Vanhu vanoita kuratidzira muNago, Okinawa Prefecture, vachipokana nenzvimbo yakarongwa yekutamiswa kwenzvimbo yakakosha yemauto eUS kunharaunda yeguta remahombekombe eHenoko muna Zvita 3, 2019. Mufananidzo: Kyodo kuburikidza neAP Images
naMaia Hibbet, The Intercept, September 9, 2022
Bill Clinton akavimbisa kuvhara hwaro muna 1996. Asi zvirongwa zvekuvaka kwakawanda uye kutarisa kwakakwirira paPacific zvakaisa zvitsuwa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu panjodzi nekusingaperi.
MUMWE APRIL MASIKATI muTokyo, mutungamiri weUS akaita chivimbiso chinogamuchirwa chekudzikisa kuvepo kwemauto ake muOkinawa. Nhengo nhatu dzebasa reUS dzakabata chibharo musikana weOkinawan ane makore gumi nemaviri munaGunyana apfuura, uye vagari veko vakashatirwa vaive vapedza mwedzi vachipokana netiweki yenzvimbo yeUS yedunhu reJapan.
"Apo Prime Minister akatikumbira kuti tifunge nezvekunetseka kwevanhu veOkinawa uye ini ndakazivana navo, semugumisiro wezvimwe zvezviitiko zvisingafadzi zvaunonyatsoziva nezvazvo," akati Mutungamiri Bill Clinton, vakamira padivi neMutungamiriri weJapan Ryutaro Hashimoto, muhurukuro yaApril 1996, "zvakandinetsa kuti zvinhu izvi zvanga zvisati zvambogadziriswa izvozvi, nguva ino isati yasvika." Hutungamiri hwake hwakabvuma kuvhara Futenma Air Station, nzvimbo huru yeMarine Corps muguta rine vanhu vakawanda reOkinawan reGinowan, mukati memakore mashanu kusvika manomwe.
NeChipiri manheru muWashington, 87 Okinawan nemapoka emasangano epasi rose achatumira tsamba kuImba neSeneti Armed Services Committees, vachikurudzira Democratic Congress iri pasi peMutungamiri Joe Biden kuti pakupedzisira vavhare hwaro. Pave nemakore anopfuura makumi maviri nematanhatu kubva Clinton avimbisa kupera nekukurumidza kuFutenma Air Station, uye hurumende dzeJapan neUS dzakapedza makumi emakore dzichisundidzira zvirongwa zvekuparadza nharaunda zvekuvaka nekufambisa zvibodzwa kuti zvipere. Sezvo makore aifamba, zvichida yekufamba kwenguva kuvharwa kwaFutenma kwakasundidzira kubva pafungidziro dzekutanga 2001-03 kusvika 2025, kusvika 2035, kusvika 2040, kusvika - sekupokana kwevanyori vetsamba - chaizvo, hazviite.
Mufananidzo unoratidza Marine Corps Air Station Futenma muGinowan City, Okinawa Prefecture, muna Ndira 7, 2022. Mufananidzo: Yomiuri Shimbun via AP
Nepo vagari veOkinawan vakamirira, Futenma inoramba yakavhurika, uye veMarines vakamira ipapo vanoramba vachiita kuti kuvepo kwavo kuzivikanwe. Nzvimbo yakatenderedza yaona chikopokopo chemauto tsaona paOkinawa International University uye chidimbu cheimwe chinowira panzvimbo yeFutenma No. 2 chikoro chepuraimari. Ginowan nemamwe mataundi eOkinawan akawanikwa aine mvura yakasvibiswa kubva kumauto ane chepfu furo rekudzima moto uye mapaipi emafuta. Uye Futenma, kunyangwe iri padanho rekusundidzira kuvharwa, iri kure neiyo yega base yeUS inokonzeresa matambudziko: Okinawa, ine huremu hwepasi hunosvika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvehukuru hweRhode Island, ine makumi matatu nemaviri ekumisikidzwa kwemauto eUS.
Kubata ndeyekuti kuvhara hakusi kuvhara chaiko; ndiko kutamiswa. Mumeso ehurumende dzeUS neJapan, chirongwa chitsva chepasi, chinonzi Futenma Replacement Facility, kana kuti FRF, chinofanira kupedzwa Futenma isati yavhara. Kuti ipedze, hurumende yeJapan inofanirwa kurasa marara - akatorwa kubva at-times-controversial nzvimbo dziri mhiri kweJapan neOkinawa - muHenoko-Oura Bay, inzvimbo ine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana makiromita makumi maviri nematanhatu kubva kuFutenma. “Mumaonero ouinjiniya,” inodaro tsamba yacho, “hapana tarisiro yokuti chainotsanangura,” nzvimbo yokumhara panhandare yendege, “ichazombovakwa.” Kutevera ongororo ye geological yakaitwa nehurumende yeJapan, the seafloor iyo nzira yekufamba nendege yakatemerwa yaive inofungidzirwa "yakapfava semayonesi."
Yakasainwa nemasangano makumi mashanu nemaviri kubva kuOkinawa neJapan uye makumi matatu neshanu kubva kunze kwenyika, kusanganisira Asia Pacific American Labor Alliance, Center for Biological Diversity, uye CODEPINK, tsamba iyi inouya panguva yekusawirirana kwakanyanya pakati pemasimba akabatana neWestern uye China pamusoro pekuzvitonga kweTaiwan. Nekuda kwekuswedera kwayo pedyo neTaiwan, Okinawa - iyo mauto eUS anogara anotora 52 muzana yenzvimbo huru yechitsuwa chiripo - inoonekwa seyakakosha nzvimbo. Kuwedzera ivhu kuisa hwaro hutsva, kunofungidzirwa, kwakakosha kupikisa China; kungoisa pasi kusvika ku35 hakuna mubvunzo.
"Okinawa yaive yakakosha kunhoroondo yeTaiwan, uye kune pfungwa yekumanikidza kana kuve neChina," James Lin, munyori wenhoroondo wemazuva ano weTaiwan paYunivhesiti yeWashington, akaudza The Intercept. "Saka ndinofungidzira kuti kana paine mhirizhonga iyo Okinawa ingave yakanyanya kubatanidzwa."
Muna March, hurumende yeJapan Wapikisa Okinawa "nzvimbo yekurwa" muchiitiko chechiitiko cheTaiwan.
Mwedzi wapera, Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kweJapan Nobuo Kishi akaudza mutori wenhau kuti zvombo zvishanu zvekuChina zvinokandwa zvakamhara mu“nzvimbo yakasarudzika yeupfumi” yeJapan kekutanga. Makombi, akatumirwa kupindura kune gakava kushanya kuTaipei neMutauriri weImba Nancy Pelosi, anonzi akadzika mumvura kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweHateruma: chimwe chezvitsuwa zvekumaodzanyemba kweOkinawa Prefecture, anenge mamaira mazana matatu kubva kuchitsuwa chikuru uye hafu yedaro kubva kuTaiwan.
Mukati memwedzi uchangopfuura kubva, China yakaitisa mauto akawanda uye yakatemera zvirango zvehupfumi kuTaiwan, kurira drones uye ndege kuburikidza neTaiwanese airspace uye kurambidza kupinza uye kutumira kunze kwenyika michero yakasiyana-siyana, hove, nejecha sezita riri kuramba richiwedzera revakuru vakuru veUnited States vakaita nzendo kuchitsuwa chacho.
Rondedzero yevakashanyira vamwe vepamusoro-soro yakasanganisira Sens. Ed Markey, D-Mass., uye Marsha Blackburn, R-Tenn.; Reps. John Garamendi, D-Calif.; Don Beyer, D-Va.; Alan Lowenthal, D-Calif.; Aumua Amata Coleman; Radewagen, R-American Samoa; uye magavhuna eRepublican Eric Holcomb wekuIndiana naDoug Ducey wekuArizona. Nhumwa dzemukongiresi dzakanyanya kufarirwa muTaiwan, akadaro Lin, kunyangwe kushanya kwaPelosi "kwanga kuri nengozi uye kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya kuTaiwan, maererano nezvirango zvehupfumi, maererano nemiedzo yezvombo."
"Kusawirirana kuri kuwedzera pakati peUS neChina kwaita kuti vazhinji vedu muOkinawa tinzwe kugadzikana kugara pano," Hideki Yoshikawa, director weOkinawa Environmental Justice Project uye munyori anotungamira wetsamba, akanyora mune email kuThe Intercept. Kunyange achiedza kusava munhu anotyisa kana kusimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, Yoshikawa akati, "zvanga zvichiitika muUkraine kubva muna Kukadzi gore rino zvaita kuti tifunge zvakanyanya."
DYNAMIC PAKATI Japan neOkinawa munzira dzakawanda dzinoenderana nehukama hweUnited States neHawaii. Kufanana neiyo Pacific archipelago, Okinawa yakambotongwa nehumambo hwenzvimbo, inozivikanwa munyaya yeOkinawa seRyukyu Kingdom. Imperial Japan neChina dzakatamburira kutonga pamusoro peRyukyus, iyo yakatengeserana nehumambo huviri kwemazana emakore, kusvikira Japan yaitora muna 1879. Kubudirira kweJapan kukoloni kwakaita kuti chitsuwa chetani chakazova Okinawa dunhu rediki renyika, rakafanana nenyika yeUS. Mamwe maRyukyuans parizvino anoronga kudomwa sevanhu veMarudzi - izvo United Nations yakakurudzira kuti Japan ipe - asi hurumende yeJapan ichiri kuramba kuvaziva.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, Japan yakapa mauto ayo uye dunhu rekumaodzanyemba: Chisungo chitsva cherunyararo mubumbiro chakairambidza kuve neuto rine simba rekupara mhosva, uye Chibvumirano che1951 cheSan Francisco chakaisa Okinawa pasi peUS. hutungamiri hwehurumende. Achangopfuura makore makumi maviri gare gare, zvitsuwa zvakadzokera kuhutongi hweJapan, paine mamiriro ekuti US yaigona kuchengetedza mauto ega pamaneti ezvigadziko - zvakagadzirirwa se "nzira yekudzivisa" kurwisa China uye nzvimbo yekudzivirira yeJapan. Iye zvino, sezvo kusawirirana kunowedzera pamusoro peTaiwan, Okinawa inomira kuti igumise mumharadzano.
"Kana kurwisana kwemauto pakati pemasimba maviri makuru (US neChina), neJapan inobatanidzwa, ikaitika, zvingave nehurongwa kana netsaona, ndinotarisira, zvombo zvichabhururuka kubva kuChina (kana ngarava dzayo dzehondo nendege) kunorova US. mabhesi uye maJapan Self-Defense Forces base muOkinawa, "Yoshikawa akaudza The Intercept.
IUnited States yakabata mauto ayo muOkinawa pakati peyakamboita yakanyanya-kumanikidza chikamu chine chekuita neTaiwan: Munguva Yechitatu Taiwan Strait Dambudziko, hutungamiriri hwaClinton hwakaraira boka rezvikepe zvehondo zveUS kuti zvifambe kubva kuOkinawa zvichipfuura nemurwizi vachipindura nhevedzano yekuedzwa kwechikasha cheChinese. Kuitika pakati pa1995 na1996 - nekuguma kwayo nguva isati yavimbiswa kuvharwa kweFutenma base - yaive. hailed se "kuratidzwa kukuru kwesimba remauto eUS muAsia kubva Hondo yeVietnam" neBBC.
Mwedzi wapera, pazvitsitsinho zverwendo rwakasiyana rweUS congressional nzendo uye mhedzisiro yeChinese show yesimba, ngarava mbiri dzemauto eUS zvakare. sailed kuburikidza neTaiwan Strait. Hawks paCentre for Strategic and International Studies vane inonzi mamiriro ezvinhu azvino "The Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis."
Mufananidzo wemuchadenga unoratidza basa rekurasira ivhu panzvimbo yemahombekombe eHenoko muNago City, Okinawa Prefecture, musi waZvita 10, 2021. Henoko akasarudzwa senzvimbo yekutamiswa yeUS Air Station Futenma. Mufananidzo: Yomiuri Shimbun kuburikidza neAP
“HURUMENDE YEJAPAN iri kuwedzera kuedza kwayo kuronga chirongwa cheFRF murondedzero yekudzivirira kutyisidzira kubva kunyika dzakavakidzana, "Yoshikawa nevamwe vake vakasaina vakanyora mutsamba yavo. Asi "nekuziva kuri kuwedzera kwenyaya dzakapfava dzepasi pegungwa uye nekugoneka kwekuvaka kweFRF mubvunzo wakakomba, nharo dzeHurumende nezvekudzivirira uye zano harina chokwadi."
Chikumbiro chepakutanga chenzvimbo iyi chaizoda kuti hurumende izadze nzvimbo iyi - kumusha kune anopfuura zviuru zvishanu zvezvipenyu zvemumvura, kusanganisira iyo iri mungozi yekutsakatika yeOkinawa dugong, isingawanzo bhuruu coral colonies, uye akawanda emhando nyowani dzecrustacean. Akawanikwa muna 2009 chete - netsvina. Chikumbiro chazvino chinoda kunonzi basa rekusimbisa pasi, kana kutyaira kwembiru dzejecha dzakasungirirwa pasi pegungwa kuti isimbise kusimba kwayo uye kutsigira hwaro.
"Kunyangwe basa rekusimbisa pasi pegungwa riri kudzokorora kwakakosha kuhurongwa hwepakutanga, Okinawa Defense Bureau haina kunyatso ongorora kuchengetedzeka uye kugona kwekuvaka kwepasi," inodaro tsamba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Denny Tamaki, gavhuna weOkinawa prefecture - akatarisana nemakwikwi esarudzo. zvakanyanya kutarisisa iyo yekutanga chinyorwa musi waGunyana 11 - yakaramba ichiramba zvikumbiro zvekubvumidza mvumo yekuvakwa kwebhesi. Hurumende yeJapan yakaramba ichimutsiva.
Tsamba iyi inokumbirawo hurumende yeUS kuti imanikidzire Dhipatimendi reDziviriro kuburitsa pachena kuti, chaizvo, rakaziva nezvenyaya yepasi pegungwa uye kuburitsa mishumo yaro. Hurumende yeJapan haana kubvuma dambudziko iri kusvika muna 2019, zvisinei nekuti ongororo yejooloji yekuJapan yakazviwana muna 2015. Vaongorori pavakaedza simba raidiwa kutyaira spike pasi pegungwa, vakawana “kuti pachinzvimbo chekukandirwa muvhu nesando, kuyedza. spike yakanyura neuremu hwayo.
KuCentre for Strategic and International Studies, inowanzozivikanwa nekurova ngoma dzehondo uye kwete kukurudzira kuzvidzora, Mark Cancian akanyora muna 2020 chirongwa cheFRF kuti: "Zvinoita sezvisingaite kuti [kuvaka kwekutanga] kuchapera."
Vachikwidza nyaya kuDare reArmed Services Committee yekuda kusimbaradza hurongwa hwemauto eUS, tsamba iyi inoona "zvichisiririsa kuti bhiri rakapihwa muna Chikumi 2020 neReadiness Subcommittee yeDare Remauto Armed Services, raizokumbira kuti DoD idzidze nyaya dzakapfava dzepasi pegungwa, haina kugamuchirwa mu2021 National Defence Authorization Act. Panguva iyoyo, Tamaki akanga munguva pfupi yapfuura takasangana nevamiriri vemitemo muWashington, uye vhezheni yeReadiness Subcommittee yeNDAA ingadai yakamanikidza Dhipatimendi reDziviriro kuti ridzidze pasi pegungwa nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo uye kuvapo kwemitsara yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Asi haina kumbobvira yaonekwa mune yekupedzisira NDAA. Hofisi yaRep. John Garamendi, sachigaro weReadiness Subcommittee, haana kupindura kuchikumbiro cheThe Intercept chekupindura.
Yoshikawa anotarisira kuti, tichifunga kuti kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza hakuna kukwana, kusakwana kweiyo FRF chirongwa kuchabvumira vamiriri veUS kuti vaone kuti mukana wayo wakanyanya kukwidziridzwa.
"Zviripachena, kuvaka imwe hofori yeUS base muOkinawa haina kuderera, asi inowedzera, mukana wekurwisa," iyo tsamba inopokana mumanotsi ayo ekupedzisira.
Yoshikawa akataura kuti zvinyorwa zveGeneva Convention, izvo zvinotsvaga kuchengetedza vagari vemo mukati mekurwisana kwemauto, zvicharatidza kuti hazvina maturo muOkinawa: Kuswederana kwepanyama pakati pezvigadziko nemagariro evanhu kwaizoita kuti kuchengetedzwa kwegungano kunetse, kana zvisingaiti, kuita.
"Tingashandiswa senhoo dzevanhu kune zvigaro zvemauto, kwete imwe nzira," akadaro Yoshikawa. “Hatidi kushandiswa uye hatidi kuti makungwa edu, masango, ivhu nedenga zvishandiswe mukunetsana kwenyika.”
