Zuva Rokugadzirira Rakaguma Hondo Yokugumisa Hondo. Chibvumirano cheVersailles Chine Hondo Yedu Hondo Isingagumi

Na Mike Ferner
October 29, 2018

Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanokakavadzana kusvika pamwero weChipatano cheVersailles chaive chikonzero chekufamba kwaHitler kuHondo Yenyika II, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti chibvumirano chinogumisa "Hondo Kupedza Hondo Yese" inoramba ichiita chinhu chikuru mu "Hondo Isingaperi" . "

MunaNovember, 11, 1918, Europe yakaneta yakaneta uye yakatsvaira yakaoma. Mwedzi mishomanana hondo isati yapera musi iwoyo, mauto matsva eUnited States akapinda mukurwisana uye akavimbisa hukama hweAllied. Somugumisiro, Mutungamiri Woodrow Wilson akashanda basa rakanyanyisa mukugadzirisa kutsvaga kwemiganhu kudarika hafu yepasi rose.

Wilson ndiye ainyanya kutungamira weAmerican Exceptionalism, pfungwa inokurudzirwa nevakuru veUnited States kubva ipapo. Nhema yokuti nenzira imwe neimwe America inogona kugara ichifambisa zvido zvevanhu zvinokwezva vazhinji, kunyanya avo vakadzingwa, vakakurudzirwa naWilson's "Zvikamu gumi nemana." Mutungamiri akatora kumambo wake weMesiya nechido chekuda nyika asi sezvinoratidzwa nehuwandu, hutongerwo hwematongerwo enyika hwakatapukira kwete masimba eEurope chete, zvakare akadzinga Wilson. Kunyange zvakadaro, mutauriri uyu asinganzwisisiki wehupenyu husina kujeka hwekuzvimirira hunoita mamiriyoni chaiwo mamirioni. Akanga ari mudziyo usina chinhu umo marudzi ose akadurura tariro yavo yehupenyu huri nani.

Ichokwadi, pakanga pane chiedza chakataurwa kuti chikwire pamusoro pemitambo yekare yemakore e "kune anokunda inotora zvakapambwa" nekusunungura mhirizhonga uye dzidziso yekutonga zvisarudzo kakawanda pane kururamisira. Zvisinei, maitiro akaregererwa akaregererwa apo kunetseka uye kururamisira kazhinji kunopedzisira ku "isu isu chete."

Nezvekutaura kweChechi yeVersailles kuGermany uye pakupedzisira Hondo Yenyika II, Margaret MacMillan anopa ruzivo rwakajeka mukati maro mune zvakadzama zvakaitika zvekutaurirana kweVersailles, "Paris 1919: Mwedzi mitanhatu yakashandura nyika."

Kune chirevo chemugumo, rangarira mupfungwa kuti zvinotyisa zveWWI hazvina kushanyira ivhu reGermany kana kuti maGermany akaona mauto ari kunze kweRhineland. Vashomanana vemuJermany vaiziva kuti mushure mokunge vaAllies vasati vauya naAugust 8, 1918, 16 chiGerman mapoka akashaya mukati memazuva mashomanana uye mauto akasara akadzokera shure makiromita panguva. Havana kuziva kuti vhiki imwe gare gare General Ludendorff akaudza Kaiser kuti afunge nezvekukurukurirana neAllies uye mwedzi wakatevera vaida rugare kune chero mutengo. Vashomanana veGermany vaifunga nezvekudzivirira kwechikonzero chaicho, kuzvipira. Somugumisiro, nhoroondo yeNazi yekuti Kaiser's High Command yakarova Germany sei kumashure vakawana vakagadzirira vakagadzirira.

MacMillan nharo dzokuti kudzorerwa kweGermany kwairema zvikuru. Hezvino izvo zvinyorwa zvinoratidza.

• France yakadzokera kuAlsace-Lorraine iyo yakarasika muFranco-Prussian Hondo ye1871 (Prussia yaiva imwe yenyika dzakawanda dzakagadzira rudzi rweGermany muna 1871 mushure mehondo iyoyo). Masoja ehurumende akabatana neRhineland yeGermany senzvimbo yeFrance. France yakavewo nehuwandu hwemigodhi yemarasha yeGermany muSaar iyo League of Nations yakashandira kusvikira ku1935 umo vanhu vakasarudza zvikuru kudzokera kuGermany.
• Poland yakapiwa kushandiswa kwechikepe cheGermany cheDanzig / Gdansk pamwe chete nehuwandu hweSilesia, nevarume vane mutauro wechiLatin, 3,000,000% yemarasha yeGermany uye 25% yezinki zaro. Mushure mokunge Germany yakanyepera, komiti yepamarudzi akawanda yakapiwa nzvimbo yakawanda kuGermany uye yakawanda yemabhizimisi nemigodhi kuPoland. (Uyezve, Poland yakarwisana neRussia kusvika 80 apo Lenin akabvumirana neChipatano cheRiga, achikwevera muganhu wePoland kumabvazuva 1921 mairaira zvakare kupinda muRussia kupfuura maAllies akakurudzira uye kuwedzera 200 mamiriyoni eUkraine, vaJudha vane mamiriyoni e4 uye mamiriyoni eByelorussia kuPoland. )
• Czechoslovakia yakapiwa Sudetenland, inharaunda yeGermany neAustria ne3,000,000 vanhu vaitaura chiGermany, pamwe neAustria's Bohemia yaiva nemumwe mutauro we3,000,000 anotaura chiGermany. Hitler aifanira kukonzera chikonzero che "akarasikirwa nemaGermany" ake uye akatora yekare Sudetenland mushure mekunge sangano reMunich riri mu1938.
• Danish yakadzoka zvakare, kuburikidza nemiti yakasununguka, mbiri dzakasungwa zvakambotorwa nePrussia.
• Rudzi rwakarongedzwa rweLithuania rwakatora chikamu cheGerman cheMemel paBaltic.
• Germany yakashandura mauto ose ezvombo zvehondo, ndege, zvombo zvinorema uye zvombo zve 25,000. Yakabvumidzwa neuto re100,000 uye nehondo yevasungwa ye15,000, asi hapana mauto emhepo, matangi, motokari dzakadzivirirwa, mabhuti ane simba, dirigible kana submarines. Zvombo zvekutengesa zvakarambidzwa, uye zvikamu zvishomanana zveGermany zvibvumirwe zvakabvumirwa kubudisa zvombo.

Nekuda kwekukuvadza kwemari, nehuwandu hweEurope mune mhirizhonga nemadota, zvakanga zvakaoma kuziva kuti Germany yakatodzwa sei.

Imwe nyanzvi yeUnited States of Army inofungidzira kuti inotora makore maviri kuti ifike pakufungidzira. Asi kunyanya kushushikana pamusoro pezvakakwereta yaiva mubvunzo weAllies 'inonyanya kukosha yevamwe: Hondo yeGermany ingave yakawanda sei pasina kubhadhara uye kusagadzikana, kuipa kune vaBolshevik? (Nekuvandudzwa kwemaguta mumaguta akawanda eGermany pakupera kwehondo, ichi chakanga chine hanya chaizvo neAllies avo vakapinda muRussia pamagumo ehondo nemauto e200,000, achibatsira VaRussia vemaRussia kurwisana nemaBolshevik Wilson vakatumira varwi ve13,000 US uye cruiser yakakura semupiro weAmerica.)

Pakutanga, Britain yaida $ 120 biliyoni, France $ 220 mabhiriyoni uye US $ 22 bhiriyoni. Vakazouya nematarenda maduku uye mahedheni ekupedzisira mu1921 akarayira Germany kubhadhara $ 34 mabhiriyoni mumarita egoridhe, kugoverwa 52% kusvika kuFrance, 28% kusvika kuBritain uye vamwe vose vakaparadzana pakati peBelgium, Italy nevamwe.

IAmerica yakanga inokweretesa Britain neFrance kupfuura $ 7 mabhiriyoni uye imwe $ $ 3.5 kubva kumabhanki eUnited States. KuVersailles, Britain yakakurudzira uye US vakatsvaga pfungwa yekuregedza matambudziko ose e-Alliance.

Pakati pe1924 ne1931, Germany yakabhadhara 36 mabhiriyoni kumakambani eAllies, 33 mabhiriyoni ayo akakweretwa kubva kune varairidzi vakatenga zvigaro zveGermany zvakabudiswa nemakambani eWall Street. Germany yakashandisa mari iyo kubhadhara zvipo zveEngland neFrance, izvo zvakashandisa iyo kubhadhara zvikwereti zve US. Anthony C. Sutton, kunyora mu "Wall Street uye Rise yaHitler" akacherechedza, "Vatengesi vemarudzi ose vakagara kudenga, pasi pemvura yemari nemakomisheni" yakaitwa nekukweretesa mari yevamwe vanhu kuGermany.

Nekuda kwekuzvimirira, Kaiser Wilhelm, muzukuru weBritain, Queen Victoria, akatapwa kuHolland. King George V, muchengeti waKaiser weBritain, akazosiya pfungwa yehutongerwo hwemhosva yehondo asi akatumira Germany mazita emazana emakore aifunga kuti anofanira kuedzwa. Kubva nhamba iyoyo, 12 yaiva. Vakawanda vaisunungurwa kamwechete kunze kwevatungamiri vaviri vegungwa rehunyanzvi vakapukunyuka musungwa mukati memavhiki ekutongerwa.

Mumwe haagoni kunyatsofunga zvinhu zvakakonzera kukwira kwaHitler pasina kusanganisira mienzaniso miviri yehutano hwakakosha hwehurumende dzeUnited States.

• Pakati pehondo, John Foster Dulles, akazotevera Eisenhower's Secretary of State, aive CEO weSullivan naCromwell (S&C), panguva iyo munin'ina wake, Allen, akazotevera Eisenhower uye mukuru weCIA weKennedy. Foster yakarongeka madhiri ayo akaendesa mari yeUS kumakambani eGerman senge IG Farben neKrupp. S & C "yaive pakati penzvimbo yepasi rese yemabhangi, mafemu ekudyara uye maindasitiri emabhizimusi akavakazve Germany mushure meWWI."¹
• Chirongwa cheDawes, chakagadzirwa kuvakazve indasitiri yeGerman mushure meHondo Yenyika I uye kupa mubhadharo kuEngland neFrance mubhodhi rayo Charles Dawes, director wekutanga weUS Budget Bureau naOwen Young, purezidhendi weGeneral Electric Co Na 1944, mafuta eGerman ( 85% synthetic, inogadzirwa neyakajairwa NJ tekinoroji) yaidzorwa neIg Farben, yakagadzirwa pasi peDawes Chirongwa uye yakapihwa mari neWall Street zvikwereti zvakapakurwa neS & C. Imwe yemukati yeFarben memo, yakangoerekana yakanyorwa paD-Day, 1944, yakati hunyanzvi hweStandard mune zvekugadzira mafuta, kuzodza mvura uye tetra-ethyl lead kwaive "kwakanyanya kutibatsira," pasina izvo "nzira dzazvino dzehondo dzaisazogoneka."²
• Kunyangwe mushure mekunge Hitler atora masimba muna 1933, Foster Dulles akaramba achimirira IG Farben uye akaramba kuvhara Hofisi yeS & C yeBerlin kudzamara vamwe, vaneta nekusaina tsamba, "Heil Hitler," vakapandukira '35. Munguva yese yehondo, Foster akadzivirira zvinhu zveUS zveFarben uye zvakare Merck kubva mukutorerwa semidziyo yechienzi. Arthur Goldberg, akashanda naAllen muOSS, mutungamiriri weCIA, uye gare gare kuDare Repamusorosoro, vakati vese hama dzaDulles vaive nemhosva yekupandukira.¹
• Chakavanzika chakazaruka kuburikidza ne '20' chaiva chekuchengetwa kweHenry Ford kwemari yeHitler. A December 20, 1922 NY Nyaya yenyaya yakataura hukama pakati pechiyunifomu chitsva nemaoko emakwikwi e1,000 varume vechidiki muHitler's "Storming Battalion" uye mifananidzo yemabhuku uye mabhuku eFuehrer akaratidzwa zvakanyanya muhofisi yake yakanyatsoshanda muMunich. (2) In 1938, Ford akagamuchira Grand Cross yeGermany Eagle award.
• MunaFebruary 1933, Hermann Goering akaita sangano re fundraiser kumba kwake kweNational Trusteeship, boka rinotungamira iro Rudolf Hess aibhadhara mari yeZimbabwe muZimbabwe. Vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvemari vakapikisa 3,000,000 mararamiro anosanganisira 400,000 kubva kuGGGBG ne60,000 kubva kuGeneral Electric Corporation yeruzhinji, AEG. Pane bhodhi reUgland Ford yeU.G. Gibben Ford, Walter Teagle, nhengo yebhodhi yeNew Federal Reserve uye Standard Oil ye NJ uye Carl Bosch, pabhodhi reFrancis yaGermany, Ford AG. Imwe vhiki mushure mekunge kuwedzerwa kukuru kwemari yeReichstag yakapiswa. Kwapera vhiki, sarudzo dzenyika dzakaisa maNazi simba.
• Mune 1936 memo, William Dodd, Mumiriri weUnited States kuGermany, akaudza kuti IG Farben akapa 200,000 zviratidzo kune zvakasimba "zvinoshandiswa pane maonero evanhu veAmerica."

Vietnam

Pakati pezvinyorwa zvakawanda zveVersailles izvo zvakakura zvichienderana nekukwirira kwepamusoro ndezvokuti Ho Chi Minh, achishanda muParis semuchero wekicheni uye mubatsiri wemufananidzo, akadanidzira asina kubudirira kuenda kuAmerica kutumirwa kwevanhu veAnnam (Vietnam).

Icho chaicho chinyorwa chinyorwa Ho akanyorera Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States, Robert Lansing, kuti aende pamwe nerunyorwa rweZ8 zvigaro kubva ku "Ammanite People," akatanga runyararo-mazita ezvinyorwa zvekuda achiti:

Kubva kukunda kweAllies, zvose zvidzidzo zvinoshushikana netariro inotarisira nguva yekururamisira uye kururamisira, iyo inofanira kutanga kwavari kuburikidza nevakarongeka uye zvakasununguka zvibvumirano zvakaitwa nyika isati yasvika nemasimba akasiyana ehurumende mu kurwisana kwekubudirira kurwisana nechisimba.

Pachimirira chirevo chekuzvipira kwenyika kudarika kubva pakunaka kusvika kuchokwadi kuburikidza nekubvuma kwakakwana kweshoko dzvene revanhu vose kuti vasarudze mamiriro avo ega, vagari voushe hwekare reAnnam, panguva ino yeFrench Indochina, iripo kune hurumende dzakanaka dzesangano iri pamwe chete uye kunyanya kune hurumende yeFrance inoremekedzwa zvinotevera zvirevo zvinodini ...

Nyaya idzi dzaive nedzimwe nheyo dzakadai serusununguko rwepepanhau uye yegungano uye kudiwa kwekuvaka zvikoro, asi hazvina kumbobvunzurudza rusununguko kubva kuFrance, chete "nhume dzevanhu vedzinza dzakasarudzwa kuti dzipinde muparamende yeFrance kuitira kuti vazive zvekare nezve zvinoda. "

Yakapera nokuti:

Vanhu veAnnamite, mukuratidza izvi, kutarisira kururamisira kwenyika yose yeVane simba rose, uye kuvimba zvikurukuru pakufarirwa kwevanhu vakanaka vechiFrench vanochengeta zvigaro zvedu mumaoko avo uye, avo, seFrance ari republic, vakatitora isu pasi pekudzivirira kwavo.

Mukukumbira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vaFrance vanhu veAnnam, kure kure kunzwa vachininipiswa, zvinopesana vachifunga ivo pachavo vachikudzwa, nokuti vanoziva kuti vanhu veFrance vanomirira rusununguko uye ruramisiro uye havazomboregi kukwanisa kwavo kwakanaka kweukama hwepasi rose. Nokudaro, mukuteerera inzwi revanodzvinyirirwa, vanhu veFrance vachave vachiita basa ravo kuFrance nekuvanhu. "

Muzita reboka reAnnamite patriots ...
Nguyen Ai Quoc [Ho Chi Minh]

Kuenda Kuhondo Isingagumi

Vhupenyu veVersailles havana kubviswa neVietnam.

Versailles akasiya nzvimbo iyo 1917 Balfour Declaration yakavimbisa kutsigira kweBritain kumusangano weZioniist kufarira kutora Palestine kune nyika yevaJudha uye Sykes-Picot Chibvumirano che1916 ichipa Syria kuFrance neMesopotamiya kuBritain (iyo yakanga yatotaurirana zvibvumirano nevatungamiriri veArab kudzora mafuta masimba).

Kunyangwe kuzvitonga kwakange kuri kushandiswa kwekushanda muParis mu1919, kwaiva nehupupuriro hwakawanda hwekuita zvisarudzo izvo zvaizoita kuti nyika ishungurudzike zvikuru. Uchapupu hwakajeka hwehwo huri mune zvidzidzo zvishoma-kuzivikanwa, zvakarayirwa naVaMutungamiri Wilson munguva dzehurukuro dzorugare dzeParis ndokubva vavigwa kusvikira 1922, inonzi "Rapport of the King-Crane Commission."

Kwemwedzi inenge miviri nhume dzakatumirwa dzakapararira izvo zvino yavaSiriya, Joridhani, Iraq, Palestine neRebhanoni, kusangana nevanhu vemhando dzose, vamiririri vehurumende uye mapoka nemakumbirano mune izvo zvinoratidzika semuedzo wakatendeseka kwazvo kutarisa maonero evanhu. Zvavanorayira hazvisi zvishoma nezvekuchinja, kubva pane zvatakadzidza panguva ino.

"Tinokurudzira, munzvimbo yechishanu, kuchinjika kwakakomba kwechirongwa chakanyanyisa cheZionist chePalestine chekutama kusingagumi kwemaJuda, tichitarisa pakupedzisira kuita Palestine zvakajeka Nyika yevaJudha.

(1) VaKomisheni vakatanga kudzidza kwavo nezveZionism nemafungiro avo, asi chokwadi chaiwo muPalestine, pamwe nechisimba chemitemo yakawanda inoparidzwa neAllies uye yakagamuchirwa nevaSiria vakavadzinga kune zvakataurwa pano.

(2) Komisheni yakave yakawanda yakawedzerwa nemabhuku pamusoro peurongwa hweZionist neZionist Commission kuPalestina; akanzwa mumakokorodzano akawanda pamusoro pezvikwata zveZionist uye zvirevo zvavo; uye pachako akaona chimwe chezvakanga zvaitwa. Vakawana zvakawanda kugamuchira mune zvido uye zvirongwa zveZionist, uye vakave nekushamwaridzana kwekuzvipira kwevakawanda vevoloni, uye kubudirira kwavo, nenzira dzemazuva ano, pakukunda zvipingamupinyi zvakakura zvepanyama.

(3) Commission yakaziva zvakare kuti kurudziro chaiyo yakanga yapihwa maZion nemaAllies muchirevo chaVaBalfour chinowanzotaurwa, mukubvumidzwa kwavo nevamwe vamiriri veAllies. Kana, zvakadaro, zvirevo zvakaomarara zveBalfour Statement zvinoteererwa - zvichifarira "kuvakwa muPalestine imba yemunyika yevaJudha," "zvichinyatsonzwisiswa kuti hapana chichaitwa chingakanganisa kodzero dzevagari nevechitendero chiripo munharaunda dzisiri dzechiJuda muPalestine ”- hazvigone kupokana kuti chirongwa chakanyanyisa cheZionist chinofanira kushandurwa zvakanyanya.

Kune "imba yenyika yevanhu vechiJuda" haina kuenzana nekuita Palestine kuva Nyika yevaJudha; kana kumiswa kweHurumende yechiJuda kwakadaro hakugone kuitwa pasina kudarika kwakakomba pa "kodzero dzevagari nevechitendero dzevanhu varipo vasiri vechiJudha muPalestine."

Icho chokwadi chakabuda chakadzokororwa mumusangano weKomisheni nevamiriri vechiJuda kuti maZionist vaitarisira kutorerwa zvachose vagari vasiri vechiJudha vanogara muPalestine, nenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekutenga.

Muhurukuro yake yaChikunguru 4, 1918, Mutungamiri Wilson vakaisa musimboti unotevera seimwe yeane mana makuru "magumo ayo vanhu vakabatana vepasi rose vairwira"; "Kugadziriswa kwemubvunzo wese, angave wedunhu, weuchangamire, hwehupfumi, kana hwehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika pahwaro hwekugamuchirwa kwemahara kwekugadziriswa kwevanhu nevanhu vane hanya nazvo, uye kwete nekuda kwechido chekunyama kana mukana chero imwe nyika kana vanhu vangangoda kugara kwakasiyana nekuda kwesimba ravo rekunze kana kugona kwavo. ”

Kana chirevo ichi chiri chekutonga, uye saka zvishuwo zvevagari vemuPalestine zvichizadzikiswa pane zvichaitwa nePalestine, saka zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti vanhu vasiri maJuda vePalestine - vangangoita mapfumbamwe -gumi ezvese - zvinopesana zvakanyanya nechirongwa cheZionist chose. Iwo matafura anoratidza kuti pakanga pasina chinhu chimwe icho vanhu vePalestine vakabvumirana pane ichi pane ichi.

Kuisa vanhu vane pfungwa dzakadii dzekuenda kune dzimwe nyika kwechiJudha, uye kumanikidza mari pamwe nevemagariro kupa nyika, kwaizova kutyora kwakakura musimboti uchangobva kutaurwa, nekodzero dzevanhu, kunyangwe zvaichengetwa zviri mumutemo.

Izvi zvinofanira kuonekwa zvakare kuti manzwiro anopesana nehurongwa hweZionist haisi kuPalestina chete, asi akagoverwa zvikuru nevanhu vazhinji muSiria, sezvatakanyatsoratidzwa nemitemo. Zvinopfuura 72 per cent-1,350 mune zvose-zvezvose zvakakumbira muSiriya yose zvakatungamirirwa kurongwa hweZionist. Zviviri zvikumbiro-izvo zveSiria yakabatana uye zvekuzvimirira-zvakange zvichitsigirwa zvikuru.

Musangano weRunyararo haufanire kuvhara maziso kune chokwadi chekuti anti-Zionist kunzwa muPalestine neSyria kwakanyanya uye kwete kurerutswa. Hapana mukuru weBritish, akabvunzwa neCommissioners, akatenda kuti chirongwa cheZionist chingaitwe kunze kwekumanikidzwa kwemaoko. Iwo mahofisi kazhinji aifunga kuti simba risingasvike zviuru makumi mashanu zvemasoja raizodiwa kunyangwe kutanga chirongwa ichi. Ihwohwo humene humbowo hwepfungwa yakasimba yekusarongeka kwechirongwa cheZionist, kune avo vasiri maJuda vagari vePalestine neSyria. Sarudzo, dzinoda kuti mauto aite, dzimwe nguva dzinodikanwa, asi zvirokwazvo hadzisi dzechihara kutorwa mukuda kwekusaruramisira kwakakomba. Nezve kutanga kutaurwa, zvinowanzoendeswa nevamiriri veZionist, kuti vane "kodzero" kuPalestine, zvichibva pabasa raive makore zviuru zviviri zvakapfuura, hazvigone kutariswa zvakanyanya. "

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro peChipatano cheVersailles kunze kwekubvunza: tiri kuitei nhasi izvo zvinotyisa nyika 100 makore kubvira zvino?