro. ”[V]

Kutevera musangano, muna Mbudzi wa1938, Hitler akawedzera kurwisa kwake maJuda Kristallnacht kana Crystal Night - husiku husiku hwakarongwa nehurumende, ichiparadza nekupisa zvitoro zvechiJuda nemasinagoge, panguva iyo vanhu zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu vakaendeswa kumisasa yevasungwa. Achitaura muna Ndira 25,000, 30, Hitler akataura kururamiswa kwezviito zvake kubva pamhedzisiro yeMusangano weAvia:

"Chinhu chinonyadzisa kuona kuti nyika yezvematongerwo enyika iri kuwedzera tsitsi kune varombo vanotambudzwa vanhu vechiJuda, asi inoramba iine moyo wakaomarara uye isingateereri kana zvasvika pakuvabatsira - zvinova chokwadi, nekuda kwemaonero ayo, basa riri pachena . Nharo dzinounzwa sezvikonzero zvekusavabatsira ivo vanotaura isu maGerman nemaItari. Nekuti izvi ndizvo zvavanotaura:

"1. 'Isu,' ndiwo mademokrasi, 'hatikwanise kutora maJuda.' Zvakadaro muumambo uhwu hamuna kana vanhu gumi kukwere kiromita. Ipo Germany, nevagari vayo 135 kusvika kukwerekwere kiromita, inofanirwa kuve nenzvimbo yavo!

“2. Ivo vanotivimbisa: Hatigone kuvatora kunze kwekunge Germany yakagadzirira kuvabvumidza huwandu hwemari kuti vauye navo sevatorwa. ”^[vi]

Dambudziko paÉvian raive, zvinosuruvarisa, kwete kusaziva chirongwa cheNazi, asi kutadza kuisa pamberi pekuzvidzivirira. Izvi zvakaramba zviri dambudziko kuburikidza nehondo. Yakanga iri dambudziko rakawanikwa mune vese vezvematongerwo enyika uye mune veruzhinji pazere.

Mazuva mashanu mushure meCrystal Night, Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt vakati vari kurangarira mumiriri kuGerman uye kuti ruzhinji pfungwa dzave "dzakatyamadzwa zvikuru." Haana kushandisa izwi rekuti “maJuda.” Mutori wenhau akabvunza kana pese pasi pano paigona kugamuchira maJuda mazhinji kubva kuGerman. "Kwete," akadaro Roosevelt. "Nguva haisati yakwana iyoyo." Mumwe mutori wenhau akabvunza kana Roosevelt achizorodza zvirango zvekupinda kwevapoteri vechiJuda. "Izvo hazvisi mukufungisisa," mutungamiri wenyika vakapindura.[vii] Roosevelt akaramba kutsigira chikwereti chevapoteri muvana muna 1939, icho chingadai chakatendera maJuda zviuru makumi maviri pasi pemakore gumi nemana kuti vapinde muUnited States, uye hazvina kubuda mukomiti.[viii]

Nepo vazhinji muUnited States, sekune imwe nzvimbo, vakaedza zvinehunyanzvi kununura maJuda kubva kumaNazi, kusanganisira nekuzvipira kuvapinza mukati, ruzhinji rwemaonero rwakange rusinavo.

Muna Chikunguru 1940, Adolf Eichmann, akaronga mukurusa chibairo, aida kutumira maJuda ese kuMadagascar, iyo zvino yaive yeGerman, France yainge yagara. Ngarava dzaizofanira kumirira chete kudzamara maBritish, izvo zvino zvaireva Winston Churchill, apedza blockade yavo. Zuva iri harina kuzombouya.[ix]

Munyori weBritain wekune dzimwe nyika Anthony Eden akasangana munaKurume 27, 1943, muWashington, DC, naRabbi Stephen Wise naJoseph M. Proskauer, gweta rakakurumbira uye aimbova New York State Supreme Court Justice uyo panguva iyoyo aishanda seMutungamiriri weAmerican Jewish Committee. Akachenjera naProskauer vakaronga kuenda kunaHitler kuti vabudise maJuda. Edheni yakaramba pfungwa iyi se "zvisingaiti zvisingaiti."[x] Asi zuva rimwe chetero, sekureva kweUS State department, Edheni akaudza Secretary of State Cordell Hull chimwe chinhu chakasiyana.

"Hull akasimudza mubvunzo wevaJudha zviuru makumi matanhatu kana makumi manomwe vari muBulgaria uye vari kutyisidzirwa nekuparadzwa kunze kwekunge tavagona kuvaburitsa uye, nekuchimbidza, vakadzvanya Edeni kuti vawane mhinduro kuchinetso ichi. Edheni rakapindura kuti dambudziko rese remaJuda muEurope rakaoma zvikuru uye kuti tinofanirwa kufamba takangwarira nezvekupa kutora maJuda ese kunze kwenyika seBulgaria. Kana tikadaro, ipapo maJuda epasirese vachange vachida kuti isu tiite zvakafanana zvipo muPoland neGerman. Hitler angangotitorera kupihwa kupihwa kupi kwakadaro uye hapana zvikepe zvakakwana uye nzira dzekufambisa munyika dzinozvibata. ”[xi]

Churchill akabvuma. "Kunyangwe isu taifanira kuwana mvumo yekubvisa maJuda ese," akanyora achipindura tsamba imwe yekuteterera, "zvekutakura zvega zvinounza dambudziko rinozonetsa kugadzirisa." Hazvina kukwana kutumira uye kutakura? Pahondo yeDunkirk, maBritish anga aburitsa varume vangasvika mazana matatu nemakumi mana nemakumi mapfumbamwe mazuva. Mauto Emuchadenga eUS aive nezviuru zvakawanda zvendiza nyowani. Munguva kunyange yekupfupisa ruoko, iyo US neBritish vaigona kuve nendege uye kutakura huwandu hukuru hwevapoteri kunzvimbo yakachengeteka.[xii]

Haasi munhu wese aive akabatikana kwazvo kurwa hondo. Kunyanya kubva mukupera kwa1942, vazhinji muUnited States neBritain vakaraira kuti chimwe chinhu chiitwe. Musi waKurume 23, 1943, Archbishop weCanterbury akateterera neImba yeMadzishe kuti vabatsire maJuda ekuEurope. Nekudaro, hurumende yeBritain yakurudzira kuhurumende yeUS mumwe musangano wavose kuti vakurukure zvingaitwe kuti vabudise maJuda kubva kumarudzi asina kwaakarerekera. Asi Hofisi yeBritain yekune dzimwe nyika yaityira kuti vaNazi vanogona kushandira pamwe muzvirongwa zvakadaro kunyangwe vasina kumbobvunzwa, vachinyora: Hondo isati yatanga pakunyadzisa dzimwe nyika nekuvafukidza nevatorwa vatorwa. ”[xiii]

Kunetsekana apa kwaive kusiri nekuponesa hupenyu zvakanyanya sekudzivirira kunyadziswa uye kusagadzikana kwekuchengetedza hupenyu.

Mukupedzisira, avo vakasara vari vapenyu mumisasa yevasungwa vakasunungurwa - kunyangwe muzviitiko zvakawanda kwete nekukurumidza, kwete sechinhu chero chinokosheswa. Vamwe vasungwa vaichengetwa mumisasa yevasungwa inotyisa kusvika munaGunyana 1946. General George Patton akakurudzira kuti hapana munhu anofanirwa "kutenda kuti Munhu Akabviswa muvanhu munhu, asiri iye, uye izvi zvinonyanya kushanda kumaJuda ari pasi pe mhuka. ” Mutungamiri Harry Truman vakabvuma panguva iyoyo kuti "isu tinobata maJuda nenzira imwecheteyo zvakaitwa nevaNazi, kunze kwekuti isu hativauraye."[xiv]

Ehe, kunyangwe zvaive izvo zvaisave kuwedzeredza, kusauraya vanhu chinhu chakakosha kunze. United States yaive nehunhu hwefascist asi haina kutera kwadziri sezvakaitwa neGerman. Asi kana paive pasina chero mari yekunze-R Resistance crusade yekuponesa avo vanotyisidzirwa nefascism - kwete kudivi rehurumende yeUS, kwete kune iyo US huru.

ZVINYORWA:

[I] Muchokwadi, iyo Ministry yeBritain yePropaganda yakaita danho rekurega kutaura nezvemaJuda pavaikurukura vakauraiwa nevaNazi. Ona Walter Laqueuer, Chakavanzika chinotyisa: Kubvisa Chokwadi pamusoro pe "Solution Yekupedzisira" yaHitler. Boston: Mudiki, Brown, 1980, p. 91. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 368.

[Ii] Harry Laughlin akapupura muna 1920 kuKomiti yeImba inoona nezvekupinda kwevanhu munyika uye Naturalization muUnited States Congress kuti kutama kwevaJudha nevekuItaly kwaikuvadza chimiro chemujaho. "Kukundikana kwedu kuronga vanobva kune dzimwe nyika nekuda kwekukosha kwechisikigo njodzi yakakomba yenyika," Laughlin akanyevera. Sachigaro weKomiti Albert Johnson akagadza Laughlin kuve Expert Eugenics Mumiriri. Laughlin akatsigira Johnson-Reed Immigration Act ya1924, iyo yairambidza kutama kubva kuAsia uye kudzikisira kutama kubva kuSouthern neEastern Europe. Uyu mutemo wakagadzira huwandu hwakavakirwa pavanhu ve1890 US. Kubva ikozvino, vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika vaisakwanisa kungoonekwa kuEllis Island asi vaizofanira kuwana mavhiza kumamishinari eU.S.kunze. Ona Rachel Gur-Arie, The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, "Harry Hamilton Laughlin (1880-1943)," Zvita 19, 2014, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/harry-hamilton-laughlin-1880-1943 Onawo Andrew J. Skerritt, Tallahassee Democrat, "'Irresistible Tide' inotarisisa kutarisa mutemo weAmerica wekuenda kune dzimwe nyika | Kuongorora Bhuku, ”Nyamavhuvhu 1, 2020, https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/2020/08/01/irresistible-tide-takes-unflinching-look-americas-immigration-policy/5550977002 Iyi nyaya yakafukidzwa mufirimu yePBS "Chiitiko cheAmerica: Iyo Eugenics Crusade," Gumiguru 16, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade Nezve maitiro akafurira maNazi, ona Chitsauko 4 che Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure.

[Iii] Holocaust Educational Trust, 70 Manzwi: Vanotambudzwa, Vanokanganisa, uye Vanomira, "Sezvo Tisina Dambudziko Rerudzi," Ndira 27, 2015, http://www.70voices.org.uk/content/day55

[Iv] Lauren Levy, Jewish Virtual Library, chirongwa cheAmerican-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, "Dominican Republic Inopa Sosua senzvimbo yevapoteri vechiJuda," https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/dominican-republic-as-haven-for-jewish -vapoteri Onawo Jason Margolis, The World, "Dominican Republic yakatora vapoteri vechiJuda vaitiza Hitler uku nyika 31 dzakatarisa kure," Mbudzi 9, 2018, https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-11-09/ Dominican-republic-yakatora-maJuda-vapoteri-vanotiza-kurova-vachiri-31-nyika-dzakatarisa

[V] Ervin Birnbaum, "Evian: Musangano Unonyanya Kufadza Wenguva Dzese mu Nhoroondo yechiJuda," Chikamu II, http://www.acpr.org.il/nativ/0902-birnbaum-E2.pdf

[vi] Zionism neIsrael - Duramazwi reEncyclopedic, "Musangano weEvian," http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Evian_conference.htm

[vii] Franklin D. Roosevelt, Mapepa eruzhinji uye Kero dzaFranklin D. Roosevelt, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1938-1950) vol. 7, mapeji 597-98. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 101.

[viii] David S. Wyman, Mapepa Masvingo: America uye Refugee Dambudziko, 1938-1941 (Amherst: Yunivhesiti yeMassachusetts Press, 1968), peji. 97. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 116.

[ix] Christopher Browning, Iyo nzira ku Kuuraya vanhu vazhinji (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), mapeji 18-19. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 233.

[x] Lucy S. Dawidowicz, "maAmerican maJuda nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vazhinji," New York Times, April 18, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/18/magazine/american-jews-and-the-holocaust.html

[xi] Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUnited States, Hofisi yeMunyori, "Memorandamu yeKutaurirana, naVaHarry L. Hopkins, Special Assistant to President Roosevelt 55," Kurume 27, 1943, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23

[xii] War Hapasisinazve: Makumi matatu emakore eAmerican Antiwar uye Kunyora Runyararo, rakagadziriswa naLawrence Rosendwald (Raibhurari yeAmerica, 2016).

[xiii] PBS Chiitiko cheAmerica: "Musangano weBermuda," https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/holocaust-bermuda

[xiv] Jacques R. Pauwels, Nhema yeHondo Yakanaka: America muChipiri Nyika Hondo (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 36.