Mu 2011 David Hookes yakaongorora zvinorehwa netsika nepamutemo zvekushandiswa kuri kuwedzera kwendege dzine zvombo, dzisina munhu mu‘hondo yokurwisana nougandanga’ .
Kukurumidza kuwedzera kushandiswa kwezvombo zvemuchadenga mune inonzi 'hondo yekurwisa hugandanga' kuri kumutsa mibvunzo yakawanda yetsika nemutemo. Drones, dzinozivikanwa muchiuto-dzinotaura se'UAVs' kana 'Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' dzinouya muhukuru hwakasiyana, kubva mundege diki yekutarisa, inogona kutakurwa mubhegi remusoja uye inoshandiswa kuunganidza njere dzenhandare yehondo, kusvika kuzere, vhezheni dzakashongedzerwa dzinogona kutakura mubhadharo wakakura wezvombo uye mabhomba anotungamirwa nelaser.
Kushandiswa kwerudzi rwekupedzisira rweUAV muIraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan uye kumwewo kwamutsa kushushikana kukuru, sezvo kazhinji kuchikonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya - nemamwe mazwi, kuurayiwa kwevanhu vasina mhosva munharaunda yevatungamiriri vakanangwa 'magandanga'. . Kuve pamutemo kwekushandiswa kwavo mukuita izvo zviri kuuraya kunze kwematare edzimhosva, kunze kwenzvimbo ipi neipi inozivikanwa yehondo, zvakare iri kusimudza kunetseka kwakanyanya.
kumashure
MaUAV anga aripo kweanoda kusvika makore makumi matatu mune imwe nzira kana imwe. Pakutanga dzaishandiswa pakuongorora uye kuunganidza njere (S&I); ndege dzakajairwa dzaizoita pane data yakaunganidzwa kuti ipe kurwisa kunouraya. MaUAV achiri kushandiswa mubasa iri asi, mumakore gumi apfuura, ivo pachavo vakagadzirirwa zvombo uye mabhomba anotungamirirwa kuwedzera kune teknolojia yavo yeS&I. Idzi shanduro dzakagadziridzwa dzimwe nguva dzinonzi UCAVs apo 'C' inomirira 'Combat'.
Yekutanga kurekodhwa 'kuuraya' neUCAV, iyo CIA-inofambiswa 'Predator' drone, yakaitika muYemen muna 2002. Muchiitiko ichi motokari ye4 × 4 inonzi yakatakura mutungamiri weAl-Qaida nevamwe vake vashanu vakarwiswa uye vose vakanga varimo. annihilated.1 Hazvizivikanwe kana hurumende yeYemen yakabvumidza kuurayiwa uku pachine nguva.
Zvido zvemauto pasi rose…
Sezvingatarisirwa, mauto eUS anotungamira kusimudzira uye kushandiswa kweUAVs, kunyanya mushure me9/11, izvo zvakakonzera kukurumidza kukurumidza mukugadzirwa kwe drone uye kutumirwa. Parizvino vane mazana maviri 'Predator' ane drones ane zvombo uye angangoita makumi maviri ehama yake hombe iyo 'Reaper' drone iri kushanda mune inonzi AF-PAK (Afghanistan-Pakistan) theatre.
Mamwe eaya ma drones akarendwa kana kutengeswa kumauto eUK, zvakare kuti ashandiswe muAfghanistan, kwaakaita kanenge 84 ndege mishoni kusvika parizvino. Mukohwi anogona kutakura zvombo zvinokandwa gumi neina kana musanganiswa wezvombo nemabhomba anotungamirwa.
Zvichida zvisingashamisi, Israeri zvakare mugadziri mukuru weUAVs, iyo yaakashandisa munzvimbo dzePalestine. Pane akati wandei akanyorwa zviitiko2 vemauto eIsrael vanonzi vaivashandisa kunanga vatungamiri veHamas, panguva yekurwisa kweIsrael paGaza muna 2008-9, izvo zvakakonzera kufa kwevanhu vakawanda. Mumwe wevakaurayiwa aive mukomana ane makore gumi, Mum'min 'Allaw. Sekureva kwaDr Mads Gilbert, chiremba wekuNorway akashanda paGaza's al-Shifa Hospital panguva yekurwiswa kweGaza: "Usiku hwega hwega maPalestine muGaza vanoraramazve kurota kwavo kwakaipisisa pavanonzwa drones; haimbomira uye hauna chokwadi kana iri drone yekutarisa kana kuti ichatanga kurwisa kweroketi. Kunyangwe inzwi reGaza rinotyisa: ruzha rweIsrael drones mudenga. "
Kambani yezvombo yeIsrael Elbit Systems, mumubatanidzwa nekambani yekuFrance yezvombo yeThales yahwina kondirakiti yekupa mauto eBritish dhiraivha inoongorora inonzi 'Watchkeeper'. Iyi ishanduro yakagadziridzwa yeIsrael drone iripo, Hermes 450, yakatoshandiswa nemauto eUK muAfghanistan. Injini yayo yeWankel inogadzirwa muLitchfield, UK neUEL Ltd, inotsigira zvizere zveElbit Systems. Mutariri anonzi anokwanisa kuona tsoka dziri pasi kubva pamusoro pemakore.
Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda zvakare dzine zvirongwa zve drone: Russia, China uye akasiyana EU consortia ane mhando dziri kuvandudzwa. Kunyangwe Iran ine drone inoshanda, nepo Turkey iri kutaurirana neIsrael kuti ive mupi wayo.3
Ehe, iyo UK ine yayo yakakura, yakazvimirira chirongwa chekusimudzira drone, yakarongedzwa uye inotungamirwa neBAE Systems. Izvo zvakanyanya kukosha ndeye 'Taranis'4 uye 'Mantis'5 drones ane zvombo anonziwo 'anozvimirira', kureva kuti, anokwanisa kuzvifambisa, kusarudza zvinangwa uye kunyange kuita muhondo yezvombo nedzimwe ndege.
Taranis inoshandisa tekinoroji ye'stealth' kudzivirira kuonekwa uye inoita sediki vhezheni yeUS B2 'Stealth' bhomba. Taranis yakaratidzwa, kure kure neruzhinji, paWarton Aerodrome muLancashire muna Chikunguru 2010. Mishumo yeTV yakasimbisa kushandiswa kwayo kwevanhuwo zvavo kuita basa remapurisa . Zvinoita sekunge zvakatonyanya kutsanangurwa pane izvi, zvichipihwa kuti inorema matani masere, ine mabheji maviri ezvombo uye inodhura £ 143m kugadzira. Miyedzo yendege inotarisirwa kutanga muna 2011.
Mantis iri padyo nechitarisiko kune drone dziripo dzakashongedzerwa asi dzakanyanya kufambira mberi mukutsanangurwa kwayo uye dzinofambiswa nemhando mbiri dzeRoll Royce modhi 250 turboprop injini (ona mufananidzo). Ndege yayo yekutanga yekuyedza yakaitika muna Gumiguru 2009.
Sezvakakurukurwa mumushumo weSGR Kurutivi Nemasuo Akavharwa, Vadzidzi veku UK vanga vachibatanidzwa mukuvandudza drone inotungamirirwa neBAE kuburikidza ne £ 6m FLAVIIR chirongwa, chakabatanidzwa mari neBAE neEngineering nePhysical Sciences Research Council.6 Makunivhesiti eUK anobatanidzwa, anosanganisira Liverpool, Cambridge uye Imperial College London.
... uye zvikonzero zvacho
Kufarira kwemauto mumadrones hakuna kunetsa kutsanangura. Kune chimwe chinhu, ma drones akachipa, imwe neimwe ichidhura chikamu chimwe mugumi chemutengo weyakajairwa mabasa akawanda ekurwisa ndege. Uye ivo vanogona kugara mumhepo kwenguva yakareba kupfuura yakajairika ndege - kazhinji inodarika maawa makumi maviri nemana. Parizvino vari 'pilot' vari kure, kazhinji kubva panzvimbo iri kure nezviuru zvemamaira kubva kuhondo, vachishandisa satellite communications. Iwo ma drones anoshandiswa neUS neUK muAF-PAK anodzorwa kubva kune matrailer paCreech Airforce base muNevada renje. Saka vatyairi vendege vakachengeteka, vanogona kudzivirira kushushikana uye kuneta, uye zvakachipa zvakanyanya kudzidzisa. Sezvo ma drones anotakura ma-multi-sensor surveillance systems, hova dzakawanda dzedata dzinogona kutariswa zvakaenzana nechikwata chevashandi kwete nemutyairi mumwe chete. Muchidimbu, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ehupfumi huri kuramba huchiderera, drones inokupa iwe 'hombe bang kune yako buck'. Sekureva kwemunyori wezvekudzivirira webepanhau reTelegraph, Sean Rayment,
drones ane zvombo "ndiyo nzira yekurwa isina njodzi yakanyanya kugadzirwa", chirevo icho, chokwadi, chinobvisa zvachose njodzi dzinofa kune vanhu vasina mhosva.
Zviyero zvepamutemo uye zvetsika
Pave paine akati wandei emutemo matambudziko ekushandiswa kwemadrones. Sangano reAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) neCentre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) vakamhan'ara kumatare edzimhosva vachipokana nemutemo wekushandiswa kwavo kunze kwenzvimbo dzehondo. Vanopikisa kuti, kunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu asina kunyatsotsanangurwa, "kuuraya kwakanangwa kunosvika pakutemerwa chirango cherufu pasina mhosva, kutongwa, kana kutongerwa mhosva", nemamwe mazwi, kusavapo kwekuita kwakakodzera.7
Iyo UN Special Rapporteur pamusoro pekunze kwekutonga, kupfupisa kana kuuraya zvisina tsarukano, Philip Alston, anodaro mushumo wake waMay 20108 kuti, kunyangwe munzvimbo yehondo,
"mutemo wekuuraya kwakanangwa kunoenderana zvakanyanya nekuvimbika kwehungwaru kwahwakavakirwa".
Zvakaratidzwa muzviitiko zvakawanda kuti uku kungwara kunowanzo kutadza. Alston anoti zvakare:
"Kunze kwemamiriro ekurwa kwepfuti kushandiswa kwemadrones kuuraya kwakanangwa hakumbove kuri pamutemo," achiwedzera kuti, "nekuwedzera, kuuraya munhu chero upi zvake kunze kwechinangwa (nhengo dzemhuri kana vamwe vari pedyo, semuenzaniso) kungava kunyimwa upenyu pasina chikonzero pasi pemutemo wekodzero dzevanhu uye zvingaguma nokuita kuti Hurumende itonge uye munhu mumwe nomumwe ave nemhosva.”
Kunyangwe fungidziro dzakanyanya kufungidzira dzinoratidza kuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cherufu rwakakonzerwa nekurova kwezvidhori muAF-PAK mauto theatre vanga vasiri varwi. Dzimwe fungidziro dzinoti chikamu chacho chakakwirira zvikuru. Mune imwe nyaya, pane makumi mashanu asiri varwi akaurayiwa kune mumwe nemumwe anonzi murwi akaurayiwa. Kutarisisa uku kunosimbiswa mune imwe nyaya yeRunyararo Muchidimbu9: "Mufaro pamusoro pekugona kwekufa kwepasi-panjodzi yekubata kwezvidhori munzvimbo dzekudzivirira, zvakabatana nemaonero ekuti kurwiswa kwakanangana uye kwakaringana, zvinoita sekusingatarise chokwadi chekuti 1/3 yevakaurayiwa vangangove vanhuwo zvavo."
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekushandiswa kwema drones ndechekuti inoratidzika kunge yakarongedzerwa-yakagadzirwa kuti ishandiswe kune vanhu vane urombo avo, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, vangave vachipikisa kuda kwesimba rehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi. Vanhu vakadai vanorondedzerwa zvakasiyana-siyana se'magandanga' kana kuti 'vapanduki' asi vangangove vari kuedza kudzora zviwanikwa zvavo uye magumo ezvematongerwo enyika. Kazhinji ivo vanozove neakaganhurirwa kana kusava nehunyanzvi hwekugona tekinoroji. Zvakaoma kuona kuti ma drones anogona kushandiswa nemazvo panharaunda yesimba repamusoro-soro sezvo achigona kupfurwa nemakomba, varwi vakajairwa, kana kunyange mamwe ma drones ane zvombo. Kunyangwe tekinoroji yekubira haipe 100% kusaonekwa, sezvakaratidzwa nekudonha kweB2 bhomba panguva yekubhomba kweNATO kuSerbia.
mhedziso
Drones inofanira kuonekwa sechinhu chakakosha zvikuru kune nhengo dzeSGR sezvo dzinogona kugadzirwa chete dzichishandiswa zvakanyanya, sainzi-based, tekinoroji zviwanikwa, zvakaiswa pabasa remauto. Kushandiswa kwemadrones kunowanzo kuve nemutemo unokahadzika, uye tsika dzekupa zvombo zvepamberi, zvetekinoroji zvekushandisa kurwisa varombo zvakanyanya pasirese hazvidi kutaura.
Dr David Hookes is anoremekedzwa Senior Research Fellow muComputer Science department paLiverpool University. Iye zvakare inhengo yeSGR's National Co-ordinating Committee.
