NaDavid Swanson
November 11 ndiro Day Armistice / Zuva Rokuyeuka. Makumi makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe akapfuura, paawa ye11th yezuva 11th yemwedzi we11th we1918, kurwisana kwakaguma mu "hondo yekugumisa hondo dzose." Vanhu vakaramba vachiuraya uye vachifa kusvikira nguva yakatarwa isati yasarudzwa, isingaiti chinhu zvimwe kunze kwekunzwisisa kwedu upenzi hwehondo.
Mamiriyoni makumi matatu emasere akaurayiwa kana kuti akakuvadzwa uye mamwe mamiriyoni manomwe akanga atapwa muHondo Yenyika I. Zvimwe zvaizofa nehosha yekurwara yakagadzirwa nehondo. Vanhu vasati vasati vamboona kuurayiwa kwakadaro kwakabudirira, makumi makumi ezviuru achiwa nezuva kuti ashandise pfuti uye gasi rehupfu. Mushure mehondo, chokwadi chakawedzerwa chakatanga kutora nhema, asi kana vanhu vachiri kutenda kana kuti zvino vasafarira kuparidzirwa kwehondo, zvese munhu wese muUnited States aisazoonazve zvehondo zvakare zvakare. Zvinyorwa zveJesu kuputira nemaGermany zvakasara shure apo machechi pamwe chete nevamwe vose zvino vakati hondo yakanga isina kururama. Al Jolson akanyora muna 1920 kuMutungamiri Harding:
"Nyika yakaneta yakamirira
Rugare nokusingaperi
Saka bvisa pfuti
Kubva kumwanakomana wese amai
Uye gumisa hondo. "
Kuuraya kwakawanda uye nzara dzakagadzirwa nehondo uye hosha dzezvirwere izvozvi zvave kuita, asi isu hatifanirwe kuzvimiririra. World Beyond War irikuronga zviitiko pasi rese muna Mbudzi 11, 2017. Ndozvakaitawo maVeterans Ekurunyararo. Saizvozvowo WILPF. Uye RootsAction.org nemamwe masangano mazhinji. Titumire zviitiko zvako pano. Tichavatumira pano. Heano mamwe mazano nezvezviitiko zvaungaita:
Gara muhofisi yako yenhengo yeCongress kana seneta kana MP kusvikira vasangana nezvido zvako zverunyararo.
Kuratidza pamugwagwa.
unganidza chikumbiro signatures.
Bata forum yaunokukoka zvikuru vakurukuri.
Shandisa mavhidhiyo uye mazano kubva World Beyond War's online kudzidza uye chiito gwara: Kudzidza Hondo Pasisina!
Svondo uye kurukurai vhidhiyo:
Ita mharidzo uchishandisa zvishandiso zvakadai:
- A Mepu Hondo Uye Rugare Prezi.
- WBW Prezi (Gadzirira chiitiko chako nePezi iyi uchishandisa zvidzidzo izvi: the prezi in PDF uye zvakadzama ruzivo rwekupa nehuwandu: PDF.)
- A Global Security System Power Point (Inofanirwa kuenda nechiitiko chakakanganiswa bhuku rino, asi inogonawo kumira pachayo.)
- Rugare Runokwanisika Here? Power Point naRuss Faure-Brac. (Uyewo mukare yekare Power Point.)
- Psychopathy and Propaganda Power Point naColeen Rowley. (Uyewo mukare yekare Power Point.)
Ita a Penny Poll iyo inobvumira vanhu kuti vaone zvavanoda bhajeti revanhu kuti vaoneke.
Shandisa a Purogiramu yepa PDF pane zvombo zvenyukireya ndinovonga Evan Knappenberger.
Ita peace dolls.
shandisa mapepa, makadhi ekunyora, mabhizinesi-mapepa.
Kupfeka / kupa / kutengesa denga tsvuku dzebhuruu uye zvishongo, uye shirts, uye stickers, makapu, nezvimwewo.
Dzidzisa vanhu nezveizvi:
Kutenda kana kwete, November 11th yakanga isati yaitwa holide kuitira kupemberera hondo, kuvatsigira mauto, kufara gore re17th rekugara muAfghanistan, kutenda mumwe munhu nokuda kwekuti "basa," kana kuti kuita America huru zvakare. Zuva iri rakaitwa sororo kuitira kuti vafare mutambo wezvombo wakagumisa izvo zvaive zvichikwira kusvikira panguva iyo, mu1918, chimwe chezvinhu zvakashata zvataive zvakati zvaitika iye zvino, izvo Hondo Yenyika I.
Hondo Yenyika I, inozivikanwa sehondo yenyika kana hondo huru, yakange yatengeswa sehondo kugumisa hondo. Kupemberera kuguma kwayo kwakanzwisiswa sekupemberera kuguma kwehondo dzose. Mushandirapamwe wemakore gumi wakatanga mu 1918 kuti mu 1928 wakasika Kellogg-Briand Pact, achidzivisa zviri pamutemo hondo dzose. Chibvumirano ichochi chiri chichiri mumabhuku, ndicho chikonzero hondo inogadzira ichi chiito chemhosva uye kuti maNazi akava sei akatongwa nokuda kwayo.
"[O] nNovember 11, 1918, ikoko kwakaguma zvakanyanya kusakosha, kunyanya kunetseka mune zvemari, uye hondo yakaipisisa zvikuru yehondo dzose dzati dzambozivikanwa. Mamiriyoni makumi maviri evarume nevakadzi, muhondo iyoyo, vakaurayiwa zvachose, kana vakafa pashure pemaronda. Iyo furuwenza yeSpain, inobvumirwa kuti inokonzerwa neHondo uye hapana chimwezve, inourawa, munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, mamiriyoni evanhu vanhu vakawanda. "- Thomas Hall Shastid, 1927.
Maererano neU.S. Socialist Victor Berger, yose yeUnited States yakanga yawana kubva pakupinda muHondo Yenyika I yaiva chirwere uye kurambidzwa. Yakanga isiri yemaonero asingawanzo. Mamiriyoni eAmerica ainge akatsigira Hondo Yenyika I akauya, mumakore ekutevera kupera kwazvo musi waNovember 11, 1918, kuramba pfungwa yokuti chinhu chipi zvacho chaigona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nehondo.
Sherwood Eddy, uyo akabvumirana "Kubviswa kweHondo" mu1924, akanyora kuti akanga ari mutsigiri wekutanga uye ane chekuda weUnited States kupinda muHondo Yenyika I uye aivenga kusagadzikana. Akanga aona hondo sechitendero chechitendero uye akanga asimbiswa nechokwadi chokuti United States yakapinda muhondo yeChishanu Chishanu. Pamberi pehondo, sezvo hondo dzacho dzagumburwa, Eddy akanyora, "takaudza varwi kuti dai vaizokunda tichavapa nyika itsva."
Eddy inoratidzika, nenzira yakangodaro, kuti ave nokutenda zvake propaganda yake uye kuti asarudza kuita zvakanaka pane vimbiso. "Asi ini ndinogona kurangarira," akanyora kudaro, "kunyange panguva yehondo ini ndakatanga kutambudzika nekusava nechokwadi nekusava nehana kwehana." Zvakamutora makore 10 kuti asvike panzvimbo yeElllawry yakakwana, ndiko kuti, vachida kuparadzanisa zvese pamutemo hondo. Ne 1924 Eddy aidavira kuti mushandirapamwe wePorlawry wakave, nokuda kwake, kune chikonzero chakanaka uye chinokudzwa chakakodzera chibayiro, kana muzivi weUnited States ainzi William James ainzi "tsika dzakakodzana nehondo." Eddy iye zvino akataura kuti hondo "yakanga isiri yechiKristu." Vakawanda vakauya kuzotarisa maonero avo avo makore gumi apfuura vakanga vatenda kuti chiKristu chaida hondo. Chimwe chikonzero chekuchinja uku chaive chiitiko chakananga negehena yehondo yemazuva ano, chiitiko chakatorwa kwatiri nechechichiti cheBritish Wilfred Owen mumutsara anozivikanwa:
Kana mune zvimwe zvinotyisa iwe iwewo unogona kufamba
Pamberi pengoro yatakamukanda nayo,
Uye tarisa maziso machena achikotamira muchiso chake,
Chiso chake chakarembera, sechirwere chedhiyabhorosi anorwara nechivi;
Kana iwe waigona kunzwa, pajolt yose, ropa
Uyai muchigunzva kubva kumapapu e-froth-akaora,
Inonyangadza sekenza, inorwadza seyeya
Pamusoro pezvakaipa, maronda asingagoneki mumitauro isina mhosva,
Shamwari yangu, iwe haugoni kutaura nezvakawanda zvakadai
Kuvana vane simba nokuda kwekubwinya kwakashata,
Izvo Zvekare; Dulce et Decorum iri
Pro patria mori.
Mishonga yemaparaganda yakagadzirwa naMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson uye Komiti Yake yeZvenhau yakange yakonzera vaAmerica muhondo nemashoko ekunyanyisa uye ezvinyorwa zvekutambudza kweGermany muBelgium, mapepa anoratidza Jesu Kristu mukucherechedza pasi pfuti, uye zvipikirwa zvekuzvipira kuzvizvipira pakuita nyika yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende. Kuwanda kwevanhu vakaurayiwa kwakange kwakavanzwa kubva kuvanhu vakawanda sezvingagona panguva yehondo, asi panguva yaive pamusoro pevakawanda vakange vadzidza chimwe chinhu chechokwadi chehondo. Uye vazhinji vakange vauya kuzotsamwisa kushandiswa kwemashoko akanaka ainge atora rudzi rune kuzvimirira kuenda kune dzimwe nyika mhirizhonga.
Zvisinei, kuparidzira kwakasimudzira kurwisana kwaisati kwadzimwa kubva mupfungwa dzevanhu. Hondo yekugumisa hondo uye kuita kuti nyika ive yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende isingagoni kuguma pasina imwe nguva inoda kudiwa nerunyararo uye kururamisira, kana kuti pane chimwe chinhu chinokosha kupfuura chirwere uye kurambidza. Kunyangwe avo vanoramba pfungwa yokuti hondo inogona nenzira ipi zvayo kubatsira kukonzera chikonzero cherugare chinowirirana nevaya vose vanoda kuedza hondo dzose dzomunguva - boka rinogona kunge rakapoteredza vazhinji vevanhu veUnited States.
Sezvo Wilson akanga ataura rugare rune chikonzero chepamutemo chekuenda kuhondo, mweya yakawanda yakanga yakamutora zvakanyanya. "Haisi kuwedzereka kutaura kuti paiva nehuwandu hwezvirongwa zvorugare Hondo Yenyika isati yavapo," akanyora kudaro Robert Ferrell, "iye zvino maiva nemazana uye kunyange zviuru" muEurope neUnited States. Makumi gumi mushure mehondo yaiva makore gumi okutsvaga rugare: "Rugare rwakapfurikidza nemharidzo dzakawanda, hurukuro, uye mapepa ehurumende zvokuti akazviisa mukati mekuziva kwevanhu vose. Hazvina kumboitika munhau yepasi pose kwaive nerugare rwakakura kwazvo, kureva zvakanyanya kutaura pamusoro, kutarisa kune, uye kurongwa, semakore gumi mushure me1918 Armistice. "
Congress yakapedza chisarudzo chezuva reArmedistice ichikumbira "miitiro yakagadzirirwa kupfuurira runyararo kuburikidza nekuda kwakanaka uye kutendana pamwe chete ... kukoka vanhu veUnited States kuchengeta zuva muzvikoro uye makereke nemitambo yakakodzera yehukama hwehukama nevamwe vanhu vose." Gare gare, Congress yakawedzera kuti November 11th yaifanira kuva "zuva rakatsaurirwa kune chinokonzera rugare rwepasi."
Apo kuguma kwehondo kwakapembererwa musi weNovember 11th, veterans havana kurapwa zviri nani kupfuura zvavari nhasi. Pakaburitswa varwi zviuru gumi nenomwe pamwe nemhuri dzavo neshamwari kuWashington muna 17,000 kunotsvaga mabhonasi avo, Douglas MacArthur, George Patton, Dwight Eisenhower, nemamwe magamba ehondo hombe yakatevera yaizouya vakarwisa varwi, kusanganisira nekuita zvakaipa zvakakura na iyo Saddam Hussein yaaizopomerwa nekusingaperi: "vachishandisa zvombo zvemakemikari kuvanhu vavo." Zvombo zvavakashandisa, senge zvimwe zvaHussein, zvakatangira muUS yeA.
Yakanga iri mushure meimwe hondo yepasi rose, hondo yakaipisisa yenyika yose, hondo yenyika iyo yakawanda nenzira dzakawanda haina kumbopera kusvikira nhasi, iyo Congress, inotevera imwezve ikozvino iko kukanganwa hondo - iyi kuKorea - yakashandura zita reMusika weArmedistice ku Veterans Day munaJune 1, 1954. Uye zvakaitika makore matanhatu nehafu gare gare Eisenhower akatiyambira kuti mauto ezvigadzirwa zvemauto aizokanganisa zvachose sangano redu. Veterans Day haisisiri, kune vanhu vakawanda, zuva rokufara kuparadzwa kwehondo kana kunyange kutarisira kubviswa kwayo. Veterans Day haisi kunyange zuva rokuchema kana kuti kubvunza kuti sei kuzviuraya ndiye muurayi mukuru wevarwi veUnited States kana kuti nei varwi vazhinji vemazana vasina dzimba zvachose mune imwe nyika iyo imwe nyanzvi yezvokupamba gorosi inonzi monopolist inokwana $ 66 mabhiriyoni , uye 400 yehama dzake dzepedyo dzine mari yakawanda kupfuura hafu yenyika.
Hazvisi kunyange zuva rokutendeseka, kana rakasuruvara, kupemberera chokwadi chokuti vanenge vose vakaurayiwa muhondo dzeUnited States havasi vaAmerica, kuti izvo zvinonzi hondo zvinenge zvichingova vauraya. Pane kudaro, izuva iro kuti tifunge kuti hondo yakaisvonaka uye yakanaka. Maguta nemaguta uye makambani nemitambo yezemitambo inonzi "hondo yekuonga zuva" kana "vhiki yekutenda kwevhiki" kana kuti "mwedzi wekukudza kumarudzi ose." Zvakanaka, ndakagadzira iyo yekupedzisira. Kungotarisa kana uri kuterera.
Hondo Yenyika Yese yekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza iri kupfuurira nhasi. Kuvandudzwa kwezvombo zvitsva zveHondo Yenyika I, kusanganisira zvombo zvemakemikari, zvichiri kuuraya nhasi. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona kukura kukuru kwemaitiro ekuparadzira kwemaparagadzi achiri kuiswa pachena nhasi, zvipingamupinyi zvakakura mukurwisana kwehutano hwezvemari, uye tsika dzakawanda dzehondo, kunyanya kufunga nezvepfungwa dzisina njere dzakadai sokurambidza doro, uye kunyanya kugadzirira kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu muzita hwemarudzi ose, uye zvose nokuda kwekutengesa mutengo, semumwe munyori akazviverenga panguva iyoyo, yemari yakakwana yekupa musha we $ 2,500 ne $ 1,000 inokosha yefenemu uye maeka mashanu edzimba kumhuri imwe neimwe muRussia, vazhinji veEurope marudzi, Canada, United States, uye Australia, pamwe chete zvakakwana kupa guta rimwe nerimwe reZ $ XMUMX $ ra $ 20,000 mamiriyoni, chipatara chemadhora mamiriyoni 2, chikoro chemamiriyoni 3 mamiriyoni, uye zvakasara zvakasara kuti zvitengese zvikamu zvose zveimba Germany neBelgium. Uye zvose zvakanga zviri pamutemo. Inoshamisa benzi, asi zvachose mutemo. Mhirizhonga chaiyo yakaputsa mitemo, asi hondo yakanga isiri mhosva. Yakanga isati yambove iri, asi ichange ichangova.
Hatifaniri kuregerera Hondo Yenyika I pazvikonzero zvekuti hapana munhu aiziva. Hazvisi sekuti hondo dzinofanira kurwirwa kuti dzidzidze nguva imwe neimwe iyo hondo iri gehero. Hazvisi sekuti imwe nhengo itsva yezvombo zvinokonzera hondo zvakaipa. Hazvina kufanana kana hondo yakanga isati yava chinhu chakaipisisa chose chakasikwa. Hazvisi sekuti vanhu havana kutaura saizvozvo, havana kuramba, havana kutsvaga dzimwe nzira, havana kuenda kujeri nekuda kwekutenda kwavo.
Muna 1915, Jane Addams akasangana neMutungamiri Wilson ndokumukurudzira kuti ape mvumo kuEurope. Wilson akarumbidza mazwi ekumanikidzwa akanyorwa nemusangano wevakadzi kuti vave norugare rwakagarwa muHague. Akagamuchira 10,000 telegram kubva kuvakadzi vachimukumbira kuita. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti dai akanga aita mu 1915 kana kutanga kwe 1916 angave akanyatsobatsira kubvisa Hondo Huru kumagumo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu angave akaita kuti pave nerunyararo rwusingaperi kudarika rakaitwa pakupedzisira kuVersailles. Wilson akaita zvinotevera mazano eAdamsams, uye weNobata wake weHurumende William Jennings Bryan, asi kwete kusvikira zvanyanyisa. Nenguva yaakaita, maGermany haana kuvimba nemurevereri uyo akanga achibatsira hondo yeBritain. Wilson akasiiwa kuti ashevedze kuratidzira zvakare pachigaro cherugare uye nokukurumidza propag kubatsira ndokuputira United States muhondo yeEurope. Uye nhamba yekufambira mberi Wilson yakaunza, zvishoma, muchidimbu, kune rumwe rutivi rwehondo ine rudo inoita kuti Obama aone seyamate.
Mutungamiri wePaslawry weC1920-kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga-yakatsvaga kuchinja hondo nekumurambidza, nekutanga kurambidza hondo ndokubva ichisimudzira nhamba yemutemo wenyika yose uye nedare rine kodzero yekugadzirisa kukakavadzana. Nhanho yekutanga yakatorwa mu1928 neKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo yakarambidza hondo yose. Mazuva ano nyika dze81 dzinopinda muchibvumirano ichocho, kusanganisira United States, uye vazhinji vavo vanoteerera nayo. Ndinoda kuona dzimwe nyika, nyika dzine utsinye dzakasiiwa kunze kwechibvumirano, dzichibatanidza (izvo zvavanogona kuita nekutsanangura chinangwa ichocho muDhipatimendi rehurumende yeUnited States) uye zvino vanokurudzira mukuru mukurumbira wechisimba munyika kuti iite .
Ndakanyora bhuku pamusoro pebato rakagadzira chibvumirano ichocho, kwete nekuda kwokuti tinofanira kuenderera mberi nebasa rayo, asiwo nokuti tinogona kudzidza kubva kune nzira dzayo. Pano pane sangano rakabatanidza vanhu kudarika zvematongerwe enyika, izvo zvekurwisana nedoro, izvo zve uye zvinopesana ne League of Nations, nechinangwa chokupara mhosva yehondo. Icho chakanga chiri chisina kukodzera kubatana kukuru. Paiva nokukurukurirana uye rugare runyararo pakati pemakwikwi emakwikwi esangano rerugare. Ikoko kwakanga kune mhosva yemaitiro yakaitwa iyo yaitarisira vanhu vakanakisisa. Hondo yakanga isingarwisani nemari chete kana kuti inogona kuuraya vanhu vanobva kunyika yedu. Yakange ichipikiswa sehupombwe hwevanhu vakawanda, sevasina zvishoma pane zvekunyengedza kupfuura yekuita senzira yekugadzirisa nharo dzevanhu. Pano pane sangano rine nguva yakareba yekuona kubva pakudzidzisa nekugadzira. Ikoko kwakanga kune dutu risingagumi rekukurudzira, asi kwete kugutsikana kwevematongerwo enyika, pasina kuwirirana kwechikwata chiri shure kwepati. Pane zvinopesana, zvose zvina-hongu, mapoka mana-makuru akamanikidzwa kuenderera mberi mushure mekufamba. Panzvimbo yeClint Eastwood vachitaura nechigaro, Republican National Convention ye1924 yakaona Mutungamiri Coolidge achivimbisa kuti kusagadzirisa hondo kana kusarudzwa.
Uye musi waAugust 27, 1928, muParis, France, chiitiko icho chakaitika chakaita kuti chive chinyorwa chevanhu ve1950s seimba ine simba yakazadzwa nevarume, uye mapepa avo vakanga vachinyora vakati havazomborwizve. Uye yaiva varume, vakadzi vakanga vari kunze vachipikisa. Uye chaive chibvumirano pakati pemarudzi akapfuma asi zvisinei aizoramba achiita hondo uye kuunganidza varombo. Asi chakanga chiri chibvumirano cherugare chakagumisa hondo uye chakagumisa kugamuchirwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanikwa kuburikidza nehondo, kunze kwePalestina. Icho chaiva chibvumirano chakange chichitsvaga mutemo wemutemo uye nedare renyika dzese dzatisati tisina. Asi yaiva chibvumirano chokuti mumakore e88 nyika dzakapfuma idzi dzaizotarisana kamwe chete. Kutevera Hondo Yenyika II, Kellogg-Briand Pact yakashandiswa kushusha kururamisira kwavakakunda. Uye nyika huru dzakashonga haina kumboenda kundorwa pamwe chete zvakare, zvakadaro. Uye saka, chibvumirano chinowanzoonekwa sechakakundikana. Fungidzira kana tikarambidzwa kuita chiokomuhomwe, uye gore rakatevera rakakanda Sheldon Adelson mujeri, uye hakuna munhu akambomboorazve. Tingazotaura mutemo kukanganisa, kuukanda kunze, uye kuratidza chiokomuhomwe kubva ikozvino chepamutemo sechinhu chisingaoneki here? Sei hondo yakasiyana? Tinogona uye tinofanira kubvisa hondo, uye naizvozvo zvese tinogona uye tinofanira kubvisa ruremekedzo, kana-kurega ini - mupiro wemishandirapamwe.
