Zuva Rokuchengetedza Mauto 97 Makore

NaDavid Swanson

Mbudzi 11 izuva reArmistice / Zuva Remayeuchidzo. Zviitiko zviri kurongeka kwese ne Veterans For Peace, World Beyond War, Campaign Nonviolence, Stop the War Coalition, nevamwe.

Makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe apfuura, paawa yechigumi neimwe yezuva regumi nerimwe remwedzi wegumi nemana wa11, kurwa kwakaguma mu "hondo yekugumisa hondo dzose." Vanhu vakaenderera mberi nekuuraya nekufa kusvika panguva yakatarwa, vasingatapure chimwe chinhu kunze kwekunzwisisa kwedu kweupenzi hwehondo.

Makumi matatu emakumi mauto akaurayiwa kana kukuvadzwa uye mamwe manomwe emamiriyoni akatapwa muHondo Yenyika I. Hazvina kumbobvira zvamboitika kuti vanhu vaone kuurayiwa kwakaitwa maindasitiri, nemakumi ezviuru achiwa pazuva kupurudza pfuti nepfuti yehupfu. Mushure mehondo, chokwadi chakawanda chakatanga kubata nhema, asi kunyangwe vanhu vachiri kutenda kana kuti zvino vakavenga nhema dzekupokana, anenge munhu wese muUnited States aisada kuzoona zvekare zvehondo. Mapostora aJesu anopfura kumaGerman akasara kumashure sezvo makereke pamwe nevamwe vese zvino vakati Hondo yakanga isiriyo. Al Jolson akanyora mu1920 kuna Mutungamiri Harding:

"Nyika yakaneta yakamirira
Rugare nokusingaperi
Saka bvisa pfuti
Kubva kumwanakomana wese amai
Uye gumisa hondo. "

Uzvitende kana kwete, November 11th haina kuitwa zororo kuitira kupemberera kurwa, kutsigira mauto, kana kufara gore re15th rekugara Afghanistan. Zuva iri rakaitwa zororo kuitira kupemberera armistice iyo yakapera izvo kusvika panguva iyoyo, mu1918, chimwe chezvinhu zvakaipisisa zvakasikwa nemarudzi edu kusvika parizvino, iro Hondo Yenyika I.

Hondo Yenyika I, inozivikanwa sehondo yenyika kana hondo huru, yakange yatengeswa sehondo kugumisa hondo. Kupemberera kuguma kwayo kwakanzwisiswa sekupemberera kuguma kwehondo dzose. Mushandirapamwe wemakore gumi wakatanga mu 1918 kuti mu 1928 wakasika Kellogg-Briand Pact, achidzivisa zviri pamutemo hondo dzose. Chibvumirano ichochi chiri chichiri mumabhuku, ndicho chikonzero hondo inogadzira ichi chiito chemhosva uye kuti maNazi akava sei akatongwa nokuda kwayo.

"[O] nNovember 11, 1918, ikoko kwakaguma zvakanyanya kusakosha, kunyanya kunetseka mune zvemari, uye hondo yakaipisisa zvikuru yehondo dzose dzati dzambozivikanwa. Mamiriyoni makumi maviri evarume nevakadzi, muhondo iyoyo, vakaurayiwa zvachose, kana vakafa pashure pemaronda. Iyo furuwenza yeSpain, inobvumirwa kuti inokonzerwa neHondo uye hapana chimwezve, inourawa, munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, mamiriyoni evanhu vanhu vakawanda. "- Thomas Hall Shastid, 1927.

Sekureva kwaBernie US Socialist muVictor Berger, United States yese yakanga yawana kubva muHondo yeNyika I yaive furu nekurambidzwa. Yakanga isiri maonero asina kujairika. Mamiriyoni evaAmerican avo vakatsigira Hondo Yenyika I akauya, mumakore akatevera kupera kwaNovember 11, 1918, kuramba pfungwa yekuti chero chinhu chingazombowanikwa kuburikidza nehondo.

Sherwood Eddy, uyo akabvumirana "Kubviswa kweHondo" mu1924, akanyora kuti akanga ari mutsigiri wekutanga uye ane chekuda weUnited States kupinda muHondo Yenyika I uye aivenga kusagadzikana. Akanga aona hondo sechitendero chechitendero uye akanga asimbiswa nechokwadi chokuti United States yakapinda muhondo yeChishanu Chishanu. Pamberi pehondo, sezvo hondo dzacho dzagumburwa, Eddy akanyora, "takaudza varwi kuti dai vaizokunda tichavapa nyika itsva."

Eddy inoratidzika, nenzira yakangodaro, kuti ave nokutenda zvake propaganda yake uye kuti asarudza kuita zvakanaka pane vimbiso. "Asi ini ndinogona kurangarira," akanyora kudaro, "kunyange panguva yehondo ini ndakatanga kutambudzika nekusava nechokwadi nekusava nehana kwehana." Zvakamutora makore 10 kuti asvike panzvimbo yeElllawry yakakwana, ndiko kuti, vachida kuparadzanisa zvese pamutemo hondo. Ne 1924 Eddy aidavira kuti mushandirapamwe wePorlawry wakave, nokuda kwake, kune chikonzero chakanaka uye chinokudzwa chakakodzera chibayiro, kana muzivi weUnited States ainzi William James ainzi "tsika dzakakodzana nehondo." Eddy iye zvino akataura kuti hondo "yakanga isiri yechiKristu." Vakawanda vakauya kuzotarisa maonero avo avo makore gumi apfuura vakanga vatenda kuti chiKristu chaida hondo. Chimwe chikonzero chekuchinja uku chaive chiitiko chakananga negehena yehondo yemazuva ano, chiitiko chakatorwa kwatiri nechechichiti cheBritish Wilfred Owen mumutsara anozivikanwa:

Kana mune zvimwe zvinotyisa iwe iwewo unogona kufamba
Pamberi pengoro yatakamukanda nayo,
Uye tarisa maziso machena achikotamira muchiso chake,
Chiso chake chakarembera, sechirwere chedhiyabhorosi anorwara nechivi;
Kana iwe waigona kunzwa, pajolt yose, ropa
Uyai muchigunzva kubva kumapapu e-froth-akaora,
Inonyangadza sekenza, inorwadza seyeya
Pamusoro pezvakaipa, maronda asingagoneki mumitauro isina mhosva,
Shamwari yangu, iwe haugoni kutaura nezvakawanda zvakadai
Kuvana vane simba nokuda kwekubwinya kwakashata,
Izvo Zvekare; Dulce et Decorum iri
Pro patria mori.

Mishonga yemaparaganda yakagadzirwa naMutungamiri Woodrow Wilson uye Komiti Yake yeZvenhau yakange yakonzera vaAmerica muhondo nemashoko ekunyanyisa uye ezvinyorwa zvekutambudza kweGermany muBelgium, mapepa anoratidza Jesu Kristu mukucherechedza pasi pfuti, uye zvipikirwa zvekuzvipira kuzvizvipira pakuita nyika yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende. Kuwanda kwevanhu vakaurayiwa kwakange kwakavanzwa kubva kuvanhu vakawanda sezvingagona panguva yehondo, asi panguva yaive pamusoro pevakawanda vakange vadzidza chimwe chinhu chechokwadi chehondo. Uye vazhinji vakange vauya kuzotsamwisa kushandiswa kwemashoko akanaka ainge atora rudzi rune kuzvimirira kuenda kune dzimwe nyika mhirizhonga.

Zvisinei, kuparidzira kwakasimudzira kurwisana kwaisati kwadzimwa kubva mupfungwa dzevanhu. Hondo yekugumisa hondo uye kuita kuti nyika ive yakachengeteka nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende isingagoni kuguma pasina imwe nguva inoda kudiwa nerunyararo uye kururamisira, kana kuti pane chimwe chinhu chinokosha kupfuura chirwere uye kurambidza. Kunyangwe avo vanoramba pfungwa yokuti hondo inogona nenzira ipi zvayo kubatsira kukonzera chikonzero cherugare chinowirirana nevaya vose vanoda kuedza hondo dzose dzomunguva - boka rinogona kunge rakapoteredza vazhinji vevanhu veUnited States.

Sezvo Wilson akanga ataura rugare rune chikonzero chepamutemo chekuenda kuhondo, mweya yakawanda yakanga yakamutora zvakanyanya. "Haisi kuwedzereka kutaura kuti paiva nehuwandu hwezvirongwa zvorugare Hondo Yenyika isati yavapo," akanyora kudaro Robert Ferrell, "iye zvino maiva nemazana uye kunyange zviuru" muEurope neUnited States. Makumi gumi mushure mehondo yaiva makore gumi okutsvaga rugare: "Rugare rwakapfurikidza nemharidzo dzakawanda, hurukuro, uye mapepa ehurumende zvokuti akazviisa mukati mekuziva kwevanhu vose. Hazvina kumboitika munhau yepasi pose kwaive nerugare rwakakura kwazvo, kureva zvakanyanya kutaura pamusoro, kutarisa kune, uye kurongwa, semakore gumi mushure me1918 Armistice. "

Congress yakapedza chisarudzo chezuva reArmedistice ichikumbira "miitiro yakagadzirirwa kupfuurira runyararo kuburikidza nekuda kwakanaka uye kutendana pamwe chete ... kukoka vanhu veUnited States kuchengeta zuva muzvikoro uye makereke nemitambo yakakodzera yehukama hwehukama nevamwe vanhu vose." Gare gare, Congress yakawedzera kuti November 11th yaifanira kuva "zuva rakatsaurirwa kune chinokonzera rugare rwepasi."

Apo kuguma kwehondo kwakapembererwa musi weNovember 11^th, veterans havana kurapwa zviri nani kupfuura zvavari nhasi. Pakaburitswa varwi zviuru gumi nenomwe pamwe nemhuri dzavo neshamwari kuWashington muna 17,000 kunotsvaga mabhonasi avo, Douglas MacArthur, George Patton, Dwight Eisenhower, nemamwe magamba ehondo hombe yakatevera yaizouya vakarwisa varwi, kusanganisira nekuita zvakaipa zvakakura na iyo Saddam Hussein yaaizopomerwa nekusingaperi: "vachishandisa zvombo zvemakemikari kuvanhu vavo." Zvombo zvavakashandisa, sezvakaita zvaHussein, zvakabva muU.S. A.

Yakanga iri mushure meimwe hondo yepasi rose, hondo yakaipisisa yenyika yose, hondo yenyika iyo yakawanda nenzira dzakawanda haina kumbopera kusvikira nhasi, iyo Congress, inotevera imwezve ikozvino iko kukanganwa hondo - iyi kuKorea - yakashandura zita reMusika weArmedistice ku Veterans Day munaJune 1, 1954. Uye zvakaitika makore matanhatu nehafu gare gare Eisenhower akatiyambira kuti mauto ezvigadzirwa zvemauto aizokanganisa zvachose sangano redu. Veterans Day haisisiri, kune vanhu vakawanda, zuva rokufara kuparadzwa kwehondo kana kunyange kutarisira kubviswa kwayo. Veterans Day haisi kunyange zuva rokuchema kana kuti kubvunza kuti sei kuzviuraya ndiye muurayi mukuru wevarwi veUnited States kana kuti nei varwi vazhinji vemazana vasina dzimba zvachose mune imwe nyika iyo imwe nyanzvi yezvokupamba gorosi inonzi monopolist inokwana $ 66 mabhiriyoni , uye 400 yehama dzake dzepedyo dzine mari yakawanda kupfuura hafu yenyika.

Hazvisi kunyange zuva rokutendeseka, kana rakasuruvara, kupemberera chokwadi chokuti vanenge vose vakaurayiwa muhondo dzeUnited States havasi vaAmerica, kuti izvo zvinonzi hondo zvinenge zvichingova vauraya. Pane kudaro, izuva iro kuti tifunge kuti hondo yakaisvonaka uye yakanaka. Maguta nemaguta uye makambani nemitambo yezemitambo inonzi "hondo yekuonga zuva" kana "vhiki yekutenda kwevhiki" kana kuti "mwedzi wekukudza kumarudzi ose." Zvakanaka, ndakagadzira iyo yekupedzisira. Kungotarisa kana uri kuterera.

Hondo Yenyika Yese yekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza iri kupfuurira nhasi. Kuvandudzwa kwezvombo zvitsva zveHondo Yenyika I, kusanganisira zvombo zvemakemikari, zvichiri kuuraya nhasi. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona kukura kukuru kwemaitiro ekuparadzira kwemaparagadzi achiri kuiswa pachena nhasi, zvipingamupinyi zvakakura mukurwisana kwehutano hwezvemari, uye tsika dzakawanda dzehondo, kunyanya kufunga nezvepfungwa dzisina njere dzakadai sokurambidza doro, uye kunyanya kugadzirira kudzivirira rusununguko rwevanhu muzita hwemarudzi ose, uye zvose nokuda kwekutengesa mutengo, semumwe munyori akazviverenga panguva iyoyo, yemari yakakwana yekupa musha we $ 2,500 ne $ 1,000 inokosha yefenemu uye maeka mashanu edzimba kumhuri imwe neimwe muRussia, vazhinji veEurope marudzi, Canada, United States, uye Australia, pamwe chete zvakakwana kupa guta rimwe nerimwe reZ $ XMUMX $ ra $ 20,000 mamiriyoni, chipatara chemadhora mamiriyoni 2, chikoro chemamiriyoni 3 mamiriyoni, uye zvakasara zvakasara kuti zvitengese zvikamu zvose zveimba Germany neBelgium. Uye zvose zvakanga zviri pamutemo. Inoshamisa benzi, asi zvachose mutemo. Mhirizhonga chaiyo yakaputsa mitemo, asi hondo yakanga isiri mhosva. Yakanga isati yambove iri, asi ichange ichangova.

Hatifaniri kuregerera Hondo Yenyika I pazvikonzero zvekuti hapana munhu aiziva. Hazvisi sekuti hondo dzinofanira kurwirwa kuti dzidzidze nguva imwe neimwe iyo hondo iri gehero. Hazvisi sekuti imwe nhengo itsva yezvombo zvinokonzera hondo zvakaipa. Hazvina kufanana kana hondo yakanga isati yava chinhu chakaipisisa chose chakasikwa. Hazvisi sekuti vanhu havana kutaura saizvozvo, havana kuramba, havana kutsvaga dzimwe nzira, havana kuenda kujeri nekuda kwekutenda kwavo.

Muna 1915, Jane Addams akasangana neMutungamiri Wilson ndokumukurudzira kuti ape mvumo kuEurope. Wilson akarumbidza mazwi ekumanikidzwa akanyorwa nemusangano wevakadzi kuti vave norugare rwakagarwa muHague. Akagamuchira 10,000 telegram kubva kuvakadzi vachimukumbira kuita. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti dai akanga aita mu 1915 kana kutanga kwe 1916 angave akanyatsobatsira kubvisa Hondo Huru kumagumo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu angave akaita kuti pave nerunyararo rwusingaperi kudarika rakaitwa pakupedzisira kuVersailles. Wilson akaita zvinotevera mazano eAdamsams, uye weNobata wake weHurumende William Jennings Bryan, asi kwete kusvikira zvanyanyisa. Nenguva yaakaita, maGermany haana kuvimba nemurevereri uyo akanga achibatsira hondo yeBritain. Wilson akasiiwa kuti ashevedze kuratidzira zvakare pachigaro cherugare uye nokukurumidza propag kubatsira ndokuputira United States muhondo yeEurope. Uye nhamba yekufambira mberi Wilson yakaunza, zvishoma, muchidimbu, kune rumwe rutivi rwehondo ine rudo inoita kuti Obama aone seyamate.

Mutungamiri wePaslawry weC1920-kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga-yakatsvaga kuchinja hondo nekumurambidza, nekutanga kurambidza hondo ndokubva ichisimudzira nhamba yemutemo wenyika yose uye nedare rine kodzero yekugadzirisa kukakavadzana. Nhanho yekutanga yakatorwa mu1928 neKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo yakarambidza hondo yose. Mazuva ano nyika dze81 dzinopinda muchibvumirano ichocho, kusanganisira United States, uye vazhinji vavo vanoteerera nayo. Ndinoda kuona dzimwe nyika, nyika dzine utsinye dzakasiiwa kunze kwechibvumirano, dzichibatanidza (izvo zvavanogona kuita nekutsanangura chinangwa ichocho muDhipatimendi rehurumende yeUnited States) uye zvino vanokurudzira mukuru mukurumbira wechisimba munyika kuti iite .

Ini ndakanyora bhuku nezvesangano rakagadzira chibvumirano ichi, kwete nekuda kwekuti tinoda kuenderera nebasa rayo, asiwo nekuti tinogona kudzidza kubva munzira dzayo. Pano pakanga paine musangano wakabatanidza vanhu mhiri kwezvematongerwo enyika, avo vekupokana nedoro, avo ve uye vanopokana neChinzwano cheMarudzi, vaine pfungwa yekuita kuti mhosva ive mhosva. Yaive mubatanidzwa wakakura zvisingaite. Paive nekutaurirana uye rugare runyararo pakati pezvikwata zvinokwikwidza zverunyararo. Paive nenyaya yemitemo yakaitwa yaitarisira vanhu vakanakisa. Hondo haina kupikiswa nekuda kwezvehupfumi chete kana nekuti inogona kuuraya vanhu vanobva munyika medu. Yakanga ichipikiswa sekuuraya kwakawanda, sekusina hutsinye pane kungoita senzira yekugadzirisa makakatanwa evamwe vanhu. Pano pakanga paine kufamba kune chiratidzo chenguva refu chakanangana nekudzidzisa uye kuronga. Pakange paine dutu risingaperi rekudaidzira, asi hapana kubvumidzwa kwevezvematongerwo enyika, pasina kuenderana kwesangano kuseri kwebato. Pane kupesana, mana - hongu, mana - mapato makuru akamanikidzwa kuita mutsetse kuseri kwechikwata. Panzvimbo paClint Eastwood achitaura nasachigaro, iyo Republican National Convention ya1924 yakaona Mutungamiri Coolidge achivimbisa kurambidza hondo kana ikasarudzwa zvakare.

Uye musi waAugust 27, 1928, muParis, France, chiitiko icho chakaitika chakaita kuti chive chinyorwa chevanhu ve1950s seimba ine simba yakazadzwa nevarume, uye mapepa avo vakanga vachinyora vakati havazomborwizve. Uye yaiva varume, vakadzi vakanga vari kunze vachipikisa. Uye chaive chibvumirano pakati pemarudzi akapfuma asi zvisinei aizoramba achiita hondo uye kuunganidza varombo. Asi chakanga chiri chibvumirano cherugare chakagumisa hondo uye chakagumisa kugamuchirwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanikwa kuburikidza nehondo, kunze kwePalestina. Icho chaiva chibvumirano chakange chichitsvaga mutemo wemutemo uye nedare renyika dzese dzatisati tisina. Asi yaiva chibvumirano chokuti mumakore e87 nyika dzakapfuma idzi dzaizotarisana kamwe chete. Kutevera Hondo Yenyika II, Kellogg-Briand Pact yakashandiswa kushusha kururamisira kwavakakunda. Uye nyika huru dzakashonga haina kumboenda kundorwa pamwe chete zvakare, zvakadaro. Uye saka, chibvumirano chinowanzoonekwa sechakakundikana. Fungidzira kana tikarambidzwa kuita chiokomuhomwe, uye gore rakatevera rakakanda Sheldon Adelson mujeri, uye hakuna munhu akambomboorazve. Tingazotaura mutemo kukanganisa, kuukanda kunze, uye kuratidza chiokomuhomwe kubva ikozvino chepamutemo sechinhu chisingaoneki here? Sei hondo yakasiyana? Tinogona uye tinofanira kubvisa hondo, uye naizvozvo zvese tinogona uye tinofanira kubvisa ruremekedzo, kana-kurega ini - mupiro wemishandirapamwe.